Earth Science Final Exam Study Guide Name

DUE DATE:

IGNEOUS ROCKS

1. Describe intrusive rocks______

2. Describe extrusive rocks

3. Oceanic crust is (mafic/felsic) and therefore has a (high/low) amount of silica.

4. If a rock has more silica then what will happen to its viscosity? ______

5. Describe Felsic rocks. ______

6. Describe Mafic rocks. ______

7. Describe Obsidian, Basalt and Granite

8. Draw each intrusive igneous rock structure. (Dike, Sill, Laccolith, Batholith)

9. Describe how each type of rock can become the other type of rock. (Rock Cycle)

______

10. Describe the 3 different types of volcanos (include shape, type of crust, eruption type)

A. Shield -

B. Composite -

C. Cone -

11. How is magma different than lava?

PLATE TECTONICS

13. What is the minimum number of seismograph stations needed to locate an epicenter?

A) 10 B) 2 C) 3 D) 15

14. Most volcanoes occur at the edges of ______. The only exception would be volcanos that occur because of ______. All volcanic island arcs grow on the (over riding or subducting) plate.

15. The shapes of what two continents' coastlines led to early suggestions they had been joined at one time?

A) South America and Africa B) North America and Australia

C) Australia and Africa D) Asia and North America

16. Which letter locates the epicenter of the earthquake?

A) B B) D C) C D) A

17. ______is thought to be the cause of plate movement.

A) Giant fish inside the Earth B) Hamsters on treadmills

C) Convection currents D) Subduction zones

Base your answer to question 18 on the diagram below. It represents contour lines on a topographic map with cross-section line AB.

18. Draw the topographic profile (SIDE VEIW) along line AB.

19. Which letter indicates the focus of the earthquake?

20. The further one gets from a mid ocean ridge, the older the seafloor rock gets.

A) true B) false C) maybe

21. Which diagram best shows the magnetic pattern and relative age of the igneous bedrock on the west side of the ridge?

A) B) C)

23. Mid-ocean ridges (rifts) normally form where tectonic plates are ______.

A) diverging B) stationary

C) converging D) sliding past each other

24. Which statement correctly describes the distance between the earthquake epicenter and these seismic stations?

A) B is closest to the epicenter, and C is farthest from the epicenter.

B) C is closest to the epicenter, and A is farthest from the epicenter.

C) A is closest to the epicenter, and C is farthest from the epicenter.

D) A is the closest to the epicenter, and B is the farthest from the epicenter.

Base your answers to questions 25 and 26 on the diagrams below.

25. Which diagram represents plate movement associated with transform faults such as those causing California earthquakes?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

26. Which location best represents the boundary between the African plate and the South American plate?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

27. The diagram to the right is an example of a ______mountain.

A) dome B) fault-block C) folded

28. Draw a transform fault.

31. Draw a normal fault and a reverse fault. Label the hanging walls and the foot walls. Which one has tension stress? Which one has compression stress?

32. The diagram to the right is an example of a ______mountain.

A) fault-block B) dome C) folded

34. The letter A in the diagram is a , B is a . (Anticline or Syncline)

35. The theory of plate tectonics helps to explain the locations of ______.

A) volcanoes and the mantle B) the mantle and the lithosphere

C) earthquakes and volcanoes D) earthquakes and the lithosphere

MINERALS

39. Silicates always have what two elements in them? (hint they are the two most common elements in the earth’s crust)

40. The physical properties of minerals are: (what we find with scratch test, etc.) Describe each.

1) ______

2) ______

3) ______

4) ______

5) ______

6) ______

41. Which mineral has a salty taste? ______

42. Which mineral is commonly referred to as Fool’s gold? ______

WEATHERING & EROSION

43. Define weathering:

44. Define erosion:

45. Two examples of physical weathering are:

46. Two examples of chemical weathering are:

47. List the 5 agents of erosion/transportation of sediment:

1) ______2) ______

3) ______4) ______

5) ______

METAMORPHIC ROCKS

48. What happens to rocks as they are metamorphosed?

49. Bands of minerals caused by intense pressure are called:

50. Describe the 2 types of metamorphism:

1. regional:

2. contact:

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

51. Compare and contrast conglomerate and breccia.

52. Describe deposition, compaction, and cementation:

53. Describe fossils:

54. How are sedimentary rocks classified?(organic, chemical, clastic)

55. Describe what happens to sediment as they continue to weather.

RIVER SYSTEMS

56. Describe what a tributary and braided river is.

57. Compare and contrast a delta and an alluvial fan.

Draw a cone of depression. Label the zone of saturation, zone of aeration, and the water table.

VA GEOLOGY & NATURAL RESOURCES

Use the map of VA below and label each letter with the name of the geologic province.

58. Sort all of these natural resources into renewable or nonrenewable. coal, natural gas, rocks/minerals, geothermal, oil, wood, water, solar, wind, nuclear

RENEWABLE:

NON-RENEWABLE:

GEOLOGIC TIME & DATING

59. Compare and contrast absolute and relative dating:

60. What is the law of superposition?

Use the diagram below to answer questions.

61. Give the letter of one igneous intrusion.

62. Which rock layer is older, B or C?

63. Which rock layer is older, A or X?

64. Which rock layer is older, Y or X?

65. What type of unconformity is represented by layers

A-X being faulted and tilted?

66. If you started with 100 atoms of an element, how many half lives have passed if you currently have 12.5 atoms? How do you know this?

SOILS

67. How are soils formed? (need two major components)

68. Compare and contrast residual & transported soils.

69. The correct order in the development of the soil stages from youngest to most mature in the diagram below is

A. I, II, IV, III

B. III, I, II, IV

C. II, IV, III, I

D. III, II, IV, I

In the soil horizons below, give the letter of the layer that is best described here:

70. parent rock:

71. weathered bedrock:

72. layer that experiences the most weathering and erosion:

73. Glaciers form ______shaped valleys. Running water will form ______shaped valleys.

74. Draw well sorted sediments in the left box and poorly sorted sediments in the right box.

75. Compare permeability vs porosity.

76. What type of bedrock does karst topography form in?