Human Anatomy & Physiology, 9e (Marieb/Hoehn)
Chapter 12 The Central Nervous System
12.1 Matching Questions
Figure 12.1
Using Fig. 12.1, Match the following:
1) White fiber tracts
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 440; Fig. 12.10
2) Thalamus
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 440; Fig. 12.10
3) Pons
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 440; Fig. 12.10
4) Hypothalamus
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 440; Fig. 12.10
5) Medulla Oblongata
Answer: E
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 440; Fig. 12.10
Figure 12.2
Using Figure 12.2, match the following:
6) Pons.
Answer: E
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 438; Fig. 12.8
7) Corpus callosum.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 438; Fig. 12.8
8) Caudate nucleus.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 438; Fig. 12.8
9) Globus pallidus.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 438; Fig. 12.8
10) Thalamus.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 438; Fig. 12.8
Figure 12.3
Using Figure 12.3, match the following:
11) Site of efferent soma.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 466-68 Fig 12.28
12) Site of axons and afferent neurons.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 466-68 Fig 12.28
13) Site of sensory soma.
Answer: E
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 466-68 Fig 12.28
14) Gray commissure.
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 466-69 Fig 12.28
15) Horn containing autonomic neurons
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 466-69 Fig 12.28
16) Site containing central canal.
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 466-69 Fig 12.28
17) Multipolar neurons are common here.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 466-69 Fig 12.28
Match the following:
A) Temporal lobe
B) Frontal lobe
C) Parietal lobe
D) Insula
E) Occipital lobe
18) Auditory area.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 436
19) Primary sensory cortex.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 435; Fig. 12.6
20) Somatic motor cortex.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 433; Fig. 12.6
21) Motor speech area.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 433; Fig. 12.6
22) Premotor area.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 433; Fig. 12.6
23) Visual area.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 433; Fig. 12.6
24) Taste (gustatory) area.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 436; Fig. 12.7
25) Seat of intelligence, abstract reasoning.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 437; Fig. 12.6
Answers: 18) A 19) C 20) B 21) B 22) B23) E 24) D 25) B
Match the following:
A)Prefrontal area
B)Thalamus
C)Primary motor cortex
D)Hypothalamus
26) A major relay station for sensory information ascending to primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex. Contains many specialized nuclei.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 433; Fig. 12.6
27) This brain area associates experiences necessary for the production of abstract ideas, judgment, and conscience.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 437; Fig. 12.6
28) The axons from this area form the major pyramidal tracts.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 433; Fig. 12.6
29) This area is the main visceral control center of the body.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 433; Fig. 12.6
Answers: 26) B 27) A 28) C 29) D
Match the following stages of sleep with their descriptions:
A)Stage 3
B)REM
C)Stage 2
D)Stage 1
E)Stage 4
30) The stage when vital signs (blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature) reach their lowest normal levels.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 454; Fig. 12.19
31) Indicated by movement of the eyes under the lids; dreaming occurs.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 454; Fig. 12.19
32) Theta and delta waves begin to appear.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 454; Fig. 12.19
33) Very easy to awaken; EEG shows alpha waves; may even deny being asleep.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 454; Fig. 12.19
34) Typified by sleep spindles.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 454; Fig. 12.19
35) Begins about 90 minutes after the onset of sleep.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 454; Fig. 12.19
36) Necessary for emotional health; may be neural "debugging."
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 454; Fig. 12.19
Answers: 30) E 31) B 32) A 33) D 34) C35) B 36) B
Match the following:
A) Hypothalamus
B) Brain stem
C) Cerebellum
D) Thalamus
E) Cerebrum
37) Gateway to the cerebrum
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 441
38) Motor command center
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 447
39) Survival center
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 443
40) Executive suite
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 431
41) Visceral command center
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 441-442
Answers: 37) D 38) C 39) B 40) E 41) A
Match the following:
A)Filum terminale
B)Cauda equine
C)Conus medullaris
D)Cervical enlargement
42) Where nerves serving the upper limbs arise
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 466
43) Anchors the spinal cord in place
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 466
44) Collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 466
45) Point of termination of the spinal cord in an adult
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 466
Answers: 42) D 43) A 44) B 45) C
12.2 True/False Questions
1) NREM sleep normally exhibits four distinct stages, which appear to alternate.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 454-455
2) Nuclei relating to the startle reflex are located in the corpora quadrigemina of the midbrain.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 444
3) Specific motor and sensory functions are localized in specific areas called domains, whereas memory and language have overlapping domains.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 433
4) A flat EEG is a good indication of deep sleep.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 453
5) The three basic regions of the cerebrum are the cerebral cortical gray matter, internal white matter, and the superior and inferior colliculi.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 429
6) Cell bodies of the somatic motor neurons of the spinal nerves are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 466; Fig. 12.29
7) Meningitis is the most accurate term for inflammation of neurons.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 460
8) The adult spinal cord ends between L1 and L2.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 464
9) Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and in the subarachnoid space
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 460; Fig. 12.24
10) The terms fainting and syncope describe the same thing.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 453
11) The RAS is comprised of specific pathways primarily in the limbic system.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 450-451
12) Nondeclarative memories preserve the circumstances in which they are learned.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 456-457
13) The first obvious sign that the nervous system is forming in the embryo is the thickening of the surface ectoderm to form the neural plate.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 429
14) The left cerebral hemisphere is usually dominant.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 437
15) The limbic system acts as our emotional, or affective, brain.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4549 Tbl. 12.1
16) The canal connecting the third and fourth ventricles and running through the midbrain is the foramen of Monro.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 430-431; Fig12.3
17) Commissural fibers connect the cerebrum to the diencephalon.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 437
18) A disturbance of posture, muscle tremors at rest, and uncontrolled muscle contraction are all symptoms of damage to the basal nuclei.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 439-441
19) Projection fibers in the brain mainly connect the right and left hemispheres.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 437
20) Most of the ascending and descending pathways to and from the brain cross over from one side of the body to the other.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 468
21) The primary visual cortex contains a map of visual space.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 436
22) One functional center found within the medulla oblongata is a respiratory center involved in the control of the rate and depth of breathing.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 447
23) Sorting of sensory information and relaying it to the appropriate cerebral sensory area occurs in the hypothalamus.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 441-442
24) Embryonic damage to the mesencephalon could result in improper formation of the midbrain.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 429
12.3 Multiple-Choice Questions
1) Which brain nucleus is the body's "biological clock"?
A) dorsomedial nucleus
B) suprachiastmatic nucleus
C) lentiform nucleus
D) subthalamic nucleus
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 442
2) Nuclei of cranial nerves V, VI, and VII are found in the ______.
A) midbrain
B) medulla
C) pons
D) cerebrum
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 445
3) The arbor vitae refers to ______.
A) cerebellar gray matter
B) cerebellar white matter
C) the pleatlike convolutions of the cerebellum
D) flocculonodular nodes
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 447
4) The brain stem consists of the ______.
A) cerebrum, pons, midbrain, and medulla
B) midbrain, medulla, and pons
C) pons, medulla, cerebellum, and midbrain
D) midbrain only
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 443
5) The primary auditory cortex is located in the ______.
A) prefrontal lobe
B) frontal lobe
C) temporal lobe
D) parietal lobe
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 436
6) Spinocerebellar tracts ______.
A) terminate in the spinal cord
B) carry proprioceptive inputs to the cerebellum
C) give rise to conscious experience of perception
D) are found in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 469; Tbl. 12.2
7) What cells line the ventricles of the brain?
A) ependymal cells
B) neurons
C) epithelial cells
D) astrocytes
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 430
8) The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges?
A) arachnoid and epidura
B) arachnoid and pia
C) arachnoid and dura
D) dura and epidura
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 459-460
9) The vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the ______.
A) pons
B) medulla
C) midbrain
D) cerebrum
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 447
10) Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in ______.
A) the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord
B) the ventral root ganglia of the spinal cord
C) the thalamus
D) sympathetic ganglia
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 468-469
11) Which fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres?
A) central fissure
B) longitudinal fissure
C) parieto-occipital fissure
D) lateral fissure
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 431; Fig. 12.4
12) Which of the following best describes the cerebrum?
A) motor command center
B) visceral command center
C) executive suite
D) decussation center
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 431
13) A shallow groove on the surface of the cortex is called a ______.
A) sulcus
B) fissure
C) gyrus
D) furrow
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 431
14) Which of the following generalizations does not describe the cerebral cortex?
A) The cerebral cortex contains three kinds of functional areas.
B) Each hemisphere is chiefly concerned with sensory and motor functions of the contralateral side of the body.
C) The hemispheres are exactly equal in function.
D) No functional area of the cortex works alone.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 431-433
15) If the caudal portion of the neural tube failed to develop properly the ______.
A) spinal cord may be affected
B) cranial nerves would not form
C) hindbrain would not be present
D) telencephalon would cease development
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 429; Fig. 12.1
16) The central sulcus separates which lobes?
A) frontal from parietal
B) parietal from occipital
C) temporal from parietal
D) frontal from temporal
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 431; Fig. 12.4
17) Neural tracts that convey life-saving information to the brain concerning burning pain would be ______.
A) anterior spinothalamic
B) reticulospinal
C) lateral spinothalamic
D) posterior spinothalamic
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 469; Tbl. 12.2
18) Which of these would you not find in the cerebral cortex?
A) cell bodies
B) dendrites
C) unmyelinated axons
D) fiber tracts
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 431
19) The white matter of the spinal cord contains ______.
A) myelinated nerve fibers only
B) unmyelinated nerve fibers only
C) myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers
D) soma that have both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 468
20) Which of the following is not a role of the basal nuclei?
A) regulating attention and cognition
B) controlling starting and stopping movements
C) inhibiting unnecessary or antagonistic movements
D) initiating protective reflex actions
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 439-441
21) An individual accidentally transected the spinal cord between T1 and L1. This would result in ______.
A) paraplegia
B) hemiplegia
C) quadriplegia
D) spinal shock only
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 474
22) Spastic paralysis suggests involvement of the ______.
A) upper motor neurons
B) lower motor neurons
C) spinal nerve roots
D) neuromotor junction
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 474
23) Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called ______.
A) gyri
B) sulci
C) fissures
D) ganglia
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 431
24) The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the ______.
A) longitudinal fissure
B) lateral sulcus
C) central sulcus
D) cranial fossa
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 431
25) Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement?
A) Damage to the primary motor cortex results only in the loss of both voluntary muscle control and reflexes.
B) Damage to the premotor cortex results in loss of motor skills programmed in that area but movement is still possible.
C) Damage to the visual association area can result in blindness.
D) Damage to the primary auditory cortex results in the inability to interpret pitch, loudness, and location.
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 435
26) Two terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement are ______.
A) pyramidal and corticospinal
B) extrapyramidal and rubrospinal
C) segmental and nigrostriatal
D) supplementary and cerebellar-pontine
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 433
27) An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the ______.
A) calcarine cortex
B) primary visual area
C) visual association area
D) lateral geniculate body
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 436
28) Broca's area ______.
A) corresponds to Brodmann's area 8
B) is usually found in the right hemisphere
C) serves the recognition of complex objects
D) is considered a motor speech area
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 433-435
29) Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality?
A) prefrontal cortex
B) posterior association area
C) limbic association area
D) combined primary somatosensory cortex and somatosensory association cortex
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 437
30) The blood-brain barrier is effective against ______.
A) metabolic waste such as urea
B) nutrients such as glucose
C) alcohol
D) anesthetics
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 462
31) All of the following are structures of the limbic system except the ______.
A) hippocampus
B) cingulate gyrus
C) amygdaloid nucleus
D) caudate nucleus
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 449-450
32) The process of linking new facts with old facts already stored in the memory bank is called ______.
A) Association
B) automatic memory
C) long-term memory
D) rehearsal
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 456
33) Which category of memory is involved when playing the piano?
A) declarative
B) procedural
C) motor
D) emotional
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 457
34) The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the ______.
A) thalamus
B) reticular formation
C) pyramids
D) limbic system
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 450-451
35) Which of the following would you not find in normal cerebrospinal fluid?
A) glucose
B) red blood cells
C) potassium
D) protein
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 460
36) REM sleep is associated with ______.
A) decreased vital signs, such as heart rate and blood pressure
B) decreased activity of the brain, especially the cerebral cortex
C) temporary skeletal muscle inhibition except for ocular muscles and diaphragm
D) decreased oxygen use, especially in the cerebral cortex
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 454
37) Which of the following is not a function of the CSF?
A) reduction of brain weight
B) protection from blows
C) nourishment of the brain
D) initiation of some nerve impulses
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 460
38) Injury to the hypothalamus may result in all of the following except ______.
A) pathologic sleep
B) loss of body temperature control
C) production of excessive quantities of urine
D) loss of proprioception
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 441-442
39) Important nuclei of the indirect (multineural) system that receive impulses from the equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear and help to maintain balance by varying muscle tone of postural muscles are the ______.
A) red nuclei
B) vestibular nuclei
C) reticular nuclei
D) superior colliculi
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 446
40) Which of the following structures is probably not directly involved in memory?
A) hippocampus
B) medulla
C) thalamus
D) prefrontal cortex
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 456
41) The area of the cortex that is responsible for sensations of the full bladder and the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath too long is the ______.
A) olfactory cortex
B) gustatory cortex
C) vestibular cortex
D) visceral sensory area
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 436
42) Which statement about coma is true?
A) Coma may be caused by widespread cerebral or brain stem trauma.
B) During coma, brain oxygen consumption resembles that of a waking state.
C) Coma is neurologically identical to syncope.
D) Coma is a form of deep sleep.
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 453
43) Tremor at rest, shuffling gait, stooped posture, and expressionless face are characteristics of ______.
A) Huntington's disease
B) Parkinson's disease
C) cerebellar disease
D) spinal cord disease
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 464
44) Which of the following is the mildest consequence of traumatic brain injury?
A) contusion
B) concussion
C) hemorrhage
D) swelling
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 462-463
45) Declarative memory ______.
A) is the ability to learn specific information
B) is best remembered in the doing
C) is hard to unlearn when learned once
D) usually involves motor skills
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 457
46) Which of the following is (are) involved with motor activity (either initiation or coordination)?
A) postcentral gyrus
B) gustatory cortex
C) red nuclei
D) Wernicke's area
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 445
47) Which statement is not true?
A) Sleep requirements decline from infancy to early adulthood, level off, then decline again in old age.
B) Half of infant sleep is composed of REM sleep.
C) Ten-year-olds are in REM sleep about 1.5-2 hours per night.
D) Stage 4 sleep increases in old age.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 454-455
48) Which statement about epilepsy is most accurate?
A) During seizures, sensory messages are processed normally but responses are blocked.
B) Absence seizures typically begin in adolescence and is often severely disabling.
C) Epilepsy is often genetically induced but also frequently caused by head trauma, stroke, infection, and tumor.
D) The aura in tonic-clonic seizures typically occurs as the patient regains consciousness.