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Chapter 2: Political Culture, Ideas in Conflict
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Reading Comprehension Quiz
Multiple Choice Questions
1)A political culture embodies which of these?
a)Laws
b)Ideals
c)Regulations
d)Reality
e)Norms
Answer: b
Reference: LO 2.1, pgs. 25–26
Skill: Understanding
2)Which of the following embodies variations in a political culture?
a)Political parties
b)Regulatory agencies
c)The media
d)The judiciary
e)The Constitution
Answer: a
Reference: LO 2.1, pgs. 25–26
Skill: Application
3)Classical liberalism is based on which of these?
a)Ending slavery
b)A laissez-faire economic approach
c)The inability of the masses to govern themselves
d)The idea that a large government is the best government
e)Optimism about the potential of individuals
Answer: e
Reference: LO 2.2, pgs. 26–28
Skill: Understanding
4)Capitalism is a system that may be seen as the economic equivalent of what political ideology?
a)Republicanism
b)Anarchism
c)Classical liberalism
d)Communism
e)Socialism
Answer: c
Reference: LO 2.2, pgs. 26–28
Skill: Analysis
5)Equality of opportunity may be seen as giving every citizen
a)a level playing ground.
b)a promise of equal pay.
c)a guarantee of a minimum standard of living.
d)a promise of social security.
e)no barriers to success.
Answer: a
Reference: LO 2.3, pgs.28–30
Skill: Understanding
6)Which of the following would ensure that everyone in society ended his or her life in the same conditions?
a)Equality of opportunity
b)Transfer of wealth
c)Economic opportunity
d)Equality of results
e)Guaranteed jobs
Answer: d
Reference: LO 2.3, pgs. 28–30
Skill:Analysis
7)Income inequality is one way to measure which of these?
a)The political equality in a society
b)The distribution of well-being in a society
c)The gross domestic product per capita
d)The ability of the uneducated to earn a living
e)The stability of a society
Answer: b
Reference: LO 2.4, pgs. 30–31
Skill: Analysis
8)Which of the following best describes the ability of a citizen to change his or her income or status?
a)Class conflict
b)Geographic mobility
c)Social mobility
d)Upward mobility
e)Downward mobility
Answer: c
Reference: LO 2.5, pgs. 31–33
Skill: Understanding
9)Class consciousness can be seen as eroded by which of these?
a)Class conflict
b)Political parties
c)Economic stratification
d)Social mobility
e)Equality of results
Answer: d
Reference: LO 2.5, pgs. 31–33
Skill: Understanding
10)Which of the following groups is the largest minority in the United States currently?
a)Hispanics, or Latinos
b)Blacks
c)East Asians
d)Native Americans
e)Southeast Asians
Answer: a
Reference: LO 2.6, pgs. 33–40
Skill: Understanding
11)Aliens are described as being foreigners and
a)not citizens.
b)in the country illegally.
c)poor.
d)non–English speaking.
e)undocumented.
Answer: a
Reference: LO 2.6, pgs. 33–40
Skill: Understanding
12)Which of the following is required by secular politics?
a)A hands-off approach toward religion
b)A lack of distinction between religion and government
c)A sharp divide between religion and government
d)Greater cooperation between religion and government
e)A ban on all public displays of religion
Answer: c
Reference: LO 2.7, pgs. 40–42
Skill: Analysis
13)Which of the following would NOT be advocated by modern conservatism?
a)Free markets
b)Small governments
c)Laissez-faire economics
d)Welfare programs
e)Reliance on tradition
Answer: d
Reference: LO 2.7, pgs. 40–42
Skill: Understanding
14)Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of modern liberalism?
a)Advocacy for civil rights
b)Welfare programs
c)Belief in the power of government to correct problems
d)Support for government involvement in the economy
e)Suspicion of big government
Answer: e
Reference: LO 2.8, pgs. 42–46
Skill: Analysis
15)In fascism, who is given supreme power?
a)The individual
b)The state
c)Political parties
d)The family
e)The courts
Answer: b
Reference: LO 2.9, pgs.46–51
Skill:Understanding
True/False Questions
1)Political culture is shared by most of the members of a society.
Answer: TRUE
Reference: LO 2.1, pgs. 25–26
Skill: Understanding
2)The Republican Party is an example of a political subculture.
Answer: TRUE
Reference: LO 2.1, pgs. 25–26
Skill: Application
3)Classical liberalism is an essentially pessimistic approach to society.
Answer: FALSE
Reference: LO 2.2, pgs. 26–28
Skill: Evaluation
4)If you insist that every American have the same income at retirement, you are pushing for equality of results.
Answer: TRUE
Reference: LO 2.3, pgs. 28–30
Skill: Application
5)Inequality of income is a measure of the competitiveness of an economy internationally.
Answer: FALSE
Reference: LO 2.4, pgs. 30–31
Skill: Understanding
6)Class conflict can be said to counteract class consciousness.
Answer: FALSE
Reference: LO 2.5, pgs. 31–33
Skill: Understanding
7)The United States has not rounded up and deported aliens without trialprimarily because of the expense.
Answer: FALSE
Reference: LO 2.6, pgs. 33–40
Skill: Understanding
8)Secular politics would not allow religion in public life.
Answer: TRUE
Reference: LO 2.7, pgs. 40–42
Skill: Understanding
9)Modern liberalism and classical liberalism share many key ideas.
Answer: TRUE
Reference: LO 2.8, pgs. 42–46
Skill:Understanding
10)Fascism lies on the extreme left of the political spectrum.
Answer: FALSE
Reference: LO 2.9, pgs.46–51
Skill: Understanding
Chapter Exam
Multiple Choice Questions
1)Heterogeneity in a political culture is manifested in which of these?
a)Goals
b)Subcultures
c)Values
d)Traditions
e)Beliefs
Answer: b
Reference: LO 2.1, pgs. 25–26
Skill: Analysis
2)Which of these is a belief, not a value?
a)Government should stay out of individual lives.
b)Government is evil.
c)Government is not supposed to regulate business.
d)The individual should be allowed maximum economic freedom.
e)A free market is the best way to achieve a strong economy.
Answer: b
Reference: LO 2.1, pgs. 25–26
Skill: Application
3)Which of the following would NOT typically generate a subculture?
a)Racial identity
b)Religious affiliation
c)Country of origin
d)Political affiliation
e)Income level
Answer: e
Reference: LO 2.1, pgs. 25–26
Skill: Application
4)Values differ from beliefs because they relate to
a)desired outcomes.
b)one’s upbringing.
c)one’s religious affiliation.
d)political affiliation.
e)ideas about what is true.
Answer: a
Reference: LO 2.1, pgs. 25–26
Skill: Understanding
5)Having a shared political culture guarantees which of these?
a)No political parties
b)Consensus on what is important
c)Agreement on how to achieve goals
d)One legislative agenda
e)Equality of results
Answer: a
Reference: LO 2.1, pgs. 25–26
Skill: Analysis
6)Classical liberalism is based on which of these?
a)The power of the state
b)Equality of results
c)The potential of the individual
d)The benefits of state intervention
e)Educational programs
Answer: c
Reference: LO 2.2, pgs. 26–28
Skill: Understanding
7)Which of these was the most influential political ideology in the founding of the United States?
a)Conservatism
b)Modern conservatism
c)Modern liberalism
d)Classical liberalism
e)Radicalism
Answer: d
Reference: LO 2.2, pgs. 26–28
Skill: Understanding
8)How does natural law influence the working of the Constitution?
a)Assumptions about natural law underlie the Constitution.
b)Natural law is the body of law in the Constitution.
c)Reaction against the idea of natural law formed the Constitution.
d)The details of natural law are enumerated in the Constitution.
e)It is the chief evil the Constitution was written to correct.
Answer: a
Reference: LO 2.2, pgs. 26–28
Skill: Analysis
9)Which of the following concepts is shared by classical liberalism and capitalism?
a)The right to liberty
b)The idea that natural law is above government law
c)The right to own property
d)The right to trade in a free market
e)The freedom to make contracts
Answer: b
Reference: LO 2.2, pgs. 26–28
Skill:Analysis
10)Which of these is NOT a characteristic of natural law?
a)Superior to government law
b)Protects all humans
c)Confers rights that cannot be taken away
d)Includes the right to property
e)Written
Answer: e
Reference: LO 2.2, pgs. 26–28
Skill: Understanding
11)Capitalism may be said to assume which of these?
a)Free markets
b)Freedom of speech
c)A free press
d)Natural law
e)The right to life
Answer: a
Reference: LO 2.2, pgs. 26–28
Skill: Understanding
12)What aspect of American society most struck Alexis de Tocqueville?
a)Class distinctions
b)Egalitarianism
c)Wealth
d)Commerce
e)Poverty
Answer: b
Reference: LO 2.3, pgs. 28–30
Skill: Understanding
13)Which of the following was part of the gap between legal and political equality in 1787?
a)The right to make contracts
b)The distribution of wealth
c)The extension of voting rights
d)Relations with Great Britain
e)Frontier relations with Indians
Answer: c
Reference: LO 2.3, pgs. 28–30
Skill: Understanding
14)Which of these is a necessary condition for political equality?
a)Income
b)Votes
c)Property
d)Class
e)Age
Answer: b
Reference: LO 2.3, pgs. 28–30
Skill: Application
15)Which of the following is NOT an example of a policy designed to promote equality of opportunity?
a)Old-age pensions
b)Public education
c)Aid to Families with Dependent Children
d)The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
e)Free school lunches
Answer: a
Reference: LO 2.3, pgs. 28–30
Skill: Application
16)Which of the following is an example of equality of results?
a)Making sure disabled children are accommodated in public schools
b)Providing assistance for those injured in war
c)Relief following national disasters
d)Making sure all those who retire have the same income
e)Providing federal grants for scholarships
Answer: d
Reference: LO 2.3, pgs. 28–30
Skill: Application
17)A progressive tax aims at which of the following?
a)Equality of results
b)Equality of opportunity
c)Political equality
d)Economic Freedom
e)Fairness
Answer: e
Reference: LO 2.3, pgs. 28–30
Skill: Application
18)Dividing American households into fifths by income, and then comparing the highest and lowest fifths, can measure which of these?
a)Maximum income
b)Equality of outcome
c)Ideal income
d)Minimum income
e)Distribution of income
Answer: e
Reference: LO 2.4, pgs. 30–31
Skill: Understanding
19)What is the current trend in income distribution in the United States?
a)Increasingly unequal
b)Increasingly equal
c)Evenly distributed
d)Heavily weighted to the center
e)Weighted to the center
Answer: a
Reference: LO 2.4, pgs. 30–31
Skill: Understanding
20)If you wanted to measure the well-being of a nation, which of these would be most useful?
a)Average income
b)Distribution of income
c)Average age of retirement
d)Minimum age of retirement
e)Gross domestic product
Answer: b
Reference: LO 2.4, pgs. 30–31
Skill: Understanding
21)A person born wealthy and becoming poor demonstrates which of these?
a)Equality of opportunity
b)Income inequality
c)Social mobility
d)A regressive tax system
e)Class conflict
Answer: c
Reference: LO 2.5, pgs. 31–33
Skill: Application
22)Given greater social mobility, which of these would tend to decrease?
a)Income
b)Equality of opportunity
c)The tax base
d)Class conflict
e)Affluence
Answer: d
Reference: LO 2.5, pgs. 31–33
Skill: Analysis
23)If class consciousness increased, how would you expect class conflict to respond?
a)Increase
b)Disappear
c)Decrease
d)Remain the same
e)Stabilize and then disappear
Answer: a
Reference: LO 2.5, pgs. 31–33
Skill: Analysis
24)Which of the following has NOT historically been true of African Americans?
a)They were the largest racial minority.
b)Large numbers of African Americans moved north in the 1820s and 1830s.
c)Most African Americans lived in the South prior to 1900.
d)They constituted one in five Americans at the time of the Revolution.
e)Currently, most African Americans live in the South.
Answer: b
Reference: LO 2.6, pgs. 33–40
Skill:Understanding
25)What defines the group labeled Hispanic?
a)Language and culture
b)Country of origin
c)Immigration status
d)Political affiliation
e)Religion
Answer: a
Reference: LO 2.6, pgs. 33–40
Skill: Understanding
26)Where have most Hispanics traditionally lived?
a)The Northwest
b)The South
c)The Northeast
d)The Midwest
e)The Southwest
Answer: e
Reference: LO 2.6, pgs. 33–40
Skill: Understanding
27)What is meant when amnesty is granted?
a)Citizenship is granted.
b)Punishment for a crime is reduced.
c)Legal protections are revoked.
d)Immigration status is changed.
e)A crime is forgiven.
Answer: e
Reference: LO 2.6, pgs. 33–40
Skill: Understanding
28)Which of the following was the longest-running criteria governing immigration?
a)Religion
b)Country of origin
c)Ethnicity
d)Profession
e)Age
Answer: b
Reference: LO 2.6, pgs. 33–40
Skill: Analysis
29)Which of the following has been the biggest legal check on wholesale attempts to round up and deport illegal immigrants?
a)The right to enter the United States
b)Citizenship rights
c)Refugee status
d)The right to a trial by jury
e)Due process
Answer: e
Reference: LO 2.6, pgs. 33–40
Skill: Evaluation
30)Which of the following defines secularism?
a)Animosity toward religion
b)Support for religion in both public and private life
c)The rejection of religion and its manifestations in public affairs
d)Animosity toward Christianity
e)Support for religious leaders in political life
Answer: c
Reference: LO 2.7, pgs. 40–42
Skill: Understanding
31)Which of these is NOT an accurate statement about Americans and religion?
a)Most Americans distinguish two spheres: religion and politics.
b)Over three-fourths of Americans are religious.
c)There are no traces of religion in American political life.
d)Political affiliation and religious identity are often closely related.
e)Most Americans support religious leaders taking a stand in politics.
Answer: c
Reference: LO 2.7, pgs. 40–42
Skill: Evaluation
32)Which of the following is most likely to dictate an American’s attitude toward the relationship of religion to politics?
a)Religious affiliation
b)Gender
c)Age
d)Ethnicity
e)Intensity of faith
Answer: e
Reference: LO 2.7, pgs. 40–42
Skill: Evaluation
33)In politics, secularists are likely to be affiliated with which of these?
a)Classical liberalism
b)Classical conservatism
c)Modern liberalism
d)Modern conservatism
e)Fascism
Answer: c
Reference: LO 2.7, pgs. 40–42
Skill: Understanding
34)Which of the following is NOT part of an ideology?
a)Ideas
b)Values
c)Comprehensive
d)Adaptability
e)Beliefs
Answer: d
Reference: LO 2.8, pgs. 42–46
Skill: Understanding
35)Which of the following is NOT a key principle of modern conservatism?
a)Adherence to tradition
b)Free markets
c)Government is a positive force
d)Limited government
e)Individual self-reliance
Answer: c
Reference: LO 2.8, pgs. 42–46
Skill: Analysis
36)Which of the following pairs doesNOT apply to modern conservatives and modern liberals, respectively?
a)Generally optimistic about human nature/generally pessimistic
b)Free enterprise/regulation of business
c)Government regulation on social conduct/no such regulation
d)Individual initiative should be supported/individual freedom should be supported
e)Faith in traditional social institutions/faith in the government
Answer: a
Reference: LO 2.8, pgs. 42–46
Skill:Analysis
37)Which of the following should NOT be regulated according to modern liberals?
a)Environmental impact
b)Abuse of civil rights
c)Social conduct
d)Business practices
e)Working practices
Answer: c
Reference: LO 2.8, pgs. 42–46
Skill:Application
38)Which of the following would support less government in both economic and social affairs?
a)Modern conservatives
b)Libertarians
c)Modern liberals
d)Populists
e)Socialists
Answer: b
Reference: LO 2.8, pgs. 42–46
Skill: Analysis
39)Which of the following would support more government in social affairs and less government in economic affairs?
a)Libertarians
b)Socialists
c)Modern liberals
d)Populists
e)Modern conservatives
Answer: e
Reference: LO 2.8, pgs. 42–46
Skill: Analysis
40)Which of the following would support more government in the economy but not in social affairs?
a)Modern liberals
b)Modern conservatives
c)Socialists
d)Libertarians
e)Populists
Answer: a
Reference: LO 2.8, pgs. 42–46
Skill: Analysis
41)What is the central tenet of libertarians?
a)More government is good.
b)The individual is essentially evil.
c)Less government is good.
d)The presidency should be strengthened.
e)Liberties should be extended to all racial groups.
Answer: c
Reference: LO 2.8, pgs. 42–46
Skill: Understanding
42)Which of the following groups is on the political right?
a)Socialists
b)Fascists
c)Modern liberals
d)Liberals
e)Marxists
Answer: b
Reference: LO 2.9, pgs.46–51
Skill: Understanding
43)Which of the following groups is on the political left?
a)Fascists
b)Conservatives
c)Modern conservatives
d)Socialists
e)Extreme nationalists
Answer: d
Reference: LO 2.9, pgs.46–51
Skill: Understanding
44)In fascism, who holds power?
a)The people
b)The state
c)The legislature
d)The judiciary
e)Individual political units, such as states
Answer: b
Reference: LO 2.9, pgs.46–51
Skill: Analysis
45)Which of the following was historically most tied to one place and time?
a)Conservatism
b)Marxism
c)Fascism
d)Liberalism
e)Populism
Answer: c
Reference: LO 2.9, pgs.46–51
Skill: Analysis
46)Which of the following is identified as evil by both communism and socialism?
a)Property
b)Classes
c)Capitalism
d)Democracy
e)Industrialization
Answer: c
Reference: LO 2.9, pgs.46–51
Skill: Evaluation
47)Socialism and classical liberalism disagree on which of these?
a)Equality of opportunity
b)The potential of the individual
c)The merits democracy
d)The use of violent revolution
e)Equality of outcome
Answer: e
Reference: LO 2.9, pgs.46–51
Skill: Analysis
48)The idea of “the end of history” refers to which of these?
a)The end of communism
b)The birth of democracy
c)The Marxist revolution
d)The death of socialism
e)The American Revolution
Answer: a
Reference: LO 2.9, pgs.46–51
Skill: Understanding
49)Political correctness can be seen as attacking all EXCEPT which of these?
a)Homosexuals
b)Insensitivity
c)Homophobia
d)Racism
e)Sexism
Answer: a
Reference: LO 2.9, pgs.46–51
Skill: Understanding
50)Currently, Marxism concentrates on which of these?
a)Attacks on socialism
b)Advocacy of violent overthrow of the government
c)A critique of capitalism
d)The proletariat uprising
e)Support for international communism
Answer: c
Reference: LO 2.9, pgs.46–51
Skill: Understanding
True/False Questions
1)Subscribing to a political culture is usually required for citizenship.
Answer: FALSE
Reference: LO 2.1, pgs. 25–26
Skill: Analysis
2)Gay voters are an example of a potential political subculture.
Answer: TRUE
Reference: LO 2.1, pgs. 25–26
Skill: Application
3)A political culture can embody contradictions and even conflicts.
Answer:TRUE
Reference: LO 2.1, pgs. 25–26
Skill: Understanding
4)Classical liberalism is essentially the same as modern liberalism.
Answer:FALSE
Reference: LO 2.2, pgs. 26–28
Skill: Analysis
5)Classical liberalism centered on the idea of the importance of government in controlling business.
Answer:FALSE
Reference: LO 2.2, pgs. 26–28
Skill: Analysis
6)Classical liberalism and capitalism overlap in one major area: the right to property.
Answer:TRUE
Reference: LO 2.2, pgs. 26–28
Skill: Understanding
7)The idea of natural law was an idea to which capitalism is opposed.
Answer: FALSE
Reference: LO 2.2, pgs. 26–28
Skill: Analysis
8)Classical liberal economics are centered on the freedom of an individual to pursue political interests.
Answer: FALSE
Reference: LO 2.2, pgs. 26–28
Skill: Understanding
9)In general, Americans support equality of outcome over equality of opportunity.
Answer:FALSE
Reference: LO 2.3, pgs. 28–30
Skill: Evaluation
10)Legal equality does NOT guarantee political equality.
Answer: TRUE
Reference: LO 2.3, pgs. 28–30
Skill: Understanding
11)Both liberals and classical liberals aim at equality of results.
Answer: FALSE
Reference: LO 2.3, pgs. 28–30
Skill: Analysis
12)The United States today is becoming less egalitarian in terms of wealth.
Answer: TRUE
Reference: LO 2.4, pgs. 30–31
Skill: Understanding
13)The decline in the manufacturing sector of the United States economy has spurred income inequality.
Answer:TRUE
Reference: LO 2.4, pgs. 30–31
Skill: Understanding
14)Great income inequality would be typified by a large percentage of all households in the highest and lowest income brackets.
Answer: TRUE
Reference: LO 2.4, pgs. 30–31
Skill: Analysis
15)Historically, there has been considerable social mobility in the United States.
Answer: TRUE
Reference: LO 2.5, pgs. 31–33
Skill: Understanding
16)Great social mobility would tend to increase class conflict.
Answer: FALSE
Reference: LO 2.5, pgs. 31–33
Skill: Application
17)Social mobility is best described as an increase in wealth and status.
Answer:FALSE
Reference: LO 2.5, pgs. 31–33
Skill: Evaluation
18)Compared with other Western nations, the United States has a high amount of average wealth, but that wealth is unevenly distributed.