Electronic Supplementary Material
“Uneven Rise in N Inputs to the Lake Michigan Basin over the 20th Century Corresponds to Agricultural and Societal Transitions”
Haejin Han1*, J. David Allan2
Address: 1Haejin Han, 290 Jinheungno, Eunpyeong-Gu, Seoul, 122-706, South Korea, Phone: 82 2 6922 7803 Fax: 82 2 380 7788 Email:
2J. David Allan, School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building, 440 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1041, USA
*Corresponding author:
Contents: 3 SI Figures, 4 SI Tables
Table of contents
Supplement material FiguresS1-3 2
Supplement material Tables S1-4 6
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a) /b) /
Supplement material Fig. S1. Temporal trends in a) N fertilizer, b) crop N fixation, c) net import of N in food, d) net import of N in feed, e) net atmospheric N deposition, and f) NANI, for five different regions of the Lake Michigan Basin from 1880 to 2002. Symbols and error bars represent means ± standard deviation of stochastic model runs (n=100) (Continued)
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c) /d) /
Supplement material Fig. S1. Temporal trends in a) N fertilizer, b) crop N fixation, c) net import of N in food, d) net import of N in feed, e) net atmospheric N deposition, and f) NANI, for five different regions of the Lake Michigan Basin from 1880 to 2002. Symbols and error bars represent means ± standard deviation of stochastic model runs (n=100) (Continued)
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e) /f) /
Supplement material Fig. S1. Temporal trends in a) N fertilizer, b) crop N fixation, c) net import of N in food, d) net import of N in feed, e) net atmospheric N deposition, and f) NANI, for five different regions of the Lake Michigan Basin from 1880 to 2002. Symbols and error bars represent means ± standard deviation of stochastic model runs (n=100)
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Supplement material Fig. S2. (a)Temporal variation in measured (blue) and estimated (red) mean annual streamflow (m3/sec) for each of the 25 Lake Michigan watersheds from 1900 to 2002 (see Table S1 for names of watersheds); (b) a historical upward trend in estimated annual streamflow (m3/sec) is seen for the entire LMB from 1900 to 2002.
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Supporting information Fig. S3. Distribution of riverine TN concentration within 18 watersheds of Lake Michigan for 1970 to 1995.
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Supplementary Material Table S1. Watershed characteristics and land use statistics, 1970s-1990s.
ID / Watershed / Areakm2 / Land use (%) / Average Climate
During growing period1 / Pop.2 / Major
Land
surface form3
Agric. / Forest / Urban / Wetland. / PPT / Tmax / Tmin
70s / 90s / 70s / 90s / 70s / 90s / 70s / 90s / mm/mo / ºC / ºC / #/km2
Southwestern / 5,107 / 60 / 48 / 10 / 22 / 25 / 24 / 3 / 6 / 98 / 24.8 / 13.6 / 473
1 / Pike-Root / 1,041 / 60 / 47 / 2 / 15 / 37 / 35 / 0 / 2 / 101 / 24.7 / 14.2 / 621 / Clay
2 / Milwaukee / 2,200 / 66 / 57 / 7 / 17 / 22 / 21 / 4 / 5 / 95 / 24.9 / 13.0 / 324 / Clay + Loam
West Central / 23,453 / 60 / 57 / 22 / 26 / 3 / 3 / 11 / 10 / 89 / 24.3 / 12.2 / 50
3 / Manitowoc-Sheboygan / 4,276 / 82 / 77 / 7 / 12 / 4 / 4 / 6 / 7 / 86 / 24.6 / 13.0 / 71 / Clay
4 / Door-Kewaunee / 1,944 / 72 / 66 / 16 / 19 / 3 / 2 / 9 / 11 / 84 / 23.4 / 12.1 / 32 / Clay
5 / Fox / 15,967 / 52 / 50 / 27 / 30 / 3 / 3 / 13 / 11 / 96 / 24.6 / 11.9 / 36 / Clay + Loam
6 / Duck-1Pensaukee / 1,266 / 71 / 66 / 17 / 24 / 3 / 4 / 8 / 6 / 90 / 24.5 / 11.6 / 60 / Clay
Northern / 29,560 / 10 / 10 / 62 / 52 / 1 / 1 / 24 / 34 / 97 / 22.8 / 9.9 / 8.7
7 / Oconto / 2,683 / 29 / 28 / 49 / 51 / 1 / 1 / 19 / 19 / 97 / 24.0 / 10.4 / 10 / Loam
8 / Peshtigo / 3,016 / 21 / 21 / 55 / 55 / 1 / 1 / 22 / 21 / 98 / 23.4 / 10.1 / 8 / Sand and Gravel + Loam
9 / Menominee / 10,515 / 7 / 7 / 73 / 64 / 1 / 1 / 16 / 25 / 99 / 23.0 / 9.1 / 7 / Sand and Gravel + Loam
10 / Cedar-Ford / 2,658 / 12 / 11 / 51 / 39 / 1 / 1 / 36 / 48 / 101 / 23.2 / 9.9 / 11 / Loam
11 / Escanaba / 2,393 / 5 / 4 / 67 / 48 / 1 / 1 / 24 / 42 / 103 / 22.8 / 9.2 / 14 / Loam + Peat
12 / Tacoosh-Whitefish / 1,635 / 9 / 7 / 62 / 45 / 2 / 2 / 27 / 45 / 96 / 22.7 / 9.8 / 11 / Loam
13 / Fishdam-Sturgeon / 1,429 / 9 / 7 / 61 / 40 / 0 / 0 / 29 / 50 / 96 / 21.7 / 10.6 / 10 / Sand and Gravel
14 / Manistique / 3,797 / 5 / 2 / 50 / 39 / 0 / 0 / 40 / 52 / 96 / 22.5 / 10.0 / 3 / Sand and Gravel
15 / Brevoort-Millecoquins / 1,434 / 7 / 5 / 62 / 48 / 1 / 0 / 26 / 41 / 90 / 22.0 / 10.2 / 4 / Sand and Gravel
Northeastern / 23,812 / 29 / 20 / 57 / 62 / 3 / 2 / 8 / 12 / 84 / 24.2 / 11.0 / 21.0
16 / Boardman-Charlevoix / 4,276 / 33 / 18 / 51 / 61 / 3 / 1 / 6 / 13 / 82 / 24.1 / 11.0 / 21 / Loam
17 / Betsie-Platte / 2,095 / 29 / 13 / 54 / 67 / 2 / 1 / 6 / 11 / 82 / 23.8 / 12.0 / 20 / Sand and Gravel
18 / Manistee / 4,936 / 18 / 10 / 73 / 76 / 1 / 0 / 6 / 11 / 84 / 24.1 / 10.4 / 14 / Sand and Gravel
19 / Pere Marquette-White / 5,430 / 30 / 21 / 58 / 63 / 3 / 3 / 6 / 10 / 87 / 24.6 / 11.4 / 28 / Sand and Gravel
20 / Muskegon / 7,075 / 34 / 29 / 48 / 51 / 3 / 2 / 11 / 15 / 85 / 24.4 / 10.4 / 22 / Sand and Gravel + Loam
Southwestern / 33,384 / 77 / 66 / 13 / 22 / 6 / 5 / 3 / 6 / 89 / 25.8 / 13.6 / 104
21 / Black-Macatawa / 14,394 / 75 / 65 / 14 / 22 / 6 / 5 / 4 / 6 / 84 / 25.6 / 12.6 / 94 / Loam
22 / Kalamazoo / 1,573 / 69 / 54 / 24 / 33 / 6 / 7 / 0 / 5 / 88 / 25.0 / 13.8 / 68 / Sand and Gravel + Clay
23 / St. Joseph / 5,260 / 75 / 59 / 13 / 27 / 6 / 5 / 4 / 7 / 91 / 25.8 / 13.0 / 72 / Sand and Gravel
24 / Little Calumet-Galien / 12,157 / 80 / 71 / 9 / 17 / 6 / 4 / 2 / 6 / 92 / 26.2 / 13.8 / 65 / Sand and Gravel
25 / Black-Macatawa / 1,866 / 54 / 37 / 19 / 32 / 23 / 21 / 2 / 8 / 91 / 26.6 / 14.7 / 220 / Clay
Total Area / 115,316 / 46 / 39 / 36 / 38 / 4 / 3 / 11 / 15 / 92 / 24 / 12 / 74
1 From June to September; 2 Population Density; and 3Texture of Surficial deposits
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Supplementary Material Table S2. Types, sources, and temporal and spatial resolution of relevant data used in this investigation.
Category / Data type / Temporal extent of data / Timeresolution / Spatial unit / Source
N Fertilizer / N fertilizer use/sale / 1880 to 1945 / annual / national / USDA(70)
1945 to 1991 / annual / county / USGS(1)
1982 to 2001 / annual / county / USGS(3)
2002 / annual / state / The Fertilizer Institute(71)
Expenditure for commercial fertilizer / 1880 to 2002 / 1880 to 1920: decadal / county / USDA (5-9, 42-48, 50-53)
1924 to 2002:
5 yrs interval
Atmospheric N deposition / Wet deposition of inorganic N / 1985 to 2002 / 1924 to 2002:
5 yrs interval / 2500´ 2500 meter / NADP (10)
Dry deposition of inorganic N / 1999 to 2002 / annual / 2500´ 2500 meter / CASTNET(11)
National emission of NOx / 1900 to 2002 / annual / national / EPA(72)
National emission of NHy / 1900 to 1990 / decadal / national / HYDE1(73)
1990 to 2002 / annual / national / EPA(21)
Net import of N
in food and feed / Animal inventory and sales
Crop production and harvested acreage / 1880 to 2002 / 1880 to 1920: decadal / county / USDA (5-9, 42-48, 50-53)
1924 to 2002:
5 yrs interval
Population / 1880 to 2002 / 1880 to 1960:
decadal / county / U.S. Census Bureau(35)
1970 to 2002:
annual / U.S. Census Bureau(74-78)
Biological N fixation / Crop acreage / 1880 to 2002 / 1880 to 1920: decadal / county / USDA (5-9, 42-48, 50-53)
1924 to 2002:
5 yrs interval
Soil map (STATSGO) / 1994 / 1:250,000 / NRCS(65)
Land use / 1970s to 1980s / intermittent / grid / EPA(72)
1992 / grid / USGS(79)
Climatic variables / mean yearly precipitation / 1990 to 2002 / Annual / grid / PRISM(80)
1HYDE: Hundred Year Database for Integrated Environment Assessments
Supplementary Material Table S3.The regression models selected to extrapolate historical annual water yields for 25 Lake Michigan watersheds, with R2 and SEE (Standard error of the estimates). Blue shaded rows cases where discharge was extrapolated based on precipitation - discharge regressions. All others were extrapolated based on discharge-discharge regressions except for Tacoosh-whitefish watershed.
KEY / Watershed / Census year extrapolated / Regressions / R2 / SEE1 / Pike-Root / 1900-1959 (11 yrs) / Dpike = Ppike * 0.607-248 / 0.53 / 65.3
2 / Milwaukee / 1900-1910 (2yrs) / DMilwaukee = DFox * 0.883-47.7 / 0.71 / 42.8
3 / Manitowoc-Sheboygan / 1900-1910 (2yrs) / DSheboygan= DFox * 0.936-248 / 0.69 / 42.6
1924-1949 (6yrs) / DSheboygan= DMilwaukee * 0.810-2 / 0.89 / 25.2
4 / Door Kewaunee / 1900-1910 (2yrs) / DDoor= DFox * 0.823-41.8 / 0.52 / 65.6
1920-1964,1997 (11yrs) / DDoor= DMilwaukee * 0.93-9.5 / 0.54 / 64.4
5 / Fox / D are available for all years
6 / Duck-Pensaukee / 1900-1969, 1997-2002 (15 yrs) / DDuck= DFox * 0.823-41.8 / 0.52 / 65.6
7 / Oconto / 1900-1910 (2yrs) / DOconto = DFox * 0.623+96.2 / 0.46 / 50.9
8 / Peshtigo / 1900-1910 (2yrs) / DPeshito = DFox * 0.532+130.4 / 0.36 / 59.2
1920-1949 (7yrs) / DPeshito = DOconto * 1.058-0.4 / 0.93 / 20.4
9 / Menominee / 1900-1910 (2yrs) / DMenominee = DFox * 0.662+104.5 / 0.51 / 45.8
1987-2002 (4yrs) / DMenominee = DPeshito * 0.735+71 / 0.86 / 22.9
10 / Cedar-Ford / 1900-1910 (2yrs) / DCedar = PCedar * 0.52-123 / 0.49 / 57.0
1987-2002 (4yrs) / DCedar = DMenominee * 1.139-36.1 / 0.72 / 44
11 / Escanaba / 1900-1910 (2yrs) / DEscanaba = PEscanaba * 0.488-73 / 0.52 / 56.9
1920-1949 (7yrs) / DEscanaba = DMenominee * 1.23-24.8 / 0.79 / 39.6
12 / Tachoosh-Whitefish / 1900-2002 (20yrs) / DManistique*(P Tacoosh/PManistique) / NA / NA1
13 / Fishdam-Sturgeon / 1900-1934 (6yrs) / DFishdam= PFishdam * 0.525-49.6 / 0.51 / 53.0
1939-1964 (6yrs) / DFishdam = DManistique * 0.819 -18 / 0.86 / 27.9
14 / Manistique / 1900-1934 (6yrs) / DManistique= PManistique * 0.525-49.6 / 0.51 / 53.0
15 / Brevoort-Millecoquins / 1900-1934 (6yrs) / DBrevoort= PBrevoort * 0.525-49.6 / 0.56 / 67.1
1939-1949, 1978-1992 (7yrs) / DBrevoort= DManistique* 0.525-49.6 / 0.79 / 46.6
16 / Boardman-Charlevoix / 1900-2002 (12yrs) / D Boardman =DManistee * 1.245-150 / 0.79 / 22.4
17 / Betsie-Platte / 1900-1987 (18yrs) / D Betsie-Platte =DManistee * 0.132+261.9 / 0.43 / 49.4
18 / Manistee / 1900-1934(4yrs) / D Manistee =DMuskegon * 0.545+286.2 / 0.75 / 16.4
19 / Pere Marquette-White / 1900-1934 (6yrs) / DPereMarq =PPereMarq * 0.405+25.6 / 0.43 / 49.4
1939 (1yr) / DPereMarq= DMuskegon * 0.984+110.3 / 0.60 / 41.7
20 / Muskegon / 1900,1920-1934(5yrs) / DMuskegon =PMuskegon* 0.369-41.1 / 0.50 / 37.0
1910(1yr) / DMuskegon = DManistee * 1.375-330.9 / 0.75 / 26.0
21 / Black-Macatawa / 1900-1964(12yrs) / DBlack= PBlack * 0.514-39.1 / 0.43 / 64.4
22 / Grand / 1900-1929(5yrs) / DGrand= PGrand * 0.509-147.5 / 0.45 / 58.5
2002(1yr) / DGrand= DKalamazoo * 0.984+110.3 / 0.60 / 41.7
23 / Kalamazoo / 1900-1929(5yrs) / DKalamaz= PKalamazoo * 0.509-147.5 / 0.433 / 68.7
24 / St. Joseph / 1900-1929(5yrs) / DStjoseph= PStjoseph * 0.508-139 / 0.498 / 59.5
25 / Little Calumet-Galien / 1900-1944(8yrs) / DLittle= PLittle* 0.608-177.5 / 0.498 / 59.5
1 Since no water discharge data were available for Tacoosh- whitefish watershed during 1900-2002, water discharge from Manistique was scaled using historical ratios of precipitation for Tacoosh-whitefish to that in Manistique to reconstruct water discharge for Tacoosh-whitefish
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Supplementary Material Table S4. Temporal Changes in individual N net inputs and NANI for the entire Lake Michigan Basin. Units are kg-N ha-1 yr-1. Error represents one standard deviation.
Year / N fertilizer / Crop N fixation / Net import of N in food / Net import of N in feed / Net atmospheric N deposition / NANIMean / Error (S.D.) / Mean / Error (S.D.) / Mean / Error (S.D.) / Mean / Error (S.D.) / Mean / Error (S.D.) / Mean / Error (S.D.)
1880 / 2 / 0.0 / 540 / 12 / -240 / 7 / 235 / 24 / 36 / 6 / 570 / 3