Functional Conjugated Polymers for Noncovalent Engineering of Carbon Nanotubes and Sensing Applications

Haiying Liu

Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, MI49931

Rigid functional conjugated poly(arylene-ethynylene)s have been successfully used to solubilize carbon nanotubes in different solvents including water. This unique approach represents the first example of carbon nanotube solubilization via -stacking without polymer wrapping and enables superior control of the relative placement of functionalitieson the nanotube surfacewhile still preserving nearly all of thenanotube’s intrinsic properties. Homogeneous carbon nanotube/polymer composites were fabricated using noncovalently functionalized, soluble single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). These composites showeddramatic improvements in the electrical conductivity with very low percolation threshold ~ 0.05–0.1wt % of SWNT loading. By significantly improving the dispersion of SWNTs in commercialpolymers, we showed that only very low SWNT loading is needed to achieve the conductivity levelsrequired for various electrical applications without compromising the host polymer’s other preferredphysical properties and processability. In contrast to previous techniques, our method is applicableto various host polymers and does not require lengthy sonication. This is one of a very few nanotechnologies which are making a big profit since its patent (USA Patent 6905667) has been licensed to Zyvex Corporation for commercialization of carbon nanotube composites for a variety of applications including sporting goods equipment. Please see detailed commercialization information from website addresses:

Novel well-defined water-soluble fluorescent conjugated glycopolymers for lectin and bacteria sensing applications.

A model of SWNT and poly(p-phenylene-ethynylene)nanocomposite

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

NAME
Haiying Liu / POSITION TITLE
Assistant Professor of Chemistry
Positions:
August 2002 – Present / An assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, MichiganTechnologicalUniversity.
My research focuses on synthesis, characterization and biomedical and sensing applications of water-soluble conjugated glycopolymers, glycodendrimers, glyconanopaticles, conjugated polyelectrolytes, small redox-active carbohydrate conjugates, and functional carbon nanotube arrays.My research group consists of five Ph. D. students and one postdoctoral associate (Dr. Cuihua Xue). I teach instrumental analysis for undergraduate students, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer for graduate students.
April 1999 – July 2002 / A postdoctoral research associate working with Professors David H. Waldeck, Gilbert C. Walker, and Stephene Weber at University of Pittsburgh.
Feb. 1998 – March 1999 / A postdoctoral research associate working with Professor Luis Echegoyen. (Dr. Luis Echegoyen will be a head of NSF chemistry division starting in August 2006).
July 1995 – Feb. 1998 / An assistant Professor and an associate professor, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
Education:
July 1995 / Ph. D degree in analytical chemistry at FudanUniversity, Shanghai, China.
July 1992 / Master degree in Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, EastChinaNormalUniversity, Shanghai, China.

Honors:

1) Fudan-Unilever Scholarship (1994). Fudan University, China

2) An award to the most outstanding young teacher (1997), Shanghai Higher Education Committee, Shanghai, China

Patent:

Full Patent (6905667) entitled ‘A polymer and method for using the polymer for solubilizing nanotubes’ was issued on June 14, 2005 and its European, Chinese and Japanese full patents are under process. This is the first method to commercialize single-walled carbon nanotubes composite materials.

NSF and DARPA proposal reviewer and Journal reviewer for

1)Langmuir;

2)Chemical Communications;

3)Biomacromolecules;

4)Chemistry of Materials;

5)Talanta;

6)Journal of Supermolecular Chemistry;

7)Electochimica Acta;

8)Analytica Chimica Acta;

9)Biosensors & Bioelectronics.

Research funding Support

1.Carbon Nanotube Arrays for Bacteria.
Supported by United States Department of Agriculture, Haiying Liu (PI) 01/07 to 12/07
2. Novel Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Chemical and Biological Sensors Based on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Supported by Michigan Technological University, Haiying Liu (PI) / 06/05 to 05/06
3. Multifunctional Next-Generation Carbon Nanotube Super Fibers
Supported by DARPA and Zyvex Corporation, Haiying Liu (PI) / 01/05 to 12/05
4. Synthesis and Characterization of New Functional Poly(p-phenyleneethynylene)s for Hierachical Composites of Carbon Nanotubes and the Polymers
Supported by NASA and Zyvex Corporation, Haiying Liu (PI) / 01/05 to 12/05
5. Semiconductor Quantum Dot-Based Artificial Enzymes
Supported by National Science Foundation , Haiying Liu (Co-PI) / 06/04 to 06/05
6. Novel Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Chemical and Biological Sensors Based on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Supported by Research Excellence Fund, Michigan Technological University, Haiying Liu (PI) / 06/04 to 06/05
7. Hierachical Composites Comprising Continuous Carbon Nanotube Composite Fibers in a Nanotube-Reinforced Matrix
Supported by NASA and Zyvex Corporation, Haiying Liu (PI) / 01/04 to 12/04
8. Novel Hybrid Fluorescent Nanosensors for Chemical and Biological Sensing
Supported by Research Excellence Fund of Michigan Technological University Haiying Liu (Co-PI) / 06/03 to 06/04
9. Synthesis and Characterization of New Functional Poly(p-phenyleneethynylene)s and other Conjugated Polymers
Supported by Zyvex Corporation. Haiying Liu (PI) / 01/03 to 12/03

Selected publicationsin published peer-reviewed international journals

1)Highly Water-Soluble Conjugated Fluorescent Glycopoly(p-phenylene)s For Lectin and Escherichia coli. Cuihua Xue, Sonali P. Jog, Pushpalatha Murthy, Haiying Liu, Biomacromolecules, in press.

2)Facile, Versatile Pre-polymerization and Post-polymerization Functionalization Approaches for Well-defined Fluorescent Conjugated Fluorene-based Glycopolymers. Cuihua Xue, D.V. Ramana Reddy, Haiying Liu, Macromolecules, in press.

3)Synthesis and Biosensing Application of Highly Water-soluble and Cross-linkable Poly(p-phenyleneethynylene) Bearing Osmium(II) Complex and Aldehyde Groups. Cuihua Xue, F.T. Luo, J. Chen, Haiying Liu. Analytica Chimica Acta, 569 (2006) 27-34.

4)A new method for the preparation of stable carbon nanotube organogels. Jian Chen, Cuihua Xue, Rajagopal Ramasubramaniam, Haiying Liu, Carbon, 44(11) (2006) 2142-2146.

5) A Versatile Molecular Engineering Approach to Simultaneously Enhanced Multifunctional Carbon Nanotube Polymer Composites. Jian Chen, Rajagopal Ramasubramaniam, Cuihua Xue, HAIYING LIU. Advanced Functional Materials, 16(1) (2006) 114-119.

6) Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Poly(para-phenyleneethynylene)s. Sparkle T. Ellison, Anthony P. Gies, William K. Nonidez, Cuihua Xue and HAIYING LIU. International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization, 10 (2005) 245-258.

7)Single-Molecule AFM Study of Polystyrene Grafted at Gold Surfaces. Sabah Al-Maawali, Jason E. Bemis, Boris B. Akhremitchev, HAIYING LIU, Gilbert C. Walker. The Journal of Adhesion. 81 (2005) 999-1016.

8)Construction of Conjugated Molecular Structures on Gold Nanoparicles via Sonogashira Coupling Reactions. Cuihua Xue, Ganesh Arumugan, Kumaranand Palaniappan, Stephen A. Hackney, HAIYING LIU and Jian Liu. Chemical Communications, (2005) 1055 - 1057.

9)The Fluorescence Quenching Mechanism of a Polyphenylene Polyelectrolyte with Other Macromolecules: Cytochrome c and Dendrimers. Min Liu, P. Kaur, D.H. Waldeck, C. Xue and HAIYING LIU. LANGMUIR, 21(5), (2005) 1687-1690.

10)Synthesis of Water-soluble Electroactive Ferrocene-grafted Poly(p-phenylene-ethynylene) via Phase Transfer and Its Biosensing Application. Cuihua Xue, Zhen Chen, Fen-Tair Luo, Kumaranand Palaniappan, David J. Chesney, Jian Liu, Jian Chen, HAIYING LIU. BIOMACROMOLECULES, 6(3) (2005), 1810-1815.

11)Conjugated Thiol Linker for Enhanced Electrical Conduction of Gold-Molecule Contacts. A.V. Tivanski, Y. He, E. Borguet, HAIYING LIU, G.C. Walker, D.H. Waldeck. Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 109(12) (2005); 5389-5402.

12)Organization-Induced Charge Redistribution in Self-Assembled Organic Monolayers on Gold. S.G. Ray, H. Cohen, R. Naaman, HAIYING LIU, D.H. Waldeck, Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 109(29) (2005) 14064-14073.

13)Synthesis of Ferrocene-Grafted Poly(p-phenylene-ethynylenes) and Control of Electrochemical Behaviors of Their Thin Films Cuihua Xue, Zhen Chen, Ya Wen, F.T. Luo, Jian Chen, HAIYING LIU, Langmuir, 21(17) (2005) 7860 - 7865.

14)Novel Selective and Sensitive Fluorescent Sensors for Metal Ions Based On Manipulation of Side Chain Compositions of Poly(p-phenyleneethynylene)s. Zhen Chen, Cuihua Xue, Wei Shi, Fen-Tair Luo, Sarah Green, Jian Chen and HAHIYING LIU, Analytical Chemistry, 76(21) (2004) 6513-6518.

15) Probing Electron Tunneling Pathways: Electrochemical Study of Rat Heart Cytochrome c and Its Mutant on Pyridine-Terminated SAMs. J.J. Wei, HAIYING LIU, K. Niki, E. Margoliash and D. H. Waldeck. Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 108 (2004) 16912-16917.

16) Surface-Enhanced Resonance Raman Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Study of Cytochrome c Bound on Electrodes through Coordination with Pyridinyl-Terminated Self-Assembled Monolayers. D. H. Murgida, P. Hildebrandt, J. Wei, Y. F. He, HAIYING LIU, and D. H. Waldeck, Journal of Physical Chemistry, B. 108(7) (2004) 2261-2269.

17) Homogeneous carbon nanotube polymer composites for electrical applications, Rajagopal Ramasubramaniam, Jian Chen and Haiying Liu, Appiled Physics Letters, 83 (2003) 2928 - 2930.

18) Charge-Transfer Mechanism for Cytochrome C adsorbed on Nanometer Thick Films. Distinguishing Frictional Control from Conformational Gating. Dimitri E. Khoshtariya, Jianjun Wei, HAIYING LIU, Hongjun Yue and David H. Waldeck, Journal of American Chemical Society, 125 (2003) 7704-7714.

19)Adhesion force in Conducting Probe Atomic Force Microscope. Alexei V. Tivanski, Jason E. Bemis, Boris B. Akhremitchev, HAIYING LIU, and Gilbert C. Walker, Langmuir, 19 (2003) 1929-1934.

20) Control of the Electron Transfer Rate between Cytochrome c and Gold electrodes by the Manipulation of the Electrode's Hydrogen Bonding character. HAIYING LIU, Hiromichi Yamamoto, Jianjun Wei, and David H. Waldeck, Langmuir, 19 (2003) 2378-2387.

21)Electron-Transfer Dynamics of Cytochrome C: A Change in the Reaction Mechanism with Distance. Jianjun Wei, HAIYING LIU, Dimitri E. Khoshtariya, Hiromichi Yamamoto, Allison Dick, David H. Waldeck, Angewandte Chemie (International Edition), 41(24) (2002) 4700-4703

22) Noncovalent Engineering of Carbon Nanotube Surfaces by Rigid, Functional Conjugated Polymers. Jian Chen, HAIYING LIU, Wayne A. Weimer, Mathew D. Halls, David H. Waldeck and Gilbert C. Walker. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, 124(31) (2002) 9034-9035.

23) Direct Wiring of Cytochrome c's Heme Unit to an Electrode: Electrochemical Studies. Jianjun Wei, HAIYING LIU, Allison R. Dick, Hiromichi Yamamoto, Yufan He, and David H. Waldeck, JOURNAL OF AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, 124(32) (2002) 9591-9599.

24) Immobilization of cytochrome c at gold electrode by ligation between a pyridine terminated self-assembled monolayer and the heme of cytochrome c. Hiromichi Yamamoto, HAIYING LIU and David H. Waldeck. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL SOCIETY, CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS. (2001) 1032-1033.

25) The Nature of electronic coupling through insulating barriers on Au electrodes. The importance of chain composition and interchain coupling. A. M. Napper, HAIYING LIU and David H. Waldeck. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY (B), 105 (2001) 7699-7707

26) Self-assembled monolayers of bis-thioctic ester derivatives of oligoethyleneglycols: remarkable selectivity for K+/Na+ recognition. Krisanu Bandyopadhyay, HAIYING LIU, Sheng-Gao Liu and Luis Echegoyen, JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL SOCIETY, CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS, 2 (2000) 141-142.

27) Ion recognition at the interface of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of bis-thioctic ester derivatives of oligo(ethyleneglycols). Krisanu Bandyopadhyay, Sheng-gao Liu, HAIYING LIU, Luis Echegoyen, CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, 6(23) (2000) 4385-4392.

28) Selective K+ Recognition at the Interface during Self-Assembly of a Bis-Podand Thiol on a Gold Surface. Krisanu Bandyopadhyay, Lianhe Shu, HAIYING LIU, and Luis Echegoyen, LANGMUIR; 16(6) (2000) 2706-2714.

29) Dithia-Crown-Annelated Tetrathiafulvalene Disulfides: Synthesis, Electrochemistry, Self-Assembled Films, and Metal Ion Recognition. Sheng-Gao Liu, HAI YING LIU, Krisanu Bandyopadhyay, Zhiqiang Gao, and Luis Echegoyen, JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, 65(11) (1999) 3292-3298.

30) Remarkably stable self-assembled monolayers of new crown-ether annelated tetrathiafulvalene derivatives and their cation recognition properties. HAIY ING LIU, Shenggao Liu and Luis Echegoyen, JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL SOCIETY, CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS, (1999) 1493-1495.

31) A new dyad based on C60 and a conjugated imethylamiline-substituted dithienylethylene donor. Shenggao Liu, Lianhe Shu, Jose Rivera, HAIYING LIU, Jean-Manuel Raimundo, Jean Roncali, Alain Gorgues, Luis Echegoyen, JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, 64 (1999) 4884-4886.

32) Reagentless amperometric biosensor sensitive to glucose and lactose based on coimmobilization of ferrocene, glucose oxidase, galactosidase and mutarotase in (beta-cyclodextrin polymer. HAIYING LIU, Haihong Li, Shaohua Yan and Deyao Qi, ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA, 358 (1998) 137.

33) A novel thin-layer amperometric detector based on chemically modified ring-disc electrode and its application for simultaneous measurements of nitric oxide and nitrite in rat brain combined with in vivo microdialysis. Lanqun Mao, Guoyue Shi, Yu Tian, HAIYING LIU, Litong Jin, Katsunobu Yamamoto, Shuguang Tao and Jiye Jin, TALANTA, 46 (6) (1998) 1547-1556.

34)A new ultramicrosensor for nitric oxide based on electropolymerized film of nickel salen. Lanqun Mao, Yu Tian, Guoyue Shi, HAIYING LIU, Li-tong Jin, K. Yamamoto, Shuguang Tao and Jiye Jin, ANALYTICAL LETTERS, 31 (12) (1998) 1991-2007.

35) A phenazine methosulphated-mediated sensor sensitive to lactate based on entrapment of lactate oxidase and horseradish peroxidase in composite membranes of poly(vinyl alcohol) and regenerated silk fibroin. HAIYING LIU, Zhanen Zhang, Xiaolin Zhang, Deyao Qi, Yongcheng Liu, Tonyin Yu and Jiaqi Deng, ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA, 42 (1997) 349-355.

36)Immobilization of glucose oxidase with the blend of regenerated silk fibroin and poly(vinyl alcohol) and its application to a 1,1'-dimethylferrocene-mediating glucose sensor. Yongcheng Liu, X. Chen, Jianhong Qian, HAIYING LIU, ZZ Shao, Jianqi Deng, Tonyin Yu, APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY, 62 (2-3): (1997) 105-117.

37) Biosensing of hydrogen peroxide at carbon paste electrode incorporating N-methyl phenazine methosulphate, fumed-silica and horseradish peroxidase. Wanlan Luo, HAIYING LIU, Huihong Deng, Kang Sun, Changhou Zhao, Deyao Qi and Jiaqi Deng, ANALYTICAL LETTERS, 30(2), (1997) 205-220.

38)Structure and properties of porous composite membranes of regenerated silk fibroin and poly(vinyl alcohol) and biosensing of glucose via Meldola blue dispersed in polyester ionomer as an electron transfer mediator. HAIYING LIU, Huihong Deng, Kang Sun, Deyao Qi, Jiaqi Deng, Yongcheng Liu and Tonyin Yu , FRESENIUS JOURNAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, 357 (1997) 812-816.

39)A reagentless biosensor highly sensitive to hydrogen peroxide based on new methylene blue N dispersed in Nafion gel as the electron shuttle. HAIYING LIU, Tailin Ying, Kang Sun and Deyao Qi, JOURNAL OF ELECTROANANYTICAL CHEMISTRY, 417 (1997) 59-64.

40)Reagentless amperometric biosensor highly sensitive to hydrogen peroxide based on the incorporation of Meldola Blue, fumed silica and horseradish peroxidase into carbon paste. HAIYING LIU, Zhanen Zhang, Yubo Fan, Miao Dai , Xiaolin Zhang, Jianjun Wei, Zhunan Qiu, Hongbin Li, Xinxin Wu, Jiaqi Deng and Deyao Qi, FRESENIUS JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, 357 (3) (1997) 297-301

41)Immobilization of horseradish peroxidase onto a composite membrane of regenerated silk fibroin and polyvinyl alcohol and its application to a new methylene blue-mediating sensor for hydrogen peroxide. Yongcheng Liu, Jianhong Qian, Xiaolin Fu, HAIYING LIU, Jianqi Deng, Tonyin Yu, ENZYME AND MICROBIAL TECHNOLOGY, 21 (3) (1997) 154-159.

42)Amperometric methylene blue-mediated sensor highly sensitive to hydrogen peroxide based on a composite membrane of regenerated silk fibroin and polyvinyl alcohol as immobilization matrix for horseradish peroxidase. HAIYING LIU, Jianhong Qian, Yongcheng Liu, Tongyin Yu, Jiaqi Deng and Deyao Qi, FRESE NIUS JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, 357 (1997) 302-307.

43)Reagentless Amperometric Biosensors Highly Sensitive to Hydrogen Peroxide, Glucose and Lactose Based on N-methyl Phenazine Methosulphate Incorporated in a Nafion Film as an Electron Transfer Mediator between Horseradish Peroxidase and an Electrode. HAIYING LIU, Tailin Ying, Kang Sun, Haihong Li and Deyao Qi, ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA, 42 (1997) 349-355.

44)Immobilization of horseradish peroxidase with a regenerated silk fibroin membrane and its application to a tetrathiafulvalene-mediating H2O2 sensor. Jianghong Qian, Yongcheng Liu, HAIYING LIU, Tongyin Yu and Jiaqi Deng, BIOSENSORS AND BIOELECTRONICS, 12 (12), (1997) 1213-1218.

45)Characterization of composite membrane of poly(vinyl alcohol) and regenerated silk fibroin for immobilization of horseradish peroxidase and an amperometric neckelocene-mediated sensor sensitive to hydrogen peroxide. HAIYING LIU, Xiaolin Zhang, Zhanen Zhang, Deyao Qi, Yubo Fan, Yongcheng Liu, Shenghui Liu, Tongyin Yu and Jiaqi Deng, JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY, 67 (1996) 77-83.

46)Electrochemical immobilization of horseradish peroxidase on an electro-activated glassy carbon electrode. Zhanen Zhang ZE, Chenghon Lei, Wenlian Sun , HAIYING LIU and Jiaqi Deng, JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, 419 (1) (1996) 85-91.

47)Feature of entrapment of glucose oxidase in regenerated silk fibroin membrane and fabrication of a 1,1'-dimethylferrocene-mediating glucose sensor. HAIYING LIU, Yongcheng Liu, Jianghong Qian, Tongyin Yu and Jiaqi Deng. MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL, 53 (1996) 241-252.

48)Immobilization of glucose oxidase in the composite membrane of regenerated silk fibroin and poly(vinyl alcohol): application to an amperometric glucose sensor. HAIYING LIU, Jianghong Qian, Yongcheng Liu, Tongyin Yu and Jiaqi Deng, BIOELECTROCHEMISTRY AND BIOENERGETRICS, 39 (1996) 303-308.

49)Fabrication and features of a methylene green-mediating sensor for hydrogen peroxide based on regenerated silk fibroin as immobilization matrix for peroxidase. HAIYING LIU, Yongcheng Liu, Jianhong Qian, Tongyin Yu and Jiaqi Deng, TALANTA, 43 (1996) 111-118.

50)An amperometric meldola blue-mediated sensor highly sensitive to hydrogen peroxide based on immobilization of horseradish peroxidase in a composite membrane of regenerated silk fibroin and poly(vinyl alcohol). HAIYING LIU, Xiaolin Zhang, Jianjun Wei, Xinxin Wu, Deyao Qi, Yongcheng Liu, Miao Dai, Tong yin Yu and Jiaqi Deng, ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA, 329 (1996) 97-103.

51)Characterization of blend membranes of regenerated silk fibroin and PVA for immobilizing glucose oxidase and its application to a first generation of glucose sensors. Jianhong Qian, HAIYING LIU, Yongcheng Liu, Tongyin Yu, Jianqi Deng, ELECTROANALYSIS, 8 (5) (1996) 480-484.

52)An amperometric biosensor based on immobilized glucose oxidase employing p-benzoquinone as electron shuttle. Jianhong Qian, Yongcheng Liu, HAIYING LIU, TongyinYu, Jiaqi Deng, JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY, 67 (3) (1996) 281-285.

53)A glucose biosensor based on immobilization of glucose oxidase in electropolymerized o-aminophenol film on platinized glassy carbon electrode. Zhanen Zhang, HAIYING LIU and Jiaqi Deng, ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, 66 (1996) 1632-1638.

54)An amperometric glucose sensor based on Eastman-AQ-tetrathiafulvalene modified electrode. HAIYING LIU and Jiaqi Deng, BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS, 11 (1996) 103-110.

55)Blend Membrane of Regenerated silk fibroin, poly(vinyl alcohol), and peroxidase and its application to a ferrocene-mediating hydrogen peroxide sensor. Yongcheng Liu, Jianhong Qian, HAIYING LIU, Xiaolin Zhang, Jiaqi Deng and Tongyin Yu, JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, 61 (1996) 641-647.

56)Amperometric tetrathiafulvalene-mediated sensor sensitive to reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide based on co-immobilized lactate oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase. Xiaolin Zhang, HAIYING LIU, Xinxin Wu, Deyao Qi, Zhanyen Zhang, Miao Dai, Jiaqi Deng and Feng Feng, ANALYTICAL COMMUNICATIONS, 33 (1996) 111-114.

57)Feature of an amperometric ferrocyanide-mediating H2O2 sensor for organic-phase assay based on regenerated silk fibroin as immobilization matrix for peroxidase. Yongcheng Liu, HAIYING LIU, Jianghong Qian, Jiaqi Deng and Tongyin Yu, ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA, 41 (1996) 77-82.