Etiology, Pathogenesis and Treatment of Apical Periodontitis

(Courtesy Dr. Fred Barnett and ROOTS)

ETIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS AND TREATMENT OF APICAL PERIODONTITIS

Topic 10: Extra-radicular endodontic infections:

1.  Happonen RP. Periapical actinomycosis: a follow-up of 16 surgically treated teeth. Endod Dent Traumatol 1986; 2: 205-209

2.  Tronstad L, Barnett F, Riso K, Slots J. Extra-radicular endodontic infections. Endod Dent Traumatol 1987; 3: 86-90.

3.  Tronstad L, Barnett F, Cervone F. Periapical bacterial plaque in teeth refractory to endodontic treatment. Endod Dent Traumatol 1990; 6: 73-77.

4.  Kiryu T, Hoshino E, Iwaku M. Bacteria invading periapical cementum. J Endod 1994; 20: 169-172.

5.  Lomcali G, Sen BH, Cankaya H. Scanning electron microscopic observations of apical root surfaces of teeth with apical periodontitis. Endod Dent Traumatol 1996; 12: 70-76.

6.  Siqueira JF Jr, Lopes HP. Bacteria on the apical root surfaces of untreated teeth with periradicularlesions: a scanning electron microscopy study. Int Endod J. 2001 Apr;34(3):216-20.

7.  Leonardo MR, Rossi MA, Silva LA, Ito IY, Bonifacio KC. EM evaluation of bacterial biofilm and microorganisms on the apical external root surface of human teeth. J Endod. 2002 Dec;28(12):815-8.

8.  Sunde PT, Olsen I, Lind PO, Tronstad L. Extraradicular infection: a methodological study. Endod Dent Traumatol 2000; 16: 84-90.

9.  Sunde PT, Tronstad L, Eribe ER, Lind PO, Olsen I. Assessment of periradicular microbiota by DNA-DNA hybridization. Endod Dent Traumatol. 2000 Oct;16(5):191-6.

10.  Gatti JJ, Dobeck JM, Smith C, White RR, Socransky SS, Skobe Z. Bacteria of asymptomatic periradicular endodontic lesions identified by DNA-DNA hybridization. Endod Dent Traumatol. 2000 Oct;16(5):197-204.

11.  Sunde PT, Olsen I, Debelian GJ, Tronstad L. Microbiota of periapical lesions refractory to endodontic therapy. J Endod. 2002 Apr;28(4):304-10.

12.  Sunde PT, Olsen I, Gobel UB, Theegarten D, Winter S, Debelian GJ, Tronstad L, Moter A. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for direct visualization of bacteria in periapical lesions of asymptomatic root-filled teeth. Microbiology. 2003 May;149(Pt 5):1095-102.

13.  Noiri Y, Ehara A, Kawahara T, Takemura N, Ebisu S. Participation of bacterial biofilms in refractory and chronic periapical periodontitis. J Endod. 2002 Oct;28(10):679-83.

14.  Sabeti M, Simon JH, Nowzari H, Slots J. Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus active infection in periapical lesions of teeth with intact crowns. J Endod. 2003 May;29(5):321-3.

15.  Sabeti M, Slots J. Herpesviral-bacterial coinfection in periapical pathosis. J Endod. 2004 Feb;30(2):69-72.

16.  Slots J, Nowzari H, Sabeti M. Cytomegalovirus infection in symptomatic periapical pathosis. Int Endod J. 2004 Aug;37(8):519-24.

17.  Siqueira JF Jr, Lopes HP. Bacteria on the apical root surfaces of untreated teeth with periradicularlesions: a scanning electron microscopy study. Int Endod J. 2001 Apr;34(3):216-20.

18.  Leonardo MR, Rossi MA, Silva LA, Ito IY, Bonifacio KC. EM evaluation of bacterial biofilm and microorganisms on the apical external root surface of human teeth. J Endod. 2002 Dec;28(12):815-8.

19.  Noguchi N, Noiri Y et al. Identification and localization of extraradicular biofilm-forming bacteria associated with refractory endodontic pathogens. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71: 8738-8743.