Supplementary Material for:

Title: Frugivore assemblage of Ficus superba in a warm-temperate forest of Yakushima, Japan

Journal: Ecological Research

Authors: Asuka Hamada and Goro Hanya

Correspondence to:

Goro Hanya, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan. E-mail:


Table S1

Species, number of trees and total basal area (BA) of trees other than Ficus superba monitored for fruit availability in a 5 x 200 m transect plot at Yakushima, Japan

Species / Family / #Trees / BA (m2ha−1)
Ardisia sieboldii / Myrsinaceae / 31 / 2.86
Ficus erecta / Moraceae / 11 / 1.13
Eurya japonica / Pentaphylacaceae / 9 / 0.3
Lithocarpus edulis / Fagaceae / 8 / 4
Litsea acuminate / Laureaceae / 8 / 3.03
Camellia japonica / Theaceae / 8 / 0.3
Schefflera heptaphylla / Araliaceae / 6 / 0.96
Machilus thunbergii / Laureaceae / 3 / 2.31
Daphniphyllum teijsmannii / Daphniphyllaceae / 3 / 2.22
Quercus salicina / Fagaceae / 3 / 1.61
Neolistea aciculata / Laureaceae / 3 / 0.12
Myrsine seguinii / Myrsinaceae / 3 / 0.06
Melia azedarach / Meliaceae / 2 / 6.51
Neolitsea sericea / Laureaceae / 2 / 0.93
Glochidion foster / Pyllanthaceae / 2 / 0.31
Distylium racemosum / Hamamelidaceae / 2 / 0.28
Symplocos kuroki / Symplocaceae / 2 / 0.18
Symplocos prunifolia / Symplocaceae / 2 / 0.14
Vernicia cordata / Euphorbiaceae / 2 / 0.09
Cleyera japonica / Pentaphylacaceae / 2 / 0.08
Diospyros japonica / Ebenaceae / 1 / 0.71
Styrax japonica / Styracaceae / 1 / 0.49
Helicia cochinchinensis / Proteaceae / 1 / 0.34
Ilex integra / Aquifoliaceae / 1 / 0.08
Vaccinium bracteatum / Ericaceae / 1 / 0.08
Cinnamomum camphora / Laureaceae / 1 / 0.02
Camellia sasanqua / Theaceae / 1 / 0.02


Table S2

List of the bird and mammal species that visited focal Ficus superba trees at Yakushima, Japan

Species / Number of visits
Hypsipetes amaurotis / 839
Macaca fuscata / 401
Columba janthina, Treron formosae, Streptopelia orientalis / 179
Parus varius / 179
Zosterops japonicus / 116
Dendrocopos kizuki / 20
Picus awokera / 7
Horornis diphone / 6
Turdus pallidus / 6
Urosphena squameiceps / 4
Terpsiphone atrocaudata / 3
Ficedula narcissina / 2
Periparus ater / 1


Fig. S1. Relationship between ambient temperature (∘C, daily value) and consumption of Ficus superba syconia by (a) Japanese macaques, (b) brown-eared bulbuls, and (c) varied tits