Jainism and Review WHAP/Napp

Jainism and Review WHAP/Napp

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“Jainism is another religion of India, with many similarities to early Buddhism. At about the time of the Buddha, the teacher Mahavir (c. 540 B.C.E.), the twenty-fourth in a long lineage of Jain religious leaders, guided the religion into its modern form. The religion takes its name from Mahavir’s designation jina, or conqueror. Like Theravada Buddhists, Jains reject the caste system and the supremacy of Brahmin priests, postulating instead that there is no god, but that humans do have souls that they can purify by careful attention to their actions, especially by practicing nonviolence. If they follow the eternal law of ethical treatment of others and devotion to the rather austere [having few pleasures] rituals of the faith, Jains believe they will reach nirvana, which is an end to the cycle of rebirths rather than a rewarding afterlife.

Jainism’s emphasis on nonviolence is so powerful that Jains typically do not become farmers lest they kill living creatures in the soil. In a country overwhelmingly agricultural, Jains are usually urban and often businessmen. Jainism did not spread outside India, and its 4 million adherents today live almost entirely in India. Because Jains, like earlier Buddhists, employ Brahmin priests to officiate at their life cycle events, and because Jains intermarry freely with Hindu vaishya (business) subcastes, some consider them a branch of Hinduism, although they do not usually regard themselves as Hindus. One of the regions of Jain strength in India is western Gujarat, the region where Mahatma Gandhi grew up. The Mahatma attributed his adherence to nonviolence in large part to the influence of Jainism.” ~ The World’s History

1. An accurate descriptor of Jainism is
(A) Polytheistic.
(B) Monotheistic.
(C) Atheistic.
(D) Nontheistic.
2. Jains, like the Theravada Buddhists,
(A) Believe that all attachments bring a certain bondage.
(B) Have the same ethical requirements for monks and laity.
(C) Value a holy death.
(D) Became a thriving merchant class.
3. The idea in Buddhism and Jainism that emphasizes nonharm and nonviolence.
A) jiva
B) guru
C) ahimsa
D) jina / 4. Regular practices of the Jains include
(A) Almsgiving and animal sacrifice.
(B) Fasting and pilgrimage.
(C) Deity worship and meditation.
(D) Wearing orange or white robes.
5.Each of the Jain founding figures is considered to be a jina, or
(A) “holy one”
(B) “avenger”
(C) “redeemer”
(D) “conqueror”
9.For Jainism, karma is
(A) The spiritual energy vital for the rigors of the religious life
(B) The “book of life” that is believed to be reviewed by God at the time of death
(C) the moral law of cause and effect that determines prospects for a good rebirth
(D) “ethical duty”

Belief Systems: Review – Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism

Hinduism / Buddhism / Confucianism
- Originated in India from beliefs of the Aryan invaders
- No single founder
- Everything in the world is part of a divine essence called Brahman
- Union with Brahman is achieved through reincarnation or samsara
- A person’s good or evil deeds in his personal life is the person’s karma
- To die with good karma: reincarnated into higher caste but evil karma leads to rebirth in lower caste
- If the soul (atman) lives a number of good lives, it is united with Brahman
- Upon achieving unification, moksha, the soul is freed from worldly suffering
- The moral law, or dharma, serves as a guide to actions
- Dharma: the obligations of each person [rules of caste]
- Hindu caste system [fixed social class system –determined by birth]
- Consider cattle sacred and forbid consumption of beef
- Sanskrit: holy language / - Originated in India
- Founder: an Indian prince named Siddhartha Gautama
- Known as “Buddha,” or “enlightened one” (500s BCE)
- Four Noble Truths:
Life has suffering
Desire causes suffering
Suffering can end
Follow Eightfold Path
(Right view, Right speech…)
- Following the path enables a person to move toward nirvana or perfect peace
- Nirvana: end of suffering
- Spread by missionaries
- Afforded men and women monastic opportunities as monks and nuns
- After the death of the Buddha, Buddhism split into two movements
- In Theravada, Buddha not considered a god
- In Mahayana, Buddha became a godlike deity
- Also bodhisattvas, those who have achieved nirvana but remain on Earth
- Rejected of caste but accepted reincarnation
-Mauryan Ashoka converted / - Developed for Chinese culture and practiced from around 400 B.C.E. onward; adopted by Han Dynasty
- Confucius: Founder
[Thoughts and sayings collected by followers in the Analects]
- A political and social philosophy
- Dealing with how to restore political and social order
- Five Relationships [Ruler and subject; Father and son; Husband and wife; Elder brother and younger brother; Friend and friend]
- When each person lives up to his obligations, society is orderly and harmonious.
- Concentrates on formation of junzi, men considered superior because educated and able to put aside personal ambition for good of state
Also:
Ren - a sense of humanity, kindness, and benevolence
Li – proper conduct
Xiao – filial piety [to honor and obey parents/ancestors]
- women in China were considered inferior
- Began basis of examination system
1. Brahman is
(A) The God of Time
(B) The God of Creation
(C) The all-pervasive one supreme consciousness
(D) A priest
2.The first two main divisions of Buddhism were
(A) Mahayana and Vajrayana
(B) Theravada and Mahayana
(C) Theravada and Vajrayana
(D) Mahayana and tantra
3. By his teachings, Confucius hoped to
(A) Counter the influx of Buddhism into China.
(B) Produce virtuous people and create a harmonious society.
(C) Make a break with the past and focus China on the future.
(D) Draw people closer to Tian (Heaven).
4. Which was not an additional virtue endorsed by Confucius?
(A) loyalty
(B) emotional control
(C) thrift
(D) pride / 5. To a great extent in Confucianism, people are
(A) Selfish and need strict guidelines.
(B) Naturally good and best left alone.
(C) Individuals first.
(D) Their relationships.
6. It is also known as reincarnation
(A) Dharma
(B) Karma
(C) Samsara
(D) Moksha
7. The Buddha taught that people suffered in life because of a
(A) Desire for happiness and riches.
(B) Belief in nirvana.
(C) Refusal to obey the gods.
(D) Belief in karma.
8. Confucius believed that it was possible to restore social harmony in all EXCEPT which of the following ways?
(A) Superiors should provide a good moral example to their inferiors.
(B) People should meditate on nature as the key means to restore their sense of balance with the world.
(C) Elites should receive a broad liberal arts education as the key to moral improvement.
(D) Superiors should cultivate benevolence or nobility of heart as the essential ingredient of a peaceful society.

Let’s examine the 2006 Change over Time Essay from the World History AP:

Analyze the cultural and political changes and continuities in ONE of the following civilizations during the last centuries of the classical era.

Chinese, 100 C.E. to 600 C.E.

Roman, 100 C.E. to 600 C.E.

Indian, 300 C.E. to 600 C.E.

Valid Thesis Statement:

______

1.  Like Hindus and Buddhists, Jains believe in the cycle of birth and death called
(A) Karma
(B) Jiva
(C) Samsara
(D) Dharma
2.  Jains avoid accumulating negative karma by
(A) Working at harmless professions
(B) Building bird hospitals
(C) Being strict vegetarians
(D) Any of these
3.  The founder of Buddhism developed a religion centered on
(A) Belief in heaven
(B) Regulation of social interactions
(C) Support of the caste system
(D) Elimination of desire and suffering
4.  Which of the following pairs of belief systems offered opportunities for women to lead monastic lives?
(A) Buddhism and Christianity
(B) Buddhism and Judaism
(C) Confucianism and Hinduism
(D) Confucianism and Islam
(E) Hinduism and Islam
5.  Confucius argued that
(A) Chinese society should be structured on a strictly egalitarian basis
(B) Individuals can best develop their potential if isolated from the rest of society
(C) Men are fundamentally competitive and should be concerned primarily with individual achievement
(D) Education is essential to becoming a refined gentleman / 6. Dharma and karma are important concepts in which of the following two religions?
(A) Judaism and Buddhism
(B) Daoism and Confucianism
(C) Hinduism and Islam
(D) Buddhism and Hinduism
(E) Christianity and Judaism
7. The truths that the Buddha claimed either draw on or depart from the fundamental principles of which belief system?
(A) Christianity
(B) Hinduism
(C) Islam
(D) Judaism
(E) Hellenism
8. The Four Noble Truths are associated with
(A) Buddhism
(B) Confucianism
(C) Legalism
(D) Judaism
(E) Islam
9. Monasticism is a characteristic of which of the following religions?
(A) Judaism
(B) Hinduism
(C) Jainism
(D) Confucianism
(E) Buddhism
10. Which of the following religions would most likely use the following symbols: the lotus, the wheel, the endless knot, the conch shell, and the pair of fish?
(A) Confucianism
(B) Christianity
(C) Judaism
(D) Buddhism
(E) Islam