AP Chemistry Memorization List

ü  METRIC PREFIXES

Prefix / Symbol / Factor / Written out
kilo / k / 1 x 103 / 1000
deci / d / 1 x 10-1 / 0.1
centi / c / 1 x 10-2 / 0.01
milli / m / 1 x 10-3 / 0.001
micro / μ / 1 x 10-6 / 0.000001
nano / n / 1 x 10-9 / 0.000000001
pico / p / 1 x 10-12 / 0.000000000001

ü  COVALENT PREFIXES – for one through ten

mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, deca

Meth - / 1 carbon
Eth - / 2 carbons
Prop - / 3 carbons
But - / 4 carbons
Pent - / 5 carbons

Hex -

/ 6 carbons
Hept - / 7 carbons
Oct - / 8 carbons
Non - / 9 carbons
Dec - / 10 carbons

ü  Organic prefixes

o  Ex. Alkanes are simple hydrocarbons that are a straight chain of carbons surrounded by hydrogens (see example to the left). They are named with a prefix for the number of carbons (see table to the right) and the suffix “-ane”.

ü  IonS – know names and charges

GENERALLY SOLUBLE GENERALLY INSOLUBLE (NOT SOLUBLE)

Group

/

Exceptions

/

Group

/

Exceptions

Alkali Metals
(Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+)
Ammonium (NH4+)
Chlorate (ClO3-)
Nitrate (NO3-)
Perchlorate (ClO4-)
Acetate
(C2H3O2- or
CH3COO-) /
All salts containing these ions are soluble
/ Oxide (O2-)
Sulfide (S2) / Salts with IA, IIA, or NH4+ are SOLUBLE
Hydroxide (OH-) / Salts with IA, Ca2+, Ba2+, or Sr2+ are SOLUBLE
Chloride, Bromide, Iodide (Cl-, Br -, I-) / Salts with Cu+, Hg22+, Ag+, Pb2+ are insoluble
(CHAP) / Carbonate (CO32-)
Oxalate (C2O42-)
Chromate (CrO42-)
Phosphate (PO43-)
Sulfite (SO32-) / Salts with IA metals or NH4+ are SOLUBLE
Sulfate (SO42-) / Salts with Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+, Pb2+, are insoluble.
(CaBaS…P)
Silver (Ag+), Mercury (I) (Hg22+), Lead (II) (Pb2+) / Salts with chlorate, nitrate, perchlorate, acetate are SOLUBLE

ü  Strong acids and bases (sOLUBLE)

The 6 “Strong Acids” The 8 “Strong Bases”

H2SO4 (first H is strong, second is weak/moderate) LiOH

HNO3 NaOH

HCl and HClO4 KOH

HBr *RbOH Ca(OH)2 – weaker than alkali

HI *CsOH Ba(OH)2 – weaker than alkali

Sr(OH)2 – weaker than alkali

[all acids are aqueous solutions] *not really common

Acid-Base Indicators

Phenolphthalein Colorless (pH<7) to Pink (pH>8 ; when OH- is present)

Red Litmus (paper) Turns purple-blue in alkaline solution

Blue Litmus (paper) Turns pink-red in acidic solution

ü  UNSTABLE PRODUCTS ü ANHYDRIDES:

ACID / Acid Anhydride
H3PO4 / P2O5
H2CO3 / CO2
H2SO3 / SO2
H2SO4 / SO3
HNO3 / NO2 or N2O5

o  NH4OH(aq) à H2O(l) + NH3 (g)

o  H2CO3 (aq) à H2O(l) + CO2 (g)

o  H2SO3 (aq) à H2O(l) + SO2 (g)