Technical University "GH. ASACHI" of Iasi
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Profile: MECHANICAL
Specialization: Thermal Machines and Equipment
5th Year of Study
Session: 2006 / 2007
SYLABUS
Discipline: BASICS OF THE THERMAL MACHINES EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
A. Structure of the discipline
SemesterNumber of hours / Course / Laboratory / Project / Testing form
9/56 / 28 / 28 / - / Exam
B. OBJECTIVES
Acquirement of the basics of the methodology. Acquirement of the principles for the measurement of the thermo-mechanical parameters. Devices, installations and methods for the measurement and research in the thermal machines field. Applications in the industry (reciprocating engines, turbo-engines, refrigeration machines, steam generators).
C. CONTENT OF DISCIPLINE
C.1. COURSE
C.1.1. OVERALL PRINCILES OF THE MEASUREMENT. OVERALL PERFORMANCES OF THE
MEASUREMENT DEVICES 1 hour
Measurement and measured parameter. Classification of the measurement methods.
Measured variables and associate variables. Disturbing signals. Measurement errors.
Static performances: range, sensitivity, linearity, resolution, accuracy.
Dynamic performances: mathematical model; measurement systems of Ist and IInd degree.
C.1.2. PROCESSING OF THE EXPERIMENTAL DATA 1 hour
Aleatory measurement errors. Repartition laws for the aleatory errors. Gross errors removal.
Establishment of the real value of the measured parameter function by the reliable range.
Assessment of the accuracy.
C.1.3. MEASUREMENT OF THE TEMPERATURE 3 hours
Definitions. Scales and measurement units. Classification of the methods for temperature measurement.
Contact thermometer: expansion thermometer; electric thermometer (variable-resistance, thermo-electric,
capacitive and inductive). Radiation pyrometer (energetic and spectral). Pyroscopic substances.
Thermal-colours. Measurements in gases with high velocities and temperatures. Measurement
of the temperature of the static and mobile elements. Temperature assessment using thermal model.
C.1.4. MEASUREMENT OF THE THERMAL PARAMETERS 1 hour
Calorimetry. Measurement of the heat flow density. Fluxmeters and heat counters
C.1.5. .MEASUREMENT OF THE PRESSURE 3 hours
Definitions. Measurement units. Classification of the methods and measurement devices.
Hydrostatic devices. Devices with elastic element. Devices with electric transducer.
Piezoelectric, piezoresistive and piezocapacitive transducers. Devices with pneumatic
or electric compensator. Vacuum gauges.for the measurement of the absolute pressure.
(Mc Leod, Knudsen, Pirani). Sensors with warm or cold cathode.
Measurement of the dynamic fluids pressure. Ports and sounds for static pressure.
Sounds for total pressure. Measurement of the oscillating pressures. Piezoelectric
and inductive transducers. Diagram plotting devices used in the thermal machines field.
Processing of the indicator diagrams. Indicators of medium and maximum pressure.
Detonation meters.
C.1.6. MEASUREMENT OF THE VELOCITY AND FLOW OF THE DINAMIC FLUIDS 3 hours
Velocity measurement: Pitot-Prandtl tube, Pitot-Venturi flow element, anemometers,
thermo-anemometers, ultrasound anemometers, vortex anemometers, Doppler laser anemometers.
Optical methods for flow research: shadows method, schlieren method, interferometry.
Flow measurement: dynamic pressure method, anemometric methods, variable pressure
drop method (laminar and jet flow-meters), constant pressure drop method, volumetric methods,
mass methods. Methods for the measurement of the fuel consumption and refrigerant flow.
Volumetric, mass, vortex, thermal and electromagnetic flow-meters.
C.1.7. LEVEL INDICATION. DENSITY MEASUREMENT. VISCOZITY MEASUREMENT 1 hour
Level indicators with floating and immersing elements. Level indicators with air-blast. Capacitive
Level indicators. Hydrostatic and hydrodynamic densimeters. Hydrodynamic viscosimeter.
C.1.8. MEASUREMENT OF THE TORQUE AND POWER TRANSMITTED BY SHAFTS 1 hour
Dissipative methods: hydraulic and electric brakes. Stability in operation
of the engine-brake assembly. Automatic programmed stands. Non-dissipative methods:
strain gauge, torsiometric, capacitive, inductive, magnetoelastic and impulse-type couplings.
Methods used for the assessment of the specific energy consumption: direct and indirect methods.
C.1.9. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF THE LIQUID FUEL SPRAY 1 hour
Viewing by laser stroboscopy. Determination of the spraying characteristic. Measurement of the
injection velocity.
C.1.10. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF THE mixture formation and combustion 1 hour
Viewing of the cylinder charge movement using the schlieren method and Doppler laser anemometry.
High-speed shooting of the combustion process. Flame research in the case of the gas turbo-engines.
Research of the auto-igniting and smoke formation in the cylinder of a diesel engine.
Research of the detonation in the cylinder of an otto engine using fiber optic.
C.1.11. ANALYSIS OF THE BURNED GASES CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 3 hours
Direct chemical analysis. Spectrale analysis. Methods for the analysis of the burned gas samples.
Chemical, thermal and magnetic analyzers. Non-dispersive infra red spectroscopy.
Detection of the flame ionization. Chromatography. Mass spectroscopy. Lambda sensors.
Analysis of smoke. Absorbent, diffusion and reflection opacimeters. Methods, installations,
And devices for burned gas sampling. Processing of the analysis results. European and national
antipollution standards and testing procedures.
C.1.12. MEASUREMENT OF THE STEAM AND AIR HUMIDITY 1 hour
Laminar calorimeters. Calorimeter with superheating. Methods with air intake.
Psychometric and volumetric methods. Dew point detection.
C.1.13. CONTROL OF THE WATER, STEAM AND CONDENSATE QUALITY 1 hour
Salinometer. Oxygen and pH detectors.
C.1.14. EXPERIMENTATION OF THE RECIPROCATING ENGINES 2 hours
Establishment of the critical working conditions. Determination of the octane and cetane number.
Monitoring. Diagnostic routine.
C.1.15. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF THE GAS TURBOENGINE 3 hours
Research on the combustion chambers, turbines and compressors models.
Inspection of the inlet devices and exhaust nozzles.
C.1.16. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF THE REFRIGERATION INSTALLATIONS 2 hour
Determination of the guarantee parameters. Methods for the refrigerating power measurement.
Testing protocol. Passing from the measured values to the guarantee values.
Experimental devices and installations (electric calorimeters) for low power
refrigerating installations. Detection of the refrigerant loss.
C.2. LABORATORY
C.2.1. BCEMT laboratory specific regulations for labour protection 2 hours
C.2.2. Processing of the experimental data (sounding volume, gross errors removal,
reliable range, required number of measurements, accuracy 2 hours
C.2.3. Recording and processing of the indicator diagram of a reciprocating machine 2 hours
C.2.4. Flow measurement using laminar devices 2 hours
C.2.5. Measurement of the fluids velocities and flows using Pitot-Prandtl tube 2 hours
C.2.6. Methods for low calorific value determination 2 hours
C.2.7. Analysis of the combustion products chemical composition. Interpretation of results. 2 hours
C.2.8. Non-dismounting diagnostic routines suited for reciprocating engines 2 hours
C.2.9. Energetic analysis of a reciprocating engine 2 hours
C.2.10. Energetic analysis of a steam turboengine 2 hours
C.2.11. Energetic analysis of a gas turboengine 2 hours
C.2.12. Energetic analysis of a refrigerating installation 2 hours
C.2.13. Establishment of the characteristics of the admission, compression
and expansion processes in the case of a reciprocating engine 2 hours
C.2.14. Laboratories recuperation 2 hours
D. TEACHING AND TESTING METHODS
The classic teaching procedure is used.
The testing is made:
- during semester (tests),
- final exam; in accordance with regulations in force, the mark will take into account the activity of the student during the semester, including tests results.
E. REFERENCES
1. GIURCA, V. Bazele cercetării experimentale a maşinilor termice. Vol. I şi II. Tipar Rotaprint,
I.P.I., 1992.
2. GIURCA, V., ZUBCU, V., ZUBCU, D.S., Bazele cercetării experimentale a maşinilor termice. Îndrumar de
laborator. Lucrări de măsurarea debitelor. Tipar Rotaprint, I.P.I., 1981.
3. APOSTOLESCU N., TARAZA, D. Bazele cercetării experimentale a maşinilor termice. Editura
Didactică şi Pedagogică, Bucureşti, 1979.
Titular of the discipline,
Assoc. Prof. Vartolomei Haralambie, Ph.D