TOPIC 1: RUSSIA: OPTION 1

MEMO 1: WHAT WAS THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN RUSSIA DURING 1900 – 1940?

1.1Source 1A and 1B

1.1.1

  • The working class and the masses OR the Bolsheviks and communists (2x1) (2)

1.1.2

  • Women could be bought and sold as brides and servants
  • Manual labour on the farms
  • Workplaces where they were overworked and underpaid
  • Subservient to men and their husbands
  • Any other relevant answer(3x1) (3)

1.1.3

  • Men no longer had authority over their wives and children
  • Equal pay for women
  • Right to divorce
  • Women took on political and administrative responsibilities in management
  • Any other relevant answer ANY(2x2) (4)

1.1.4

  • Freedom from oppression
  • Any other relevant answer(1x3) (3)

1.1.5 Main Points

  • Aim of the Revolution was to set women free from oppression by men or society
  • Communal cafeterias were encouraged to free women from cooking
  • Over 80% of people in Petrograd were eating in communal cafeterias
  • 93% of the population in Moscow used the communal cafeterias
  • Children were fed for free
  • Fight against illiteracy
  • At the start of the 1930s less than 40% of the rural women could read
  • By 1940 more than 70% could read
  • Any other relevant answer

Use the following rubric to allocate a mark:(6)

LEVEL 1

  • Cannot extract evidence or extract evidence from the sources in a very elementary manner
  • Use evidence partially to report on topic or cannot report on topic
    Marks:0 – 2

LEVEL 2

  • Extract evidence from the sources that is mostly relevant and relates to a great extent to the topic Marks: 3 – 4

LEVEL 3

  • Extract relevant evidence from the sources e.g. demonstrates a thorough understanding
  • Evidence relates well to the topic
  • Uses evidence very effectively in an organised paragraph that shows an understanding of the topic Marks: 5 – 6

1.1.6

  • Both sources portray determination by women to take part in development of Russia and their own liberation
  • Source 1B-1 shows them working on the collective farms and Source 1B-2 depicts their fight to be become literate
  • Any other relevant answer(2x2) (4)

1.1.7

  • Source 1A: Focus on the aims of the Revolution for women - emancipation of women after decades of oppression by men and by society
  • Source 1B: Women are now free to join others in working on the collective farms and to educate themselves in order to free themselves and promote the Revolution
  • Any other relevant answer(2x2) (4)

1.2Source 1C

1.2.1

  • Bolshevik Party or Communist Party(1x2) (2)

1.2.2

  • The working class(1x2) (2)

1.2.3

  • The revolution demands political freedom from their own suffering
  • Equality with men and within the family and society
  • An end to the wealthy middle class
  • Any other relevant answerANY(2x1) (2)

1.2.4

Useful

  • It gives insight into the aims of creating equality and ending oppression for women
  • The Revolution promoted equality for women with the men and in the wider society
  • Any other relevant answer

Not Useful

  • The source is not clear on the oppression of women before the Revolution
  • The source is vague whether women indeed benefitted from the Revolution
  • Any other relevant answer(2x2) (4)

1.3Source 1D

1.3.1

  • Stalin (1x2) (2)

1.3.2

  • Prostitution and homosexuality became criminal offences again(1x2) (2)

1.3.3

  • Stalin’s government reinforced the capitalist values of submitting to the authority of the husband in the family
  • The man is regarded as the head of the household and the woman the domestic servant
  • Any other relevant answer(2x2) (4)

1.4Main Points

  • Before the Revolution
  • Women subordinate to men and in society
  • Women oppressed and sold as brides and servants
  • Manual labour, over – worked and underpaid
  • After the Revolution
  • Equality with men in the family and society
  • Equal pay
  • Took on responsible positions in politics and management of the government
  • Stalin reinforced the authority of men within the family and for women to submit to that authority
  • Under Stalin duties such as cooking and child – care became almost exclusively the responsibility of women
  • Any other relevant answer

LEVEL 1

  • Cannot extract evidence or extract evidence from the sources in a very elementary manner
  • Use evidence partially to report on topic or cannot report on topic
    Marks:0 – 2

LEVEL 2

  • Extract evidence from the sources that is mostly relevant and relates to a great extent to the topic Marks: 3 – 4

LEVEL 3

  • Extract relevant evidence from the sources e.g. demonstrates a thorough understanding
  • Evidence relates well to the topic
  • Uses evidence very effectively in an organised paragraph that shows an understanding of the topic Marks: 5 – 6

TOPIC 1: RUSSIA: OPTION 2

MEMO: STALIN’S RULE AND FIVE YEAR PLANS

1.1Source 1A

1.1.1

  • Five – Year Plans(1x2) (2)

1.1.2

  • The USSR as a powerful industrial nation
  • Collectivization of agriculture
  • Any other relevant answer(2x1) (2)

1.1.3

  • The region that is the most important producer of agricultural products
  • Any other relevant answer(1x3) (3)

1.1.4

  • They were very proud about their own national identity
  • They preferred their own communal landholdings in the villages(2x1) (2)

1.1.5

  • Agriculture: he engineered famine to break the resistance
  • Industry: brutal force to implement the Five Year Plans
  • Any other relevant answer(2x1) (2)

1.1.6

  • The aim to turn Russia into an industrial giant
  • To force workers to comply in order to meet the set targets
  • Not to allow any resistance
  • Any other relevant answerANY (2x2) (4)

1.1.7

  • The famine could be regarded as a systematic killing in order to wipe out resistance
  • According to the text 6 – 7 million people were killed as a result of the planned famine
  • Any other relevant answer(2x2) (4)

1.2Source 1B

1.2.1

  • The skulls of the victims of Stalin’s purges form pyramids; reference to the huge stone tombs of ancient Egyptian royalty
  • The reference to the pyramids refer to the millions of victims
  • Any other relevant answer

1.2.2

  • The cartoonist wants to highlight the huge cost in human life in order for Stalin to be successful
  • The pyramids with skulls of victims clearly demonstrate his viewpoint
  • Any other relevant answer(2x2) (4)

1.2.3 Main Points

  • Source 1A
  • Focus on the human cost of Stalin’s policies
  • Planned famine regarded as a genocide
  • Brutal force leading to the deaths of millions of workers in the industries
  • Source 1B
  • Skulls of victims portrayed as pyramids
  • Again the focus on the human cost of Stalin’s policies
  • The skulls of the victims should be the real reminder of the Stalin’s policies
  • Any other relevant answer

LEVEL 1

  • Cannot extract evidence or extract evidence from the sources in a very elementary manner
  • Use evidence partially to report on topic or cannot report on topic
    Marks:0 – 2

LEVEL 2

  • Extract evidence from the sources that is mostly relevant and relates to a great extent to the topic Marks: 3 – 4

LEVEL 3

  • Extract relevant evidence from the sources e.g. demonstrates a thorough understanding
  • Evidence relates well to the topic
  • Uses evidence very effectively in an organised paragraph that shows an understanding of the topic Marks: 5 – 6

1.3Source 1C and 1D

1.3.1

  • The Western countries such as the USA, Britain and France(2x1) (2)

1.3.2

  • Russia will fall behind the West
  • The powerful industries of the West will overpower Russia and there will be no competition
  • Any other relevant answer(2x1) (2)

1.3.3

  • Russia is a communist state and in competition with the capitalist countries
  • Any other relevant answer(1x3) (3)

1.3.4

  • The Great Depression as experienced in the USA and the rest of the world

(1x2) (2)

1.4Main Points

  • According to Stalin industrial growth was important to compete against the capitalist countries
  • Collectivization of agriculture would increase productivity
  • Source 1D captures the results of the Stalin’s policies:
  • The recession impacted negatively on the economies of the western countries
  • The Soviet economy was booming during the Great Depression
  • During the Second Five Year Plan industrial output increased by 120%
  • Russia moved into first place in Europe in terms of industrial output and second in the world
  • Source 1C and 1D:
  • The human cost of Stalin’s policies
  • Millions lost their lives in order for Russia to become an industrial giant
  • Planned famine and brutal force in the working place
  • The skulls of the victims are compared to the pyramids of Egypt
  • Other relevant answer
  • Conclusion in terms of the question

LEVEL 1

  • Cannot extract evidence or extract evidence from the sources in a very elementary manner
  • Use evidence partially to report on topic or cannot report on topic
    Marks:0 – 3

LEVEL 2

  • Extract evidence from the sources that is mostly relevant and relates to a great extent to the topic Marks: 4 – 5

LEVEL 3

  • Extract relevant evidence from the sources e.g. demonstrates a thorough understanding
  • Evidence relates well to the topic
  • Uses evidence very effectively in an organised paragraph that shows an understanding of the topic Marks: 6 – 8