Supplementary Material-I Standardized Terminology Adopted for Alien Plants During The

Supplementary material-I Standardized terminology adopted for alien plants during the present study

(Modified: Richardson et al. 2000; Pysek et al. 2004; Khuroo et al. 2012)

Category / Definition
Alien / A plant taxa in a given area forming populations away from their native range and whose introduction there is due to intentional or unintentional human activity.
Aliens under cultivation / Alien plants which don’t form populations on their own and constantly need human intervention for their propagation i.e., plants with no previous record or present field observation as an escape into wild.
Aliens growing in wild / Alien plants capable of forming self-sustaining populations without need of human intervention for their propagation.
Accidentally introduced aliens / Alien plants growing in wild, introduced unintentionally.
Cultivation escapes / Alien plants that were previously cultivated but now are capable of self-sustaining populations without need of human intervention for their propagation.
Casual / Alien plants that may flourish and even reproduce occasionally outside cultivation in an area, but that eventually die out.
Naturalized / Alien plants that sustain self-replacing populations for at least 10 years without direct intervention by people (or in spite of human intervention) by recruitment from seed or ramets (tillers, tubers, bulbs, fragments, etc.) capable of independent growth.
Naturalised non-invasive / Naturalised non-invasive plants are a subset of naturalised plants that produce self- replicating populations but currently do not spread over large areas.
Naturalised invasive / Naturalised invasive plants are a subset of naturalized plants that produce reproductive offspring, often in very large numbers, at considerable distances from the parent plants, and thus have the potential to spread over a large area.

Supplementary material-II Standard terminology and definition used for growth form and life span categories (Mabberley 2005)

Category / Definition
Herb / A non-woody plant or one that is woody only at base
Shrub / A woody, perennial plant, generally smaller than a tree, and with several stems arising from ground level
Tree / A woody, perennial plant, usually tall, with a single bole or trunk that bears a crown of branches
Vine / A woody or herbaceous plant with a long, climbing, scrambling, or trailing stem
Subshrub / A low shrub, sometimes with partially herbaceous stem
Annual / A plant that completes its life cycle within a single year
Biennial / A plant that completes its life cycle within two years, producing only vegetative growth in the first year, and flowering in second
Perennial / A plant that lives for number of years

Supplementary material-III Inventory of the scientific name, family, native distribution range, current status and purpose of introduction of the alien flora of the Srinagar city ABBREVATIONS USED: Af=Africa, ATe=Asia-Temperate, ATr=Asia-Tropical, Au=Australasia, Eu=Europe, NA=North America, Pa=Pacific, SA=South America; Cs=Casual, Cu= Cultivated, In=Invasive, Nt=Naturalized, ; Ag=Agriculture, Fo=Fodder , Fl=Floriculture, Ho=Horticulture , La=Landscaping, Me=Medicine, Pl=Plantation, Ac=Accidentally introduced.

Scientific name / Family / Native distribution range / Current status / Purpose of introduction
Acer negundo / Sapindaceae / NA, SA / Cu / La
Aesculus indica / Sapindaceae / ATe, ATr / Nt / La
Ageratum conyzoides / Asteraceae / SA / Cs / Fl
Ageratum houstonianum / Asteraceae / NA, SA / Cs / Fl
Alcealavateriflora / Malvaceae / Eu / Nt / Fl
Alcearosea / Malvaceae / Af, Eu / In / Fl
Allium cepa / Amaryllidaceae / Af, ATe, ATr, Au, Eu, NA, SA / Cu / Ag
Alopecurus aequalis / Poaceae / Af, ATr / In / Ac
Alternanthera caracasana / Amaranthaceae / NA, SA / Nt / Ac
Amaranthus blitum / Amaranthaceae / Af, ATr / Nt / Ac
Amaranthus caudatus / Amaranthaceae / Af, ATe, ATr / Nt / Fl
Amaranthus hypochondriacus / Amaranthaceae / ATe, ATr, Eu, NA, SA / Cu / Fl
Amaranthus spinosus / Amaranthaceae / NA, SA / In / Ac
Amaranthusgraecizans / Amaranthaceae / Af, ATr, Eu / Nt / Ac
Ammi majus / Apiaceae / Af, ATr, Eu / Nt / Ac
Amorpha fruticosa / Fabaceae / NA / Cu / Fl
Anchusa azurea / Boraginaceae / Af, ATe, ATr, Eu / Cu / Fl
Anchusaarvensissubsp.orientalis / Boraginaceae / NA / Cu / Fl
Anemone biflora / Ranunculaceae / ATe, ATr / Nt / Fl
Anthemiscotula / Asteraceae / Af, ATr / In / Ac
Antirrhinum majus / Plantaginaceae / Af, ATe, Eu / Cs / Fl
Apiumprostratum / Apiaceae / Au, SA / Nt / Ag
Aquilegiavulgaris / Ranunculaceae / Af, Eu / Cu / Fl
Asparagus officinalis / Asparagaceae / Af, ATe, Eu / Nt / Me
Asperugo procumbens / Boraginaceae / NA / Nt / Ac
Asperula cynanchica / Rubiaceae / Eu / Nt / Ac
Barbarea intermedia / Brassicaceae / Af, Eu / Nt / Ag
Bassiascoparia / Amaranthaceae / ATe, ATr, Eu / Cs / Fl
Bellis perennis / Asteraceae / Af, ATe, Eu / Nt / Fl
Bidens bipinnata / Asteraceae / NA / Nt / Fl
Bidens biternata / Asteraceae / Af, ATr, Pa / Nt / Ac
Bidens cernua / Asteraceae / Eu, NA / Nt / Ac
Bidens tripartita / Asteraceae / Af, Eu, NA / Nt / Ac
Brassica oleracea / Brassicaceae / Eu / Cu / Ag
Brassica juncea / Brassicaceae / ATe / Cs / Ag, Fo
Brassica napus / Brassicaceae / Eu / Cs / Ag
Brassica nigra / Brassicaceae / Af, ATe, Eu / Cs / Ag
Brassica rapa / Brassicaceae / Eu / Cu / Ag
Bromus ramosus / Poaceae / Af, ATe, Eu / Nt / Fo
Buddleja alternifolia / Scrophulariaceae / ATe / Nt / Fl, La
Buddleja davidii / Scrophulariaceae / ATe / Nt / Fl, La
Buddlejaparviflora / Scrophulariaceae / NA / Cu / Fl, La
Buglossoidestenuiflora / Boraginaceae / Af, ATe, ATr, Eu / Cs / Fl
Buxussempervirens / Buxaceae / Af, ATe, Eu / Nt / Fl, La
Calendula officinalis / Asteraceae / Af, ATe, ATr, Au, Eu, NA, SA / Cs / Fl
Campsis grandiflora / Bignoniaceae / ATe / Cu / Fl
Campsis radicans / Bignoniaceae / NA / Cu / Fl
Canna indica / Cannaceae / NA, SA / Cu / Fl
Capsicumannuum / Solanaceae / NA, SA / Cu / Ag
Cardamine flexuosa / Brassicaceae / Af, Eu / Nt / Ac
Carthamus lanatus / Asteraceae / Af, ATr / In / Ac
Castanea sativa / Fagaceae / Af, ATe, Eu / Cu / Ag
Catalpa bignonioides / Bignoniaceae / NA / Cu / La
Catalpa speciosa / Bignoniaceae / NA / Cu / La
Celosia argentea / Amaranthaceae / ATr / Cu / Fl
Celtis australis / Cannabaceae / Af, ATe, Eu / Nt / Pl
Cerastium tomentosum / Caryophyllaceae / Eu / Nt / Ac
Cercis siliquastrum / Fabaceae / ATe, Eu / Cu / La
Chaenomeles speciosa / Rosaceae / ATe, ATr / Cu / Fl
Chenopodium album / Chenopodiaceae / Af, ATe, Eu / In / Ag
Chenopodium glaucum / Amaranthaceae / Eu / Nt / Ac
Chenopodium hybridum / Amaranthaceae / ATe, ATr, Eu / In / Ag
Chenopodium murale / Amaranthaceae / Af, Eu / Nt / Ac
Chimonanthus praecox / Calycanthaceae / ATe / Cu / La
Chrysanthemum morifolium / Asteraceae / ATe, ATr, Eu / Cu / Fl
Clematis jackmanii / Ranunculaceae / NA / Cu / Fl
Commelina paludosa / Commelinaceae / ATe, ATr / Cu / Fl
Conium maculatum / Apiaceae / Af, ATe, ATr, Eu / In / Ag
Consolida ajacis / Ranunculaceae / ATe, Eu / Cs / Fl
Convallariamajalis / Asparagaceae / ATe, ATr, Eu, NA / Cu / Fl
Coreopsis grandiflora / Asteraceae / NA / Cs / Fl
Coriandrum sativum / Apiaceae / Af, ATr, Eu / Cs / Ag
Cotula aurea / Asteraceae / Af, ATe, , Eu / Cu / Ag
Crataegus laevigata / Rosaceae / Eu / Cu / Fl
Crocosmia aurea / Iridaceae / Af / Cu / Fl
Cryptomeria japonica / Cupressaceae / ATe / Cu / Pl
Cucumismelo / Cucurbitaceae / Af, ATe, ATr, Au, Pa / Cu / Ag
Cupressus cashmeriana / Cupressaceae / ATe, ATr / Cu / La
Cupressus lusitanica / Cupressaceae / NA, SA / Cu / Fl, La
Cupressus sempervirens / Cupressaceae / Af, ATe, Eu / Cu / Fl, La
Cupressus torulosa / Cupressaceae / ATe, ATr / Cu / La
Cyanotis barbata / Commelinaceae / ATe, ATr / Nt / Fl
Cyanus segetum / Asteraceae / ATe, ATr, Au, Eu,NA, SA / Cs / Fl
Cydonia oblonga / Rosaceae / ATe / Cu / Ho
Cymbalaria muralis / Plantaginaceae / Eu / Nt / Ac
Cymbopogon distans / Poaceae / ATe, ATr / Cu / Ag
Cynara scolymus / Asteraceae / Eu / Cu / Fl
Dahlia pinnata / Asteraceae / ATe, ATr, Eu, NA, SA / Cu / Fl
Datura innoxia / Solanaceae / NA, SA / Nt / Ac
Datura stramonium / Solanaceae / NA / In / Ac
Daucus carota / Apiaceae / Af, ATr / In / Ac
Dendrobium aphyllum / Orchidaceae / ATe, ATr / Cu / Fl
Dendrobium falconeri / Orchidaceae / ATe, ATr / Cu / Fl
Dianthus barbatus / Caryophyllaceae / ATe, Eu / Cs / Fl
Dianthus caryophyllus / Caryophyllaceae / Eu / Cs / Fl
Dianthus chinensis / Caryophyllaceae / ATe, ATr / Cu / Fl
Dianthus plumarius / Caryophyllaceae / Eu / Cs / Fl
Digitalis grandiflora / Plantaginaceae / ATe, Eu / Nt / Me
Digitalis purpurea / Plantaginaceae / Af, Eu / Nt / Fl, Me
Digitaria nodosa / Poaceae / Af, ATr / Nt / Ac
Diospyros lotus / Ebenaceae / ATe, ATr / Cu / Ho
Dysphania botrys / Amaranthaceae / ATr, Eu / Nt / Ac
Dysphaniaambrosioides / Amaranthaceae / NA, SA / In / Ac
Echinochloa colona / Poaceae / Af, ATr / Nt / Ac
Echinochloa crusgalli / Poaceae / Af, ATr, NA, SA / Nt / Ac
Elatine triandra / Elatinaceae / NA / Nt / Ac
Eranthishyemalis / Ranunculaceae / ATe, ATr / Nt / Fl
Erigeron bonariensis / Asteraceae / SA / Nt / Ac
Erigeron canadensis / Asteraceae / NA, SA / In / Ac
Erigeron poncinsii / Asteraceae / ATe / Cu / Fl
Erigeron rufescens / Asteraceae / Eu / Cs / Ac
Eriobotrya japonica / Rosaceae / ATe / Cu / Fl, Ho
Erophilaverna / Brassicaceae / Af / Nt / Fo
Erucavesicaria / Brassicaceae / Af, ATr, Eu / Nt / Ac
Erysimum hieraciifolium / Brassicaceae / Eu / Nt / Fl
Eschscholzia californica / Papaveraceae / NA / Cs / Fl
Euonymus japonicus / Celastraceae / ATe / Cu / Fl
Euphorbia peplus / Euphorbiaceae / Af, ATr / Nt / Ac
Evolvulus alsinoides / Convolvulaceae / NA, SA / Nt / Ac
Ficus auriculata / Moraceae / ATe, ATr / Cu / Ho
Ficus carica / Moraceae / Af, ATe, ATr, Eu / Nt / Ag
Foeniculum vulgare / Apiaceae / Af, ATe, ATr, Eu / Cs / Ag
Forsythia viridissima / Oleaceae / ATe / Cu / Fl
Forsythiajaponica / Oleaceae / ATe / Cu / Fl
Fraxinus excelsior / Oleaceae / ATe, Eu / Cu / La
Fritillaria imperialis / Liliaceae / ATe, ATr / Nt / Fl
Gaillardia pulchella / Asteraceae / NA / Cu / Fl
Galinsoga parviflora / Asteraceae / NA, SA / In / Ac
Ginkgo biloba / Ginkgoaceae / ATe / Cu / La
Gleditsia triacanthos / Fabaceae / NA / Cu / Ag
Gloriosa superba / Colchicaceae / Af, ATe, ATr / Cu / Fl
Glycine max / Fabaceae / ATr / Cu / Ag
Glycine max subsp. soja / Fabaceae / ATr / Cu / Ag
Gomphrenaglobosa / Amaranthaceae / Af, ATe, ATr, NA, Pa, SA / Cs / Fl
Gossypium arboreum / Malvaceae / Af, ATe, ATr, Eu / Cu / Ag
Helianthus annuus / Asteraceae / NA / Cs / Fl
Helianthus tuberosus / Asteraceae / NA / Cs / Fl, Ag
Heliotropium europaeum / Boraginaceae / Af, Au / Nt / Ac
Hemerocallisfulva / Xanthorrhoeaceae / ATe, ATr / Nt / Fl
Hesperis matronalis / Brassicaceae / ATe, Eu / Nt / Ag
Hibiscus syriacus / Malvaceae / ATe / Cs / Fl
Hosta sieboldii / Asparagaceae / ATe / Cu / Fl
Humulus lupulus / Cannabaceae / Af, ATe, Eu, NA / Cs / Fl
Hydrangea heteromalla / Hydrangeaceae / ATe, ATr / Cu / Fl
Hydrangea macrophylla / Hydrangeaceae / ATe / Cu / Fl
Hypericum hookerianum / Hypericaceae / ATe, ATr / Cu / Fl
Hypericum oblongifolium / Hypericaceae / ATr / Cu / Fl
Iberis amara / Brassicaceae / ATe, ATr / Cs / Fl
Iberis umbellata / Brassicaceae / ATr / Cs / Fl
Impatiens balsamina / Balsaminaceae / ATr / Cs / Fl
Ipomoea eriocarpa / Convolvulaceae / Af, ATe, ATr, Au / Nt / Fl
Ipomoea purpurea / Convolvulaceae / NA, SA / Nt / Fl
Iris ensata / Iridaceae / ATe / Nt / Fl
Iris latifolia / Iridaceae / Eu / Cu / Fl
Iris variegata / Iridaceae / Eu / Cu / Fl
Iris versicolor / Iridaceae / NA / Cu / Fl
Irisreticulata / Iridaceae / ATe / Nt / Fl
Ixeris polycephala / Asteraceae / ATr / Cs / Ac
Ixiolirion tataricum / Ixioliriaceae / Af, ATr / Nt / Ac
Jasminum mesnyi / Oleaceae / ATe / Cu / Fl
Juglans regia / Juglandaceae / ATe, ATr, Eu / Cu / Ho
Juncus foliosus / Juncaceae / Af, Eu / Nt / Ac
Kerria japonica / Rosaceae / ATe / Cu / Fl
Laburnum anagyroides / Fabaceae / Eu / Cu / Fl
Lampranthusmultiradiatus / Aizoaceae / Af / Cu / Fl
Lathyrus inconspicuus / Fabaceae / Af, ATr / Nt / Ac
Lathyrus odoratus / Fabaceae / Eu / Cs / Ag
Laurus nobilis / Lauraceae / Af, ATe, Eu / Cu / Ag
Lavandula angustifolia / Lamiaceae / Eu / Cu / Fl
Lavandula latifolia / Lamiaceae / Eu / Cu / Fl
Lavatera trimestris / Malvaceae / Af, ATe, Eu / Cu / Fl
Lens culinaris / Fabaceae / ATe, ATr, Eu / Cu / Ag
Lepidium didymum / Brassicaceae / SA / Nt / Ac
Lepidium sativum / Brassicaceae / Af, ATe, ATr / Nt / Ag
Lepidium virginicum / Brassicaceae / NA, SA / Nt / Ag
Leucanthemum vulgare / Asteraceae / ATe, Eu / In / Fl
Ligustrum lucidum / Oleaceae / ATe / Cu / Fl
Ligustrum ovalifolium / Oleaceae / ATe / Cu / Fl
Ligustrumsinense / Oleaceae / ATe, ATr / Cu / Fl
Lilium regale / Liliaceae / ATe / Cu / Fl
Liliumlancifolium / Liliaceae / ATe / Cu / Fl
Linaria dalmatica / Plantaginaceae / ATe, Eu / Cs / Fl
Linaria vulgaris / Plantaginaceae / ATe, Eu / Cs / Fl
Lindernia dubia / Linderniaceae / NA, SA / Nt / Fl
Lobularia maritima / Brassicaceae / Af, ATe, Eu / Cu / Fl
Lolium persicum / Poaceae / ATe, ATr / Nt / Fo
Lolium temulentum / Poaceae / Af, Eu, ATe / In / Fo
Lonicera japonica / Caprifoliaceae / ATe / Cu / Fl
Lunaria annua / Brassicaceae / Eu / Cs / Fl
Lycoris radiata / Amaryllidaceae / ATe, ATr / Cu / Fl
Macleaya cordata / Papaveraceae / ATe / Cu / Fl
Magnolia kobus / Magnoliaceae / ATe / Cu / Fl
Magnolia liliiflora / Magnoliaceae / ATe / Cu / Fl
Magnolia stellata / Magnoliaceae / ATe / Cu / Fl
Mahonia duclouxiana / Berberidaceae / ATe, ATr / Cu / Fl
Malcolmia maritima / Brassicaceae / Eu / Nt / Ac
Malcolmiaafricana / Brassicaceae / Af, ATr / Nt / Ac
Malus baccata / Rosaceae / ATe, ATr / Cu / Ho
Malus pumila / Rosaceae / Eu / Cu / Ho
Malva verticillata / Malvaceae / ATe / Nt / Fo
Matthiola incana / Brassicaceae / ATe, Eu / Cu / Fl
Medicago sativa / Fabaceae / Af, ATe, ATr, Eu / Nt / Fo
Melia azedarach / Meliaceae / ATe, ATr, Au, Pa / Cu / Pl
Melica persica / Poaceae / ATe, ATr / Cu / La
Mentha spicata / Lamiaceae / ATe, Eu / Nt / Fo
Morus alba / Moraceae / ATe / Nt / Ag
Muscari neglectum / Asparagaceae / Af, ATe, ATr, Eu / Nt / Fl
Myriophyllum aquaticum / Haloragaceae / SA / In / Ac
Narcissus jonquilla / Amaryllidaceae / Eu / Cu / Fl
Narcissus poeticus / Amaryllidaceae / Eu / Cu / Fl
Narcissus pseudonarcissus / Amaryllidaceae / Af, ATe, Eu / Nt / Fl
Narcissus tazetta / Amaryllidaceae / Af, ATe, Eu / Nt / Fl
Neriumoleander / Apocynaceae / ATe, ATr, Eu, NA / Nt / Fl
Nicotiana suaveolens / Solanaceae / Au / Cu / Fl
Nigella damascena / Ranunculaceae / Af, ATe, Eu / Cs / Fl
Ocimum americanum / Lamiaceae / Af, ATr / Nt / Ac
Ocimum tenuiflorum / Lamiaceae / ATr / Nt / Ag
Oenotherabiennis / Onagraceae / NA / Nt / Fl
Oenotheraglazioviana / Onagraceae / Eu / Nt / Fl
Onopordum acanthium / Asteraceae / Af, ATr, Eu / Nt / Ac
Ornithogalum umbellatum / Asparagaceae / Af, ATe, Eu / Nt / Fl
Oryza sativa / Poaceae / ATe, ATr / Cu / Ag
Osmanthus fragrans / Oleaceae / ATe, ATr / Cu / Fl
Papaver bracteatum / Papaveraceae / ATe / Cu / Fl
Papaver dubium / Papaveraceae / Af, ATr, Eu / Nt / Ac
Papaver rhoeas / Papaveraceae / Af, ATe, ATr, Eu / Nt / Fl
Papaver somniferum / Papaveraceae / Af, ATe, Eu / Cs / Ag, Me
Papavermacrostomum / Papaveraceae / ATr / Nt / Ac
Passiflora caerulea / Passifloraceae / SA / Cu / Fl
Pelargonium graveolens / Geraniaceae / Af / Cu / Fl
Pelargonium zonale / Geraniaceae / Af / Cu / Fl
Petuniahybrida / Solanaceae / North America / Cs / Fl
Phalaris arundinacea / Poaceae / Af, ATe, Eu, NA / In / Fo
Phaseolus vulgaris / Fabaceae / NA, SA / Cu / Ag
Philadelphus incanus / Hydrangeaceae / ATe / Cu / Fl
Philadelphus tomentosus / Hydrangeaceae / ATe, ATr / Cu / Fl
Physalis longifolia / Solanaceae / NA / Cu / Fl
Pinus halepensis / Pinaceae / Af, ATe, Eu / Cu / Pl
Pisum sativum / Fabaceae / Af, ATe, Eu / Cu / Ag
Platanus orientalis / Platanaceae / ATe, Eu / Cu / La
Platycladus orientalis / Cupressaceae / ATe / Cu / Fl, La
Populus euphratica / Salicaceae / Af, ATe, ATr / Cu / Pl
Populus nigra / Salicaceae / Af, ATe, Eu / Cu / Pl
Portulaca grandiflora / Portulacaceae / SA / Cu / Fl
Portulaca oleracea / Portulacaceae / SA / Nt / Fo
Privagrandiflora / Verbenaceae / NA / Cu / Fl
Prunus armeniaca / Rosaceae / ATe / Cu / Ho
Prunus avium / Rosaceae / ATe, Eu / Cu / Ho
Prunus cerasifera / Rosaceae / ATe, ATr, Eu / Cu / Ho
Prunus cerasus / Rosaceae / ATe, ATr, Eu / Nt / Ho
Prunus domestica / Rosaceae / ATe, Eu / Cu / Ho
Pyrus communis / Rosaceae / ATe, Eu / Cu / Ho
Quercus robur / Fagaceae / ATe, Eu / Nt / Pl
Raphanusraphanistrumsubsp.sativus / Brassicaceae / Af, ATe, Eu / Cs / Ag
Robinia pseudoacacia / Fabaceae / NA / In / Pl
Rosa chinensis / Rosaceae / ATe / Cu / Fl
Rosa corymbifera / Rosaceae / Af, ATe, Eu / Cu / Fl
Rosa foetida / Rosaceae / ATe, ATr / Cu / Fl
Rosa laevigata / Rosaceae / ATe, ATr / Cu / Fl
Rotala densiflora / Lythraceae / Af, ATr, Au / Nt / Ac
Rotalamexicana / Lythraceae / NA / Nt / Ac
Rubus ulmifolius / Rosaceae / Af, Eu / Nt / La
Rudbeckia fulgida / Asteraceae / NA / Cs / Fl
Sagina apetala / Caryophyllaceae / Af, ATe,NA, Eu / Cs / Fl
Salix aegyptiaca / Salicaceae / ATe / Cu / Pl
Salix alba / Salicaceae / Af, ATe, Eu / Nt / Pl
Salix fragilis / Salicaceae / Af, ATe, Au, Eu, NA / Cu / Pl
Salix viminalis / Salicaceae / ATe, Eu / Cu / Pl
Salvia glutinosa / Lamiaceae / ATe, Eu / Cu / Fl
Salvia splendens / Lamiaceae / SA / Cu / Fl
Salvia viridis / Lamiaceae / Af, ATe, Eu / Cu / Fl
Sambucus nigra / Adoxaceae / Af, ATe, ATr, Eu, NA, SA / Cu / Fl
Sanguisorba minor / Rosaceae / Af, ATe, Eu / Nt / Ac
Saponaria ocymoides / Caryophyllaceae / Eu / Cu / Fl
Serratula pallida / Asteraceae / ATr / Nt / Ac
Sidalcea malviflora / Malvaceae / NA / Cu / Fl
Sigesbeckia orientalis / Asteraceae / Af, ATr, Au / Nt / Ac
Silene armeria / Caryophyllaceae / ATe, Eu / Cs / Fl
Silene coeli-rosa / Caryophyllaceae / Af, Eu / Cu / Fl
Silybum marianum / Asteraceae / Af, ATr, Eu / Nt / Ac
Solanum melongena / Solanaceae / ATr / Cs / Ag
Solanum tuberosum / Solanaceae / ATr / Cu / Ag
Solanum villosum / Solanaceae / NA / Nt / Ac
Solanumamericanum / Solanaceae / Eu / Nt / Ac
Solidago gigantea / Asteraceae / NA, Eu / Cs / Fl
Sophora mollis / Fabaceae / ATe, ATr / Cu / Fl
Sorghum halepense / Poaceae / Af, ATe, ATr / Nt / Fo
Sorghum miliaceum / Poaceae / ATr, NA / Nt / Ac
Spartium junceum / Fabaceae / Af, ATe, Eu / Nt / Fl
Spiraea cantoniensis / Rosaceae / ATe / Cu / Fl
Spiraea prunifolia / Rosaceae / ATe / Cu / Fl
Sporobolus piliferus / Poaceae / NA / Nt / Fo
Sternbergia lutea / Amaryllidaceae / Af, ATe, Eu / Cu / Fl
Sternbergia vernalis / Amaryllidaceae / ATe, ATr / Nt / Fl
Styphnolobium japonicum / Fabaceae / ATe / Cu / La
Symphytum officinale / Boraginaceae / ATe, Eu / Cu / Me
Syringa persica / Oleaceae / ATe, ATr / Cu / Fl
Syringavulgaris / Oleaceae / Eu / Cu / Fl
Tagetes erecta / Asteraceae / NA, SA / Cs / Fl
Tagetes minuta / Asteraceae / SA / Nt / Ac
Tamarix parviflora / Tamaricaceae / ATe, Eu / Cu / Fl
Tradescantia bracteata / Commelinaceae / NA / Cu / Fl
Tradescantia virginiana / Commelinaceae / NA / Cu / Fl
Trifolium dubium / Fabaceae / Af, ATe, Eu / Nt / Fo
Trifolium fragiferum / Fabaceae / Af, ATe, ATr, Eu / Nt / Fo
Tropaeolum majus / Tropaeolaceae / NA, SA / Cu / Fl
Tulbaghia violacea / Amaryllidaceae / Af / Cu / Fl
Tulipa clusiana / Liliaceae / ATe, ATr / Nt / Fl
Tulipa sylvestris / Liliaceae / Af, ATe, Eu / Cu / Fl
Ulmus villosa / Ulmaceae / ATr / Nt / Pl
Vaccaria hispanica / Caryophyllaceae / Af, ATe, Eu / Cs / Fl
Verbena bonariensis / Verbenaceae / SA / Cu / Fl
Vicia sativa subsp. nigra / Fabaceae / Af, ATe, ATr, Eu / Nt / Fo
Vigna aconitifolia / Fabaceae / ATr / Cu / Ag
Vigna mungo / Fabaceae / ATr / Cu / Ag
Vigna radiata / Fabaceae / Af, ATr / Cu / Ag
Vinca major / Apocynaceae / ATe, Eu / Nt / Fl
Wisteria sinensis / Fabaceae / ATe / Cu / Fl
Xanthium strumarium / Asteraceae / Af, NA, SA / In / Ac
Xerochrysum bracteatum / Asteraceae / Au / Cu / Fl
Zea mays / Poaceae / NA, SA / Cu / Ag
Zephyranthes candida / Amaryllidaceae / SA / Cu / Fl
Zephyranthes rosea / Amaryllidaceae / SA / Cu / Fl
Zinnia angustifolia / Asteraceae / NA / Cs / Fl

Supplementary material-IV Synopsis of number of species present in each plant family arranged from highest to lowest

Family Name / No. of species
Asteraceae / 37
Fabaceae / 23
Brassicaceae / 22
Rosaceae / 21
Poaceae / 15
Amaranthaceae / 14
Amaryllidaceae / 11
Caryophyllaceae / 10
Oleaceae / 10
Solanaceae / 10
Lamiaceae / 8
Papaveraceae / 7
Apiaceae / 6
Boraginaceae / 6
Cupressaceae / 6
Iridaceae / 6
Plantaginaceae / 6
Malvaceae / 6
Ranunculaceae / 6
Salicaceae / 6
Asparagaceae / 5
Liliaceae / 5
Bignoniaceae / 4
Commelinaceae / 4
Hydrangeaceae / 4
Convolvulaceae / 3
Magnoliaceae / 3
Moraceae / 3
Rubiaceae / 3
Scrophulariaceae / 3
Apocynaceae / 2
Cannabaceae / 2
Fagaceae / 2
Geraniaceae / 2
Hypericaceae / 2
Lythraceae / 2
Onagraceae / 2
Orchidaceae / 2
Portulacaceae / 2
Sapindaceae / 2
Verbenaceae / 2
Adoxaceae / 1
Aizoaceae / 1
Balsaminaceae / 1
Berberidaceae / 1
Buxaceae / 1
Calycanthaceae / 1
Cannaceae / 1
Caprifoliaceae / 1
Celastraceae / 1
Chenopodiaceae / 1
Colchicaceae / 1
Cucurbitaceae / 1
Ebenaceae / 1
Elatinaceae / 1
Euphorbiaceae / 1
Ginkgoaceae / 1
Haloragaceae / 1
Ixioliriaceae / 1
Juglandaceae / 1
Juncaceae / 1
Lauraceae / 1
Linderniaceae / 1
Meliaceae / 1
Passifloraceae / 1
Pinaceae / 1
Platanaceae / 1
Tamaricaceae / 1
Tropaeolaceae / 1
Ulmaceae / 1
Xanthorrhoeaceae / 1

Scientific name / Growth form / Life span / Cultivation status
Acer negundo / T / P / C
Aesculus indica / T / P / CW
Ageratum conyzoides / H / A / CW
Ageratum houstonianum / H / A / CW
Alcealavateriflora / H / P / CW
Alcearosea / H / P / CW
Allium cepa / H / P / C
Alopecurus aequalis / H / P / W
Alternanthera caracasana / H / P / W
Amaranthus blitum / H / A / W
Amaranthus caudatus / H / P / CW
Amaranthus hypochondriacus / H / A / C
Amaranthus spinosus / H / A / W
Amaranthusgraecizans / H / A / W
Ammi majus / H / A / W
Amorpha fruticosa / S / P / C
Anchusa azurea / H / P / C
Anchusaarvensissubsp.orientalis / H / P / C
Anemone biflora / H / P / W
Anthemiscotula / H / A / W
Antirrhinum majus / H / AP / Cw
Apiumprostratum / H / P / W
Aquilegiavulgaris / H / P / C
Asparagus officinalis / H / P / W
Asperugo procumbens / H / A / W
Asperula cynanchica / S / P / W
Barbarea intermedia / H / B / W
Bassiascoparia / H / A / CW
Bellis perennis / H / P / CW
Bidens bipinnata / H / A / W
Bidens biternata / H / A / W
Bidens cernua / H / A / W
Bidens tripartita / H / A / W
Brassica oleracea / H / P / C
Brassica juncea / H / A / CW
Brassica napus / H / AB / CW
Brassica nigra / H / A / CW
Brassica rapa / H / A / C
Bromus ramosus / H / A / W
Buddleja alternifolia / S / P / CW
Buddleja davidii / S / P / CW
Buddlejaparviflora / S / P / C
Buglossoidestenuiflora / H / A / W
Buxussempervirens / T / P / CW
Calendula officinalis / H / A / CW
Campsis grandiflora / V / P / C
Campsis radicans / V / P / C
Canna indica / H / P / C
Capsicumannuum / H / A / C
Cardamine flexuosa / H / A / W
Carthamus lanatus / H / A / W
Castanea sativa / T / P / C
Catalpa bignonioides / T / P / C
Catalpa speciosa / T / P / C
Celosia argentea / H / A / C
Celtis australis / T / P / W
Cerastium tomentosum / H / A / W
Cercis siliquastrum / T / P / C
Chaenomeles speciosa / S / P / C
Chenopodium album / H / A / W
Chenopodium glaucum / H / A / W
Chenopodium hybridum / H / A / W
Chenopodium murale / H / A / W
Chimonanthus praecox / S / P / C
Chrysanthemum morifolium / H / P / C
Clematis jackmanii / V / P / C
Commelina paludosa / H / P / C
Conium maculatum / H / B / W
Consolida ajacis / H / A / CW
Convallariamajalis / H / P / C
Coreopsis grandiflora / H / P / CW
Coriandrum sativum / H / A / CW
Cotula aurea / H / A / C
Crataegus laevigata / T / P / C
Crocosmia aurea / H / P / C
Cryptomeria japonica / T / P / C
Cucumismelo / V / A / C
Cupressus cashmeriana / T / P / C
Cupressus lusitanica / T / P / C
Cupressus sempervirens / T / P / C
Cupressus torulosa / T / P / C
Cyanotis barbata / H / W
Cyanus segetum / H / AB / CW
Cydonia oblonga / T / P / C
Cymbalaria muralis / H / A / W
Cymbopogon distans / H / P / C
Cynara scolymus / H / P / C
Dahlia pinnata / H / P / C
Datura innoxia / H / AP / W
Datura stramonium / H / A / W
Daucus carota / H / B / W
Dendrobium aphyllum / H / P / C
Dendrobium falconeri / H / P / C
Dianthus barbatus / H / P / CW
Dianthus caryophyllus / H / P / CW
Dianthus chinensis / H / P / C
Dianthus plumarius / H / P / CW
Digitalis grandiflora / H / BP / CW
Digitalis purpurea / H / B / CW
Digitaria nodosa / H / P / W
Diospyros lotus / T / P / C
Dysphania botrys / H / A / W
Dysphaniaambrosioides / H / A / W
Echinochloa colona / H / A / W
Echinochloa crusgalli / H / A / W
Elatine triandra / H / A / W
Eranthishyemalis / H / P / CW
Erigeron bonariensis / H / AB / W
Erigeron canadensis / H / AB / W
Erigeron poncinsii / H / P / C
Erigeron rufescens / H / A / W
Eriobotrya japonica / T / P / C
Erophilaverna / H / A / W
Erucavesicaria / H / A / W
Erysimum hieraciifolium / H / AB / W
Eschscholzia californica / H / AP / CW
Euonymus japonicus / T / P / C
Euphorbia peplus / H / P / W
Evolvulus alsinoides / H / P / W
Ficus auriculata / T / P / C
Ficus carica / T / P / CW
Foeniculum vulgare / H / P / CW
Forsythia viridissima / S / P / C
Forsythiajaponica / S / P / C
Fraxinus excelsior / T / P / C
Fritillaria imperialis / H / P / CW
Gaillardia pulchella / H / A / C
Galinsoga parviflora / H / A / W
Ginkgo biloba / T / P / C
Gleditsia triacanthos / T / P / C
Gloriosa superba / V / P / C
Glycine max / H / A / C
Glycine max subsp. soja / H / A / C
Gomphrenaglobosa / H / A / CW
Gossypium arboreum / S / P / C
Helianthus annuus / H / P / CW
Helianthus tuberosus / H / P / CW
Heliotropium europaeum / H / P / W
Hemerocallisfulva / H / P / CW
Hesperis matronalis / H / BP / CW
Hibiscus syriacus / S / P / CW
Hosta sieboldii / H / P / C
Humulus lupulus / V / P / CW
Hydrangea heteromalla / S / P / C
Hydrangea macrophylla / S / P / C
Hypericum hookerianum / S / P / C
Hypericum oblongifolium / S / P / C
Iberis amara / H / A / CW
Iberis umbellata / H / A / CW
Impatiens balsamina / H / A / CW
Ipomoea eriocarpa / V / A / W
Ipomoea purpurea / V / A / CW
Iris ensata / H / P / W
Iris latifolia / H / P / C
Iris variegata / H / P / C
Iris versicolor / H / P / C
Irisreticulata / H / P / CW
Ixeris polycephala / H / A / W
Ixiolirion tataricum / H / P / W
Jasminum mesnyi / V / P / C
Juglans regia / T / P / C
Juncus foliosus / H / A / W
Kerria japonica / S / P / C
Laburnum anagyroides / T / P / C
Lampranthusmultiradiatus / S / P / C
Lathyrus inconspicuus / H / A / W
Lathyrus odoratus / V / A / W
Laurus nobilis / T / P / C
Lavandula angustifolia / S / P / C
Lavandula latifolia / Ss / P / C
Lavatera trimestris / H / A / C
Lens culinaris / H / A / C
Lepidium didymum / H / A / W
Lepidium sativum / H / A / W
Lepidium virginicum / H / ABP / W
Leucanthemum vulgare / H / P / W
Ligustrum lucidum / S / P / C
Ligustrum ovalifolium / S / P / C
Ligustrumsinense / S / P / C
Lilium regale / H / P / C
Liliumlancifolium / H / P / C
Linaria dalmatica / H / P / CW
Linaria vulgaris / H / P / W
Lindernia dubia / H / A / W
Lobularia maritima / H / AP / C
Lolium persicum / H / AP / W
Lolium temulentum / H / AP / W
Lonicera japonica / V / P / C
Lunaria annua / H / AB / CW
Lycoris radiata / H / P / C
Macleaya cordata / H / P / C
Magnolia kobus / T / P / C
Magnolia liliiflora / H / P / C
Magnolia stellata / T / P / C
Mahonia duclouxiana / S / P / C
Malcolmia maritima / H / A / W
Malcolmiaafricana / H / A / W
Malus baccata / T / P / C
Malus pumila / T / P / C
Malva verticillata / H / P / W
Matthiola incana / H / ABP / C
Medicago sativa / H / P / CW
Melia azedarach / T / P / C
Melica persica / H / P / C
Mentha spicata / H / P / W
Morus alba / T / P / CW
Muscari neglectum / H / P / CW
Myriophyllum aquaticum / H / P / W
Narcissus jonquilla / H / P / C
Narcissus poeticus / H / P / C
Narcissus pseudonarcissus / H / P / CW
Narcissus tazetta / H / P / CW
Neriumoleander / S / P / CW
Nicotiana suaveolens / H / A / C
Nigella damascena / H / P / CW
Ocimum americanum / H / P / W
Ocimum tenuiflorum / H / P / W
Oenotherabiennis / H / B / W
Oenotheraglazioviana / H / B / W
Onopordum acanthium / H / B / W
Ornithogalum umbellatum / H / P / CW
Oryza sativa / H / A / C
Osmanthus fragrans / T / P / C
Papaver bracteatum / H / A / C
Papaver dubium / H / A / W
Papaver rhoeas / H / A / W
Papaver somniferum / H / A / CW
Papavermacrostomum / H / A / W
Passiflora caerulea / V / P / C
Pelargonium graveolens / H / P / C
Pelargonium zonale / H / P / C
Petuniahybrida / H / A / CW
Phalaris arundinacea / H / P / W
Phaseolus vulgaris / V / A / C
Philadelphus incanus / S / P / C
Philadelphus tomentosus / S / P / C
Physalis longifolia / H / P / C
Pinus halepensis / T / P / C
Pisum sativum / H / A / C
Platanus orientalis / T / P / C
Platycladus orientalis / T / P / C
Populus euphratica / T / P / C
Populus nigra / T / P / C
Portulaca grandiflora / H / A / C
Portulaca oleracea / H / A / W
Privagrandiflora / H / A / C
Prunus armeniaca / T / P / C
Prunus avium / T / P / C
Prunus cerasifera / T / P / C
Prunus cerasus / T / P / CW
Prunus domestica / T / P / C
Pyrus communis / T / P / C
Quercus robur / T / P / CW
Raphanusraphanistrumsubsp.sativus / H / AB / CW
Robinia pseudoacacia / T / P / CW
Rosa chinensis / S / P / C
Rosa corymbifera / S / P / C
Rosa foetida / S / P / C
Rosa laevigata / S / P / C
Rotala densiflora / H / A / W
Rotalamexicana / H / A / W
Rubus ulmifolius / Ss / P / W
Rudbeckia fulgida / H / P / CW