Case Study One:

Health Facility BasedExperience Share Programs

Peer Learning Opportunities

Hintalo Wajerate Woreda

Tigray, Ethiopia

July, 2013

Acknowledgments

AUTHOR:

Shamara Wheldon, Peace Corps Volunteer

With the assistance of Getachaw Hagos, Translator

IN COLLABORATION WITH:

Universal Immunization through Improving Family Health Services Project/JSI (UI-FHS)

& the Hintalo Wajerate Woreda Health Office Staff

FUNDING PROVIDED BY:

The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Contents

Acronyms…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………IV

Tables……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….V

Executive Summary………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….VI

  1. Case Study Goals and Objectives……………………………………………………………………………………….………..1
  2. Purpose of the Case Study………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….1
  3. Woreda Demographics………………………………………………………………………………………………………...... ………1
  4. Study Population and Demographics…………………………………………………………………………………….…….2
  5. Methodology……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...3
  1. Design………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………3
  2. Selection of health facilities, communities, and members of FGDs…………………………..3
  3. Data Collection…………………………………………………………………………………………………………3
  4. Data Analysis……………………………………………………………………………………………………………4
  1. Findings………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………4
  1. Experience share Programs (Woreda)…………………………………………………………………………………..4

1.Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….4

2.Topics………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………6

3.Organization & communication……………………………………………………………………………….7

4.Finances………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...10

5.Accountability………………………………………………………………………………………………………..11

  1. REST Office…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………12
  1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..12
  2. Community Led Total Led Sanitation Program (CLTS)…………………………………………….13
  3. Finances…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………14
  4. Review of REST’s partnership in community-based experience share programs……13
  1. Other peer learning opportunities………………………………………………………………………………………16
  2. Peer Learning opportunities between PHCU clusters………………………………………………………….17
  1. Discussion……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….19
  2. Recommendations…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….20
  3. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..21

Acronyms

CLTSCommunity Lead Total Sanitation

EPIExpanded Program on Immunization

FGDFocus Group Discussion

FIMField Immunization Manager (UI-FHS staff)

FMOHFederal Ministry of Health

FPFamily Planning

HCHealth Center

HEPHealth Extension Package

HEWsHealth Extension Workers

HFHealth Facility

HHHouseholds

HPHealth Post

MDGMillennium Development Goals

PHCUPrimary Health Care Unit

RARapid Assessment conducted by UI-FHS team

RESTRelief Society of Tigray

RHB Regional Health Bureau

SNNPSouthern Nations Nationalities and People’s Region

UI-FHSUniversal Immunization through Improving Family Health Services Project

WHDA Women’s Health Development Army

WHOWorld Health Organization

WoHOWoreda Health Office

Tables

Table 1: Target Groups……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….3

Table 2: Experience Share Programs held in Hintalo Wajerate woreda andrecognized by the WoHO Supervisor…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………6

Table 3: Experience Share Programs organized in collaboration with the WoHO HEW expert but were not accounted for by the WoHO supervisor……………………….………………………………………………………………………...6

Table 4: HEP Components………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………7

Table 5: Financial allocations for the WoHO…………….…………………………………………………………………………….10

Table 6: Questionnaires and Surveys Conducted…….…………………………………………………………………………….17

Executive Summary

Universal Immunization through Improving Family Health Services (UI-FHS) is a three and a halfyear learning project implemented by JSI Research & Training Institute, Inc.in collaboration with the Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) of Ethiopia. The project aims to inform a FMOH evidence-based decision on whether and how to purse nationwide universal immunization, integrated with family health approaches, and what it will take to do so effectively, affordably and sustainably. UI-FHS is active in three woredas, Arbegona, Assaieta, and Hintalo Wajeratelocated in SNNPR, Afar, and Tigray respectively. Hintalo Wajerate woreda in Tigray is the focus of this case study.

The case study is a collaboration between the Woreda Health Office (WoHO) and Peace Corps Volunteer Shamara Wheldon,along with the assistance of UI-FHS,in order to support the “Best Practices” initiative implemented by the FMOH. Thecase study isdesigned to better understand the implementation of peer learning methodsthroughout Hintalo Wajerate woreda and the impact of the peer learning process on the woreda health staff and its communities. A mixed methodcollections approach was used for this case study consisting of; qualitative interviews,focus group discussions (FGDs), and a quantitative review of theHealth Centers(HCs) data, in order to triangulate comparisons in the data collected. The study uses a facility-based approach with collection of data from the WoHO, HCs, Health Posts (HPs), and the local NGO working in the woreda, Relief Society of Tigray (REST). The data was then analyzed using WEFT QDA (qualitative data analysis) software.

Hintalo Wajerate woreda is one of the best performing woredas in Ethiopia,withcommitted health workers from all levels, includingWoHO administration andexpert staff, Primary Health Care Unit(PHCU) directors, Health Extension Worker (HEW)supervisors, HEWs, etc. One reason for this commitment is the strong partnership established between the WoHO, the woreda administration and other sectors in the woreda which has led to productive committees wanting to see healthier communities.

However, there are other reasons behind the success in Hintalo Wajerate. For instance, the woredaregularly encouragesthe concept of peer learning. This is done at all levels of the health system to expand the knowledge base oftrained professionals working in the woreda. One of themost effective ways to learn new skills is to see them implemented in action. As such, this woreda organizes cross visits and conducts review meetings to share experiences, spread ideas and educate other communities. In addition, during the cross visits, the WoHO administrative staff takes the opportunity to recognize individuals who performedwell through utilizing new and innovative ideas.

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  1. Case Study Goals and Objectives

In cooperation with UI-FHS and the WoHO, the goal of this case study is to better understand the implementation of peer learning methodsthroughout the Hintalo Wajerate woreda and the impacts of the peer learning processon woreda health staff.

Objectives

  • To determine how health related peer learning programs are organized and implemented in Hintalo Wajerate woreda
  • To explore peer learning as an effective tool for implementing “best practices” in the health sector
  • To determine the benefits of health related peer learning programs
  1. Purpose of the Case Study

Hintalo Wajerate is recognized asone of the bestperforming woredas for health in Ethiopia. This lead the UI-FHS project to explore the reasons behindthe woreda’s success, particularlyin implementing quality health practiceswithin its communities. The results of the case study will be used to scale up practices currently being implemented within Hintalo Wajerate and adapt these practices for implementation in other woredas.

  1. Woreda Demographics

Hintalo Wajerate woreda is located in the south eastern zone of Tigray which covers an area of 193,309hectares and includes 22 kebeles[1] with an estimated population of 181,274.[2]. There is only one rainy season in Tigray, falling between the months of June and August. By definition, 95% of the residentswithin Hintalo Wajerate are classified as rural, while the remaining five percent are urban.[3]The woreda has a total of seven HCs and eighteen HPs. The town of Adigudom is the centerfor all woreda offices, which is about 36 kilometers from Mekele, the regional capital. Due to Adigudom’s proximity to Mekele and the rural demographics, the woreda is visitedby the Regional Health Bureau (RHB) quite frequently, as well as by many other interested organizations.

  1. Study population and Demographics

UI-FHS and WoHO administration staff took an investigative look at the demographics of Hintalo Wajerate to select two HCs for the study.The two HCs chosen for this case study were Dabub HC and Adikayh HC. Both HCs have similar demographics, with one major distinction; Dabub HC is recognized as “high” performing by the WoHO while Adikayh HC is considered to be “under” performing. Previously, both HCsprovided services of a health clinic before elevating their standards to provide services of a HC.

Dabub HC is located 30 kilometers from the WoHO and also 30 kilometers from the closest asphalt road, in a town called Barhitsaba with an estimated population of 9,947 and an estimated cluster population of 19,416.[4] In addition to the HC, there are two HPs located in Seberbera and Gonka which make up the Dabab HC cluster. Currently, there are two HEWs working in Gonka and only one HEW located in Seberbera. Both of the HPs are considered hard to reach as they are not accessible by car during the rainy season.[5]

Adikayh HC is located 55 kilometers from the WoHO on an all asphalt roadin the town of Adikayh with an estimated population of 7,938 and an estimated cluster population of 23,096. There are two HPs within the Adikayh cluster; Adimesno HP and Tsehafti HP. Respectively, there are two HEWs in the Tsehafti HP and one HEW in the Adimesno HP. For many years, Adikayh HC has been located on a gravel road. However, in November 2012 a new asphalt road originally built from Alamata the southernmost town in Tigray to Mekele, travels now through the town of Adikayh. Due to the construction of this new asphalt road,both of these HPs are easily accessible by car.

  1. Methodology
  1. Design

This case study uses a method mix of qualitative interviews, FGDs, and a quantitative review of the HC’s data in order to triangulate the commonalities across the three types of data collections used. Semi-structured data collection questionnaireswere developed and the tools were shared with the WoHO for review.

Table 1: Target Groups

Respondents / Topics covered in Interviews
PHCU Director / General attitudes of experience share
Organizational logistics
Topics
Accountability
Financials
Other facility based peer learning opportunities
HEW Supervisor
Head Nurse
EPI focal person
HEWs
Women’s Health Development Army (WHDA)[6] / General attitudes
Topics
Facilitators
Benefits
Community Priest
Elderly Association[7]
  1. Selection of health facilities, communities, and members of FGDs

A small series of informal interviews and documents were collected from the WoHO and the woreda Planning and Financial Offices in Hintalo Wajerate by Ms. Wheldon and the data collection team. This information wasthen reviewed and discussed with the WoHOHealth Supervisor and the UI-FHSField Immunization Manager (FIM) inTigray to determine a set of cluster facilities for the case study.

  1. Data collection

Initially, the first introduction to each HC wasdone usinga hired translation consultant as well as an expert from the WoHO staff. After each initial introduction, the case study team was able to conduct interviews and FGDs as needed. Interviews wereconducted in a confidential setting, usually in the office of the interviewee. Furthermore, women who are part of the WHDAs, priests and men from the elderly association within each catchment area werealso interviewed as cross-references.In each community, cross-reference interviews were conducted away from the supervisor in a confidential setting. Before beginning each interview, informed consent was obtained, which included consent of having the interview tape recorded. Data collection wasperformed through reviewing HC and WoHO documents.

  1. Data Analysis

Interviews and FGDs wereaudio recorded and transcribed directlyfollowing each interview. All interviews, FGDs, and data collected weretranslated and thentranscribed into English with the help of the hired translation consultant. Transcripts were entered into the qualitative data analysis software “WEFTQDA” which aids in qualitative analysis. The transcripts were then reviewedand edited for the purpose of this case study.

  1. Findings
  1. Experience Share Programs
  1. Introduction

The experience share program is a relatively new approach to trainings,organized by the WoHO beginning in 2004EC[8] as a practical approach in furthering the knowledge base of other WoHO experts. In addition,the experience share program is an innovative approach Hintalo Wajerate hasadopted in order to reach and educateitsvast set of rural communities.

The WoHO staff organizestwo different types of experience share programs; expert based and community based. Expert based experience share programs includeindividuals coming from outside the woreda, including regional health office experts from all areas in Ethiopia and the FMOH. According to the WoHO staff, the main focus of this type of experience share program is to explain how a WoHOcaneffectively perform data collection, conductsupportive supervisions and facilitate review meetings,in order to provide quality health servicesto rural communities.The expert-based experience share involves a practical component,which a hard to reach kebele is visited to show attendees how the HEP is being implemented at the grass roots level.

Furthermore, the community based experience share is restricted to individuals living or working within Hintalo Wajerate; including woreda staff, communities, and all health facility (HF) staff.This type of experience share helps create an opportunity for peer learning,furthering the knowledge base of its staff and communities. The HFstaff reported one of the greatest challenges they faceis gaining acceptance of the communities they work in. The following quotes better illustrate the HF staffs opinions on the matter:

“Convincing the community is difficult and if an outsider comes in to try (and talk about health) it does not happen. The community does not believe an outsider about anything.” (Cluster staff, Dabub)

“We sometimes provide trainings for the WHDA leaders, some of the women understand and some ofthem do not understand. They still do not believe us.” (Cluster staff, Adikayh)

As a result of this challenge, the community-based experience share approach was created,thus establishing a forum for neighboring kebeles to share with one another. The REST Sanitation expert stated: “The more the communities take ownership over their health, the more sustainable and likely the people are going to implement better lifestyle techniques.”

Table 2: Experience share programs held in the woreda and recognized by the WoHO Supervisor

Name of Group Targeted by the Experience Share / Number of Attendees / Date
(EC) / Financial Responsibility
1 / HEWs & Technical WoHO staff / 272 / Aug – 2004 / Public and Gov. Relations office
2 / String Committee Members[9] / 326 / July – 2004 / Zonal Administrative offices
3 / WHDA Team Leaders / 2185 / Aug – 2004 / UNFPA NGO
4 / Midwives / 40 / Sept – 2004 / WoHO Budget
5 / Amhara WoHO Supervisors & Zonal office Supervisors / 22 / Dec – 2004 / N/A
6 / Federal Representatives & House of Federation Representatives / 8 / Jan – 2005 / N/A
7 / Oromia Regional Health Experts / 12 / Jan – 2005 / N/A
8 / European Leaders / 21 / Sept – 2004 / N/A
9 / FMOH / 21 / Oct – 2004 / N/A
10 / Tigray Regional Health Beauro / 54 / Dec – 2004 / N/A
11 / Amhara & Oromia / 17 / Feb – 2005 / N/A

*N/A: funding for these experience share programs came from outside the woreda and are unknown

Table 3: Experience share programs organized in collaboration with the WoHO HEW expert but were not accounted for by the WoHO supervisor. (Information provided by the REST office)

Name of Group Targeted by the Experience Share / Number of Attendees / Date
(EC) / Financial Responsibility
1 / Dejen Leaders / 14 / Oct – 2004 / REST
2 / Firewayni Festival / 452 / Dec – 2004 / REST
3 / Dejen Festival / 117 / Dec – 2004 / REST
4 / Dungolat Festival / 135 / Dec – 2004 / REST
5 / Senale leaders / 27 / Jan – 2005 / REST
  1. Topics

All community based and expert based experience share programs are centralized around the 16 components of the HEP.The HEP was created in 2003EC[10] as a response to the Millennium Development Goals (MGDs) set forth by the World Health Organization (WHO) and deployed in Ethiopia in 2001EC. “With such a large rural population and an extremely low number of skilled health practitioners, the health system needed a way into the communities to provide care as well as encourage the utilization of health services by the community.”[11] There are four defined parts to the HEP; Hygiene and Environmental Sanitation, Family Health Services, Disease Prevention and Control, and Health Education and Communication.

Table 4: The HEP Components

Health Extension Program Components
Hygiene and Environmental Sanitation / 1. Building and maintaining healthful housing
2. Construction, usage and maintenance of sanitary latrine
3. Control of insects, rodents and other biting species
4. Food hygiene and safety measures
5. Personal hygiene
6. Solid liquid waste management
7. Water supply safety measures
Family Health Service / 8. Maternal and child health
9. Adolescent and reproductive health
10. Family planning
11. Vaccination services
12. Nutrition
Disease Prevention and Control / 13. HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis prevention and control
14. Malaria prevention and control
15. First Aid
Health Education and Communication / 16. Health education and communication methods

As a result of the HEP, all topics listed in Figure 4. above are covered in all experience share programs.This was recognized by the WoHO HEW expert and also confirmed by the PHCU directors, HEW supervisors and HEWs in thefollowing statements:

“Experience share topics include all of the 16 HEP components.” (Cluster staff Adikayh)

“Our main focus of experience share programs is the 16 components but we mainly focus on sanitation programs.” (Cluster staff Dabub)

“The reason for this is because the HEP was developed off a base of the (MDGs) and the 16 components was a strategy created by the FMOH to successfully complete the requirements of these goals.”(WoHO HEW expert)

Through observation, additional topics were discussed during an expert-based experience share including: transparency of all information collected by the WoHO staff, quarterly supportive supervision visits, accuracy of data collected, feedback documents and problem solving techniques. Furthermore, when attending anexpert-based experience sharein a practical setting,HEWs discuss the many successes of the kebeles which include: high immunization coverage rates, low child mortality, increased institutional delivery rate, and other successfully implemented sanitation techniques.Aside from the HEW discussions,no other main topics are covered during the experience shares;discussions are general and encompass allcomponents of the HEP.

  1. Organization & communication

All experience share programs are organized and facilitated with the help of theWoHO HEW expert. This is due to the fact that all programs revolve around the HEP implemented through the HEWs.

Expert-based Experience Share chain of communication

  • WoHO Supervisor is notified that a group of attendees will be coming to view the woreda (dates are discussed at this time).
  • WoHO HEW Supervisoris notified by the WoHO Supervisor to begin the planning phase for an experience share. A cluster area is selected for the participants to go out and visit.He begins the initial communication with the cluster in which the experience share will be performed.
  • PHCU Director and HEW Supervisor of cluster areaare informed of an experience share date.
  • HEW is informed by his/hersupervisor of the experience share date and begins the preparation of the koshet[12] the experience share will take place in. HEW will organize in the koshet around six to twelve households for viewing of the participants.
  • Requirements for viewing are model households who have successfully passed all sanitation requirements designed by REST. Usually these householdsinclude women who are knowledgeable about immunization, Family Planning (FP), and delivery services.
  • The HEW also informs the head of his/her string committee and the kebele leader of the program

The most commonly viewed koshets are those in high performing areas. The “under” performing HC staff reportthat they have attended experience share programs but have never hosted one.