Practice Exam 4 12/1/10
1. The arrival of chyme containing a mixture of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins into the duodenum over a period of time would cause
A) an increase in secretin release from the duodenum.
B) diminished gallbladder contractions.
C) a decrease in bicarbonate secretion from the pancreas.
D) a decrease in CCK secretion.
E) a parasympathetic reflex which would promote gastric contractions.
2. Which of the following is a characteristic of a secondary immune response?
A) A secondary immune response is started by naïve lymphocytes, while a primary immune response is initiated by memory cells.
B) A secondary immune response does not produce as many antibodies compared to a primary immune response.
C) A secondary immune response is slower than a primary immune response.
D) A secondary immune response lasts longer than a primary immune response.
3. Antibodies use all of the following mechanisms to attack pathogens directly except:
A) agglutination
B) complement fixation
C) cell lysis
D) precipitation
E) neutralization
4. During the intestinal phase of gastric regulation:
A) hormones reduce chief cell activity.
B) secretin causes more HCl release.
C) the gastroenteric reflex reduces stomach activity.
D) the stomach is initially stimulated and later inhibited.
E) the enterogastric reflex is turned off.
5. Which of the following terms means to coat bacteria, making them easier to phagocytize by macrophages and neutrophils?
A) opsonization
B) complement fixation
C) pyrexia
D) MAC coating
6. Sympathetic stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract will increase peristalsis and gastric secretions.
A) True
B) False
7. Which regulatory chemical stimulates gastric gland activity and motility?
A) Vasoactive peptide
B) Secretin
C) Gastrin
D) CCK
E) Histamine
8. Which is correctly matched?
A) B cells: suppress the immune response once the foreign antigen has been cleared from the body.
B) Helper T cells: recognize virus-infected cells
C) Regulatory T cells: make antibodies
D) Cytotoxic T cells: activated by antigens bound to MHC I
9. Molecules which elicit an immune response are called:
A) APCs
B) agglutinins
C) antibodies
D) antigens
10. Which of the following is a satiety-stimulating compound produced in the brain?
A) Ghrelin
B) NPY
C) POMC
D) AgRP
E) PYY
11. If you were inoculated with hepatitis A vaccine, a population of this type of cell would begin to make the appropriate antibody:
A) neutrophils
B) helper T lymphocytes
C) B lymphocytes
D) cytotoxic T lymphocytes
E) natural killers
12. Which of the following is not considered an accessory organ of the digestive system?
A) salivary glands
B) liver
C) pancreas
D) stomach
13. Infected cells of the pancreas would display a foreign antigen fragment on a/an:
A) complement 3b
B) immunoglobulin A
C) MAC membrane complex
D) MHC I
E) MHC II
14. The genetic condition which causes an individual to exhibit symptoms of Down's syndrome is called
A) aneuploidy.
B) Jergen's polymesia.
C) trisomy 21.
D) achromatism.
E) non-disjunction.
15. Which of the following is a characteristic of the large intestine?
A) It is the site for acid neutralization.
B) It has villi.
C) Is longer than the small intestine.
D) It contains a large number of bacteria.
E) It provides no absorptive function.
16. When the salivatory nuclei in the brainstem receive neural input from touch and taste receptors in the mouth, salivation is increased.
A) True
B) False
17. Parietal cells use the enzyme carbonic anhydrase to form the H+ ions in the hydrochloric acid that they secrete.
A) True
B) False
18. These cells recognize non-self antigens and produce lymphokines to stimulate the cells that actually make the antibodies:
A) cytotoxic T
B) helper T
C) suppressor T
D) natural killers
E) memory T
19. Humoral immunity is provided by:
A)antibodies.
B)interferons.
C)T cells.
D)complement proteins.
20. During the gastric phase ingested food stimulates:
A) a reflex in the myenteric plexus
B) a reflex mediated via the vagus nerves and brainstem
C) an increase in the pH of the stomach contents
D) all of the above
21. The functions of the liver include all of the following except
A) secretion of albumin, clotting factors, and other plasma proteins.
B) storing glucose as glycogen.
C) producing vitamins A, C and K.
D) degrading toxins and drugs from the blood.
22. The liver secretes 1,000 mL of bile per day into the duodenum.
A) True
B) False
23. Interferons are a type of:
A) Lymphocyte
B) Leukocyte
C) Cytokine
D) Bacteria
24. Which of the following does not occur within the large intestine?
A) synthesis of vitamin K
B) absorption of water and electrolytes
C) secretion of mucus
D) digestion of cellulose by digestive enzymes
25. All of the following are functions of cholecystokinin (CCK) except:
A) stimulates gallbladder contraction
B) promotes secretion of pancreatic enzymes
C) increases gastric HCl production
D) induces the movement of bile into common bile duct
E) causes hepatopancreatic sphincter to relax
26. Cows produce _____ of saliva per day
A) 50 gallons
B) 50 liters
C) 100 liters
D) 150 liters
E) 200 gallons
27. If an older person is having diarrhea and gas when they try to drink much milk, what enzyme are they not producing on their brush border?
A) maltase
B) lactase
C) carboxypeptidase
D) gastric lipase
E) rennin
28. Which of the following (circle all that apply) are necessary for plasma cells to produce the high volume of antibodies?
A) centrioles
B) golgi apparatus
C) mitochondria
D) ribosomes
E) ER
29. An animal with lesions in this center of the brain will overeat and develop obesity.
A. medulla
B. arcuate nucleus
C. pons
D. lateral hypothalamus
E. ventro-medial hypothalamus
30. All of the following are steps of the rumination cycle EXCEPT
A) regurgitation
B) eructation
C) redeglutition
D) reinsalivation
E) remastication
31. The compartments of the ruminant stomach in order of ingesta passage are
A) abomasum, reticulum, rumen, omasum
B) omasum, rumen, reticulum, abomasum
C) rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum
D) reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum
E) omasum, abomasum, rumen, reticulum
32. As the number of stressors decreases, all other factors being held equal,
A. feed intake decreases
B. feed intake increases
C. feed intake first increases, then decreases
D. feed intake first decreases, then increases
E. feed intake is a function of feed palatability, and is not correlated to stressors
33. Monogastric salivary glands produce all of the following EXCEPT
A) mucin
B) salivary pepsin
C) saliva
D) bicarbonate
E) salivary amylase
34. Gut fill is affected by all of the following, EXCEPT
A) pelleting
B) caloric density of the feed
C) plant tissue lignification
D) type of CHO ingested
E) grinding
35. A practice of rabbits that involves eating night feces
A) Coprophagy
B) Fermentation
C) Prehension
D) None of the Above
Essay Topics
Below are sample essay questions. For each, draft the response you would provide on an actual exam. Use key words and topic sentences to make an outline of a potential essay. Make sure to draw any diagrams required. Note: Most of these questions can most easily be answered with a schematic representation accompanied by brief descriptions of the drawn elements. In other words: if it helps – DRAW A PICTURE.
GI
Useful unit knowledge:
Know about the production, secretion, function of bile salts.
Be familiar with all the hormones involved in digestion. Know the 3 phases of digestion.
Understand differences in absorptive capacities of stomach, SI, LI.
Understand alcohol metabolism.
1) Describe the process involved in the formation of HCl in the stomach.
Figure 23.18
2) Trace a piece of steak from its entry in the esophagus, to its absorption in the small intestine. Be able to do the same for a piece of lard, or a cracker.
What happens in each part of the digestive tract?
What enzymes are involved?
Where are they active and inactive?
Where and how does digestion take place?
Where and how does absorption take place?
3) Describe the hormonal controls involved in secretion. Include a discussion of bile salt production/excretion in you answer.
Figure 23.28
4) Compare and contrast the small and large intestines. ***Will not discuss in review. Use the table below to answer.***
Small Intestine / Large intestineSections
Functions
Absorptive capacity
Length
Structural modifications present
Motility
Secretions
Ruminant v Monogastric Digestion.
Useful unit knowledge:
Be able to list, in order, the steps of the rumination cycle.
Be familiar with the 3 types of ruminants.
1) Compare and contrast the digestive tracts of foregut and hindgut fermenters.
What makes a foregut and hindgut fermenter different?
What are the different parts of each digestive tract? What happens in each of these parts?
Appetite Control
Useful unit knowledge
Know the various hormones discussed.
1) Describe hormonal regulation of hunger and satiety.
Where in the brain are the hunger and satiety center located?
What hormones are orexic and anorexic?
What neurons provide an orexic signal? Anorexic signal?
2) Discus factors involved in intake control of animals (non-hormonal).
What role does stress play? Climate? Feed characteristics? Etc.
Immune.
1. Explain, in detail, the effects of HIV on the immune system.
What cells does HIV target?
What is the importance of these cells?
2. Trace the path of activation for a T cell. Be sure to note the differences in post-activation functions of TC and TH cells.
Figure 21.21
3. Trace the path of activation for a B cell. Be sure to note the differences in post-activation functions of plasma and memory cells.
Figure 21.21
4. Explain why re-exposure to an antigen will not illicit clinical sickness.
What is the difference between a primary and secondary response?
Figure 21.12
5. Compare and contrast MHCI and MCHII protein roles in the body.
What kind of antigens do they display? (look at Figure 21.17 for how antigens are displayed)
What kind of cells have each protein?
What kinds of cells do they activate?