Environmental Monitoring and Assessment

Organophosphate Flame Retardants in the Indoor Air and Dust in Cars in Japan

Masahiro Tokumura1 ∙Rurika Hatayama2 ∙Kouichi Tatsu2,3 ∙Toshiyuki Naito3 ∙

Tetsuya Takeda3 ∙Mohammad Raknuzzaman2,4 ∙Md. Habibullah-Al-Mamun2,4∙Shigeki Masunaga1

1 Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Kanagawa 240-8501 Japan

2Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Kanagawa 240-8501 Japan

3Isuzu Advanced Engineering Center, LTD., Kanagawa 252-8501 Japan

4Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh

*Corresponding author. Tel/Fax: +81-45-339-4371

E-mail: (M. Tokumura)

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Table S1 List of cars measured in this study

Car No. / Age of the car
[year] / Mile [km] / Make / Maker / Name / Type / Color / Interiordimension
[mm] / Use / Load
1 / >4* / 40,000 / Japan / Nissan / Bluebird sylphy / Sedan / Silver / 2115×1395×1210 / Private / Cushion, Tissue box
2 / 9 / 68,000 / Japan / Honda / Fit / Wagon / Red / 1835×1385×1280 / Private / Cushion ×4, Tissue box (with case), Plastic sheet
3 / 5 / 80,000 / Japan / Toyota / Noah / Minivan / Silver / 2970×1435×1350 / Private / Cardboard, Comforter, Umbrella ×3, Clothes
4 / >2* / 143,018 / Japan / Honda / Life / Wagon / White / 2005×1295×1315 / Private / Boots, Plastic case, Cleaner of Car
5 / 8.08 / 66,500 / Japan / Mitsubishi / Minica / Wagon / White / 1655×1220×1220 / Private / Blanket, Cushion ×2, Umbrella, Tissue box
6 / 3 / 20,000 / Japan / Toyota / Vitz / Wagon / Black / 1865×1390×1270 / Private / Umbrella ×2, Car sunshade
7 / 3 / 24,247 / Japan / Daihatsu / Mira cocoa / Wagon / Pink / 1930×1345×1240 / Private / Folding bicycle, Car sunshade, Cushion ×3, Blanket
8 / 3 / 70,000 / Japan / Subaru / Legacy / Wagon / White / 2190×1545×1230 / Private / Flashlight, Plastic case, Shoes ×2, Plastic plaything
9 / 10 / 50,000 / Japan / Toyota / Fun cargo / Wagon / Silver / 1905×1370×1290 / Private / Deodorant, Stuffed toy, Cushion
10 / 11 / 8,000 / Japan / Mazda / Premacy / Wagon / Silver / 2370×1695×1250 / Private / Plastic case, Wagon (metal)
11 / 13 / 55,000 / Japan / Honda / Odyssey / Minivan / White / 2740×1530×1215 / Private / Tissue box, Cleaning tool, Dust cloth, CD, Air freshener, Deodorant
12 / 0.08 / 1,000 / Japan / Nissan / Serena / Minivan / Black / 3060×1480×1380 / Private / Plastic case, Eco bag, Emergency box, Cleaning tool, Plastic bag
13 / 4 / 39,612 / Japan / Toyota / Passo / Wagon / Pink / 1830×1400×1275 / Private / Umbrella ×2, Car sunshade, Boots, Plastic case
14 / 10 / 44,983 / Japan / Nissan / X-trail / SUV / Silver / 2045×1445×1265 / Private / Book ×3, Bat, Toolbox, Plastic bag
15 / 0.25 / 854 / Japan / Suzuki / Wagon R / Wagon / Silver / 2165×1295×1265 / Official / No loading
16 / 5 / 26,443 / Japan / Toyota / Crow hybrid / Sedan / White / 2060×1520×1205 / Official / No loading
17 / 6 / 37,967 / Japan / Isuzu / Elf / Truck / White / 2450×1540×1420 / Official / No loading
18 / 1 / 8,371 / Japan / Suzuki / Landy / Wagon / White / 3060×1480×1380 / Official / No loading
19 / 2 / 21,304 / Japan / Subaru / Impreza / Sedan / Silver / 1985×1475×1200 / Official use / No loading
20 / 3 / 28,478 / Japan / Isuzu / Como / Wagon / Silver / 2800×1545×1350 / Official / No loading
21 / 5 / 14,384 / Germany / Volkswagen / Golf / Wagon / Silver / 2900×1450×1200 / Official use / No loading
22 / 0.42 / 2,320 / Japan / Mazda / Atenza / Sedan / Gray / 1930×1550×1170 / Official / No loading
23 / 3 / 20,345 / Japan / Nissan / Serena / Minivan / White / 2760×1470×1355** / Private / Plastic case, Plastic bag, Golf bag, Cushion ×6
24 / 13 / 107,234 / Japan / Toyota / Vitz / Wagon / Silver / 1800×1380×1500** / Private / Plastic sheet, Book, Deodorants
25 / 9 / 156,748 / Japan / Subaru / Legacy / Wagon / Light blue / 1840×1445×1190** / Private / Car sheet, Cushion, Toolbox

*”” means that the car owner bought a used car.

** Interior dimensions were changed by model changes.

Table S2Individual data forconcentrations of OPFRs in car indoor air [ng m-3]

OPFRs / Car ID / Outdoors
12 / 13 / 14 / 15 / 18 / 19 / 23 / 24 / 25 / 12-14 / 15-19 / 23-25
EHDPP / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D.
TBOEP / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D.
TNBP / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / <MQL / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D.
TCEP / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D.
o-TMPP / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D.
p-TMPP / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D.
TCIPP / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / 1502 / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL
TDCIPP / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D.
TEHP / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D.
TEP / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / N.D. / N.D. / <MQL / <MQL / N.D. / <MQL / N.D. / N.D. / N.D.
TPHP / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D.
TPP / N.D. / <MQL / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / <MQL / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D.

MDL = Method Detection Limit, MQL = Method Quantification Limit, - = No Data,

N.D. = Not Detected (lower than MDL), <MQL = lower than MQL.

Table S3 Summary of ratio of indoor OPFRs concentration to outdoor concentration (I/O ratio) [-]

OPFRs / I/O ratio
Median / Min / Max / Car ID
12 / 13 / 14 / 15 / 18 / 19 / 23 / 24 / 25
EHDPP / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0
TBOEP / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0
TNBP / 1.0 / 1.0 / 10.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 10.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0
TCEP / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0
o-TMPP / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0
p-TMPP / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0
TCIPP / 1.0 / 1.0 / 27.9 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 27.9
TDCIPP / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0
TEHP / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0
TEP / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0
TPHP / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0
TPP / 1.0 / 1.0 / 10.0 / 1.0 / 10.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 10.0 / 1.0

Table S4Individual data for concentrations of OPFRs in dust [g g-1]

OPFRs / Source of dust / Car ID
1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10 / 11 / 12 / 13 / 14 / 15 / 16 / 17 / 18 / 19 / 20 / 21 / 22 / 23 / 24 / 25
EHDPP / Seat / <MQL / - / - / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / - / <MQL / - / - / <MQL / - / <MQL / <MQL / - / - / <MQL / - / <MQL / - / 105.6 / - / - / <MQL / -
Floor mat / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL
TBOEP / Seat / <MQL / - / - / 36.7 / 37.0 / 35.3 / - / 68.4 / - / - / 37.5 / - / 37.3 / 33.3 / - / - / <MQL / - / <MQL / - / 43.8 / - / - / 32.3 / -
Floor mat / 100.9 / 174.4 / 62.6 / 33.3 / 57.0 / 95.5 / 102.4 / 310.4 / 45.1 / 384.7 / 71.6 / 51.5 / 115.4 / 38.7 / 32.6 / 38.8 / <MQL / 52.5 / 38.5 / 32.6 / 36.6 / 52.6 / 133.6 / 67.7 / 39.9
TNBP / Seat / <MQL / - / - / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / - / <MQL / - / - / <MQL / - / <MQL / <MQL / - / - / <MQL / - / 1.3 / - / 0.8 / - / - / <MQL / -
Floor mat / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / 3.1 / 5.9 / <MQL / 3.4 / <MQL / 3.8 / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / 4.1 / <MQL / <MQL / 1.2 / <MQL / 1.4 / <MQL / 3.1 / 3.7 / <MQL
TCEP / Seat / 71.2 / - / - / 20.5 / 5.2 / <MQL / - / <MQL / - / - / 9.5 / - / 2.7 / 34.7 / - / - / 39.5 / - / <MQL / - / <MQL / - / - / <MQL / -
Floor mat / 2.1 / 2.4 / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / 2.8 / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / 4.6 / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / 1.8 / <MQL / 5.5
o-TMPP / Seat / <MQL / - / - / <MQL / N.D. / N.D. / - / N.D. / - / - / <MQL / - / N.D. / N.D. / - / - / N.D. / - / <MQL / - / N.D. / - / - / N.D. / -
Floor mat / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / <MQL / N.D. / <MQL / N.D. / <MQL / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D.
p-TMPP / Seat / <MQL / - / - / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / - / N.D. / - / - / <MQL / - / N.D. / <MQL / - / - / N.D. / - / N.D. / - / N.D. / - / - / N.D. / -
Floor mat / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D.
TCIPP / Seat / 6.8 / - / - / 0.3 / 17.3 / 1.2 / - / 0.9 / - / - / 0.4 / - / 1.8 / 0.4 / - / - / 12.5 / - / 20.8 / - / 389.1 / - / - / 0.9 / -
Floor mat / 0.3 / 0.7 / 0.3 / 0.2 / 0.6 / 0.2 / 0.5 / 0.6 / 0.4 / 0.2 / 0.2 / 0.3 / 0.3 / 0.2 / 0.2 / 0.2 / 0.7 / 0.2 / 0.5 / 1.9 / 1.5 / 1.0 / 0.3 / 0.2 / 0.4
TDCIPP / Seat / 1.4 / - / - / 0.8 / 13.6 / 1.5 / - / 1.3 / - / - / 0.9 / - / 1.9 / 0.9 / - / - / 1.9 / - / 2.2 / - / 192.4 / - / - / 1.2 / -
Floor mat / 0.9 / 1.1 / 0.8 / 0.7 / 1.0 / 0.7 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 0.8 / 0.7 / 0.8 / 0.9 / 0.8 / 0.7 / 0.7 / 0.8 / 1.1 / 0.7 / 1.0 / 2.1 / 1.8 / 1.3 / 0.8 / 0.7 / 0.9
TEHP / Seat / <MQL / - / - / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / - / <MQL / - / - / <MQL / - / <MQL / <MQL / - / - / <MQL / - / <MQL / - / <MQL / - / - / <MQL / -
Floor mat / 23.1 / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / - / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / 93.7 / 637.2 / 6.6 / <MQL / <MQL / 36.5
TEP / Seat / <MQL / - / - / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / - / <MQL / - / - / <MQL / - / 0.6 / <MQL / - / - / <MQL / - / 0.3 / - / 0.6 / - / - / <MQL / -
Floor mat / <MQL / <MQL / 0.3 / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / 0.8 / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / 1.3 / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL
TPHP / Seat / 24.8 / - / - / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / - / <MQL / - / - / 202.3 / - / <MQL / 32.6 / - / - / <MQL / - / <MQL / - / <MQL / - / - / N.D. / -
Floor mat / <MQL / <MQL / 7.8 / N.D. / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / N.D. / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / <MQL / N.D. / N.D. / <MQL
TPP / Seat / N.D. / - / - / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / - / N.D. / - / - / N.D. / - / N.D. / N.D. / - / - / N.D. / - / N.D. / - / N.D. / - / - / N.D. / -
Floor mat / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D. / N.D.

MDL = Method Detection Limit, MQL = Method Quantification Limit, - = No Data, N.D. = Not Detected (lower than MDL), <MQL = lower than MQL

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