SupplementalTable 1. BacterialVLPs.
VirusExpression systemVLP propertiesApplication References
Leviviridae ssRNA(+)
Alloleviviruses
Enterobacteria phage bacterial; E.coli,icosahedral or tubulardemonstration oftubularCielens et al., 2000
Qbeta (Qβ)tryptophan promoterparticles 25nm in diameterVLP formation afterAA
exchange in CP sequence
yeast, S.cerevisiae or icosahedral particlesdemonstration of VLPFreivalds et al.,, 2006
Pichia pastoris; Gal7production in yeast
or AOX1 promoter
cell free systemicosahedral particlesproduction of cytotoxic Smithet al., 2012
T7 promoterA2-containing VLPs
different vaccine reviews:
applicationsBachmann, Jennings, 2011,
Maurer, Bachmann, 2007
Leviviruses
Bacteriophagebacterial; E.coli;indistinguishable from translational studies of Peabody, 1990
MS2lac promoterintact MS2 in EM analysisbacteriophage MS2
yeast, S.cerevisiae;icosahedral particlespotential gene deliveryLegendre, Fastrez, 2005
Gal10 promoter27 nm indiameteragent
cell-free synthesisicosahedral particlesdemonstration of high yieldBundy et al., 2008
T7 promoter27 nm in diameterVLP production
Pseudomonas phage bacterial; E.coli;not describedtranslational studies Lim et al., 2001
PP7T7 promoter
Enterobacteria phage bacterial; E.coliicosahedral particlesdemonstration of high yieldKozlovskaia et al., 1986
fr tryptophan promoter25 nm in diameterVLP productionPushko et al., 1993
Enterobacteria phage bacterial; E.coli;indistinguishable fromconstruction of hybrid Rumnieks et al., 2009
GAtryptophan promoternative phageVLPs
yeast, S. cerevisiae or icosahedral particlesdemonstration of VLP productionFreivalds et al., 2008
Pichia pastoris;in yeast expression systems
Gal or AOX1 promoter
Acinetobacter phage bacterial; E.coli;icosahedral particles VLP carrier for epitope Tissot et al., 2010
AP205 tryptophan promoterpresentation
Caulobacter phage bacterial; E.coli;icosahedral particlesphiCb5 3D structural Plevka et al., 2009
phiCb5T7 promoter24 nm in diameter studies
Pseudomonas phage bacterial; E.coli;icosahedral particlesPRR1 3D structuralPerssonet al., 2008
PRR1 araBAD promoterstudies
SupplementalTable 2. Plant VLPs.
VirusExpression systemVLP propertiesApplication References
Alphaflexiviridae ssRNA(+)
Potexviruses
Papaya mosaic virus bacterial;E. coli, T7 promoterrod-shaped particles;VLP assembly studiesTremblay et al., 2006
(PapMV)50 nm in length
epitope presentation Deniset al., 2007
Potato virus Xbacterial; E. coli, T7 promoterrod-shaped particlesRNA binding studiesKwon et al., 2005
(PVX)after in vitro assembly
BromoviridaessRNA(+)
Alfamoviruses
Alfalfa mosaic virus bacterial; E.coli, T=1 empty icosahedral particles,crystallization and X-ray analysis Yusibovet al., 1996
(AlMV)trc (trp-lac) promoteraverage diameter - 19 nmof empty particles
plants; transgenic N. tabacum,Western blot positiveexperimental rabies vaccineYusibovet al., 2002
Spinaceaoleracea; AlMV and TMV
vectors, subgenomic promoters
Bromoviruses
Brome mosaic virusyeast; strain YPH500120- and 180-subunit capsids,VLP cryoelectronmicroscopyKrol et al., 1999
(BMV)GAL1 promoter25 and 28 nm in diameterstructure studies
plant; TMV vectoricosahedral particlesnucleic acid packaging Choi et al, 2000
22-28 nm in diameterstudies
Cowpea chlorotic mottle bacterial; E.coli, T7 promoter,icosahedral particles studies of the role of CP domainsZhao et al., 1995
virus (CCMV)inclusion bodiesafter refolding
bacterial; Pseudomonasicosahedral particles production of T=3 particles,Phelps et al., 2007
fluorescens, tac promoterdemonstration of host
nucleic acid encapsidation;
yeast; P. pastorisicosahedral particles, production of T=3, psaudo-T2Brumfield et al., 2004
AOX1 promoter28, 24 and 18 nmand T1 particles
in diameter
different nanotechnological Review:
applicationsSoto, Ratna, 2010
Cucumoviruses
Cucumber mosaicbacterial; E. coli, T7 promoter,tubular VLPs after refolding, nucleic acid encapsidationXu et al., 2008
virus (CMV)inclusion bodiesseveral micrometers in lenght
plant; N. bentamianaisometric particlesepitope presentationNatilla et al., 2006
PVX based vector13-60 nm in diameter
LuteoviridaessRNA(+)
Poleroviruses
Potato leafroll virus insect; S. frugiperda cells; isometric particlesproduction of His-tagged VLPsLambet al., 1996
(PLRV)baculovirus vector about 20 nmin diameter
PotyviridaessRNA(+)
Potyviruses
Johnsongrass mosaicbacterial; E. coli, tac promoter,flexous particles,demonstration of VLPJagadish et al., 1991
virus (JGMV)yeast; S. cerevisiae13 nm in diameter,production in E.coli and S. cerevisiae
different lengths
bacterial; E. coli, T7 promoterepitope presentationSaini, Vrati, 2003
mammalian; human osteo-bundles of flexousdemonstration of VLPHammond et al., 1998
myeloma cells, vaccinia vectorparticlesformation in mammalian cells
Plum pox virusbacterial; E. coli,T5 promoterflexous particles VLP assembly studiesJacquet et al., 1998
(PPV)
Potato virus Abacterial; E. coliflexous particlesepitope presentationPokorna et al., 2005
(PVA)
Potato virus Ybacterial;E. coli, T7 promoterflexous particles,epitope and protein domainKalnciema et al., 2011
(PVY)11 x 30-2000 nmpresentation
Sugarcane streak mosaicbacterial; E. coli,T7 promoterflexous particles,nucleic acidpackagingHema et al., 2008
virus (SCSMV)different lengthsstudies
Tobacco etch virus bacterial; E. coli,T7 promoterflexous particles VLP assembly studiesVoloudakis et al., 2004
(TEV)12-15 x 90-750 nm
ReoviridaedsRNA
Phytoreoviruses
Rice dwarf virusplant; transgenic rice,isometric double- demonstration of VLPZheng et al., 2000
(RDV)shelled particlesproduction in trangenic plants
insect, S. frugiperda cells; isometric double-demonstration of VLPMiyazaki et al., 2010
baculovirus vectorshelled particlesproduction in insect cells
SecoviridaessRNA(+)
Comoviruses
Cowpea mosaic virusinsect; S. frugiperda cells;icosahedral particlesproduction of VLPs in insect cellsShanks, Lomonossoff, 2000
(CPMV)baculovirus vector
plant; N. benthamianaindistinguishable from VLP formation studies Saunders et al., 2009 Agrobacterium vector wild-type CPMV in different expression systems
different immunologicalreviews:
and nanotechnological applicationsMontague et al. 2011,
Soto, Ratna, 2010
Nepoviruses
Arabis mosaic virusinsect; S. frugiperda cells;isometric particlesdemonstration of VLPBertioli et al., 1991
(ArMV)baculovirus vectorproduction in insect cells
plant; transgenic N. tabacum
Tobacco Ringspot Virusinsect; S. frugiperda cells;isometric particlesVLP cryoelectronmicroscopySingh et al., 1995
(TobRV)baculovirus vector19-30 nmin diameterstructure studies
Satellite viruses
Satellite tobacco necrosisbacterial; E. coli, T7 promoterisometric T=1 particlesVLP 3D structure analysisLane et al., 2011
virus(STNV)20 nmin diameter
SobemovirusesssRNA(+)
Sesbania mosaic virusbacterial; E. coli, T7 promotericosahedral particles, production of T=3, psaudo-T2Lokesh et al., 2002
(SeMV)27, 22 and 17 nmin diameterand T1 particles
VLP 3D structural studiesreview:
Savithri,Murthy 2010
TombusviridaessRNA(+)
Tombusviruses
Tomato bushy stunt insect; S. frugiperda cells;icosahedral particles,display of epitopeson VLP surfaceKumar et al., 2009
virus (TBSV)baculovirus vectorapprox. 35 nm in diameter
TymoviridaessRNA(+)
Marafiviruses
Maize rayado fino virusbacterial; E. coli, T7 promoter30 nm spherical particlesRNA encapsidation studiesHammond, Hammond,2010
(MRFV)
plant; PVX vector based transient30 nm spherical particlesVLPs as peptide carrierNatilla,Hammond, 2011
expression in N. bentamiana
Tymoviruses
Physalis mottle virusbacterial; E. coli, T7 promotericosahedral particles,VLP formation studiesSastri et al., 1997
(PhMV)29 nm, T=3 symmetry
Turnip yellow mosaic bacterial; E. coli, T7 promotericosahedral particles,VLP formation andPowell et al., 2012
virus (TYMV)28–30 nmin diametervirus infection studies
VirgaviridaessRNA(+)
Pecluviruses
Indian peanut clumpbacterial; E. coli, T7 promoterrod-shaped particles RNA encapsidation studiesBragard et al., 2000
virus (IPCV)plant; transgenic N. bentamiana10-140 nm in lenght (bacteria)
10-330 nm (plants)
Tobamoviruses
Tobacco mosaic bacterial; E. coli, T7 promoterhelical particlesVLP formation studiesHwang et al., 1994
virus (TMV)of different length in presence of specific RNA
different nanotechnological Reviews: Soto, Ratna, 2010;
and immunological applicationsPlummer, Manchester, 2010
______
SupplementalTable 3. Mammalian VLPs.
VirusExpression systemVLP propertiesApplication References
Adenoviridae dsDNA
Mastadenoviruses
Human adenovirus B insect;S. frugiperda, T. ni,dodecahedral VLPsgene delivery studiesFenderet al., 1997
(type 3) (Ad3)baculovirus vector49 nm between tips
ArenaviridaessRNA(-)
Arenaviruses
Lassa virus (LASV)mammalian, human cell lineenveloped VLPsimmunological studiesBranco et al.,2010
HEK-293T/17100 - 250 nm in diameter
Astroviridae ssRNA(+)
Mamastroviruses
human astrovirus insect;S. frugiperda,spherical particlesforeign protein carrier,Caballeroet al., 2004
serotype 1 (HAstV-1)baculovirus vector38 nm in diameterassembly studies
mammalian; monkey kidney spherical particlesdemonstration of VLP formationDaltonet al., 2003
cells, vaccinia virus vectorsimilar to the authenticHAstV
Birnaviridae dsRNA
Avibirnaviruses
Infectious bursal disease bacterial; E. coli, T7 promoter similar to the authenticdemonstration of VLP formationRogelet al., 2003
virus IBDVIBDVafter polyprotein expression
insect;S. frugiperdacells;immunologically neutralizing antibody Vakhariaet al., 1993
baculovirus vectorsimilar to authenthic IBDVformation after immunizations
yeast; S. cerevisiae;spherical particlesrecombinant VP2 antigen-basedDeyet al., 2009
Gal1 promoter20 nm in diameterELISA kit
mammalian; monkey BSC-1 cells,spherical particlesdemonstration of VLP formationFernándezet al., 1998
Vaccinia virus vectorapprox. 60 nm in diameter
Bunyaviridae ssRNA(-)
Phleboviruses
Rift valley fever virus insect;S. frugiperdanucleocapsid like-particlesdemonstration of VLP formationLiuet al., 2008
(RVFV)baculovirus vector
Hantaviruses
Hantaan virus mammalian; hamsterround particlesimmunological studiesLiet al., 2010
(HTNV)CHO cellsapprox.100 nm in diameter
Caliciviridae ssRNA(+)
Lagoviruses
Rabbit hemorrhagicyeast; S. cerevisiae;similar in size to VLP production for Bogaet al., 1997
disease virus (RHDV)PGKpromoterthe authenticRHDVimmunological studies
yeast;P.pastoris,spherical particles,high-level productionFarnóset al., 2009
AOX1 promoterapprox. 30 nm in diameterfor animal vaccinations
insect; S. frugiperdacells;similar in size to the VLP productionforLaurentet al., 1994
baculovirus vectorauthenticRHDV immunological studies
Noroviruses
Norovirus GII.4insect; S. frugiperdacells;icosahedral particles,structural andKohoet al., 2012
NoVbaculovirus vector40 nm in diameterimmunological studies
Vesiviruses
Feline calicivirus (FCV)insect;S. frugiperdaempty particles candidate vaccine againstDi Martinoet al., 2007
baculovirus vector35 nm in diameterFCV infections
Circoviridae ssDNA
Circoviruses
Porcine circovirus bacterial, E. coli,T7 promoterparticles similar toauthenticdemonstration of VLP formationYin et al., 2010
(PCV)
Coronaviridae ssRNA(+)
Betacoronaviruses
Severe acute respiratoryinsect;S. frugiperda,sphericalVLPs immunological studiesLuet al., 2007
syndrome-related corona baculovirus vectorapprox.100 nm in diameter
virus (SARS-CoV)
Transmissible gastro-mammalian; rabbit cell line,sphericalVLPs physiological studiesBaudouxet al., 1998
enteritis virus (TGEV)vaccinia virus vector100-120 nm in diameter
Filoviridae ssRNA(-)
Ebolaviruses
Ebola virus (EBOV) mammalian; human kidneysimilar to the authenticprotective immunityWarfield,et al., 2003
cells, pWRG 7077 vectorEbola virusafter vaccination with VLPs
Marburgviruses
Marburg virus (MARV)mammalian; human kidneysimilar to the authenticprotective immunityWarfieldet al., 2004
cells, pWRG 7077 vectorMarburgvirusafter vaccination with VLPs
FlaviviridaessRNA(+)
Flaviviruses
Dengue virus bacterial; E. coli, T5 promoterspherical nucleocapsid particlesdemonstration of VLP formationLópezet al., 2009
approx. 31 nm in diameterafter in vitro assembly
yeast;P.pastorisspherical particlesvaccine candidateLiuet al., 2010
AOX1 promoter30-55 nm in diameteragainst Dengue virus
mammalian; human kidneyspherical particles subunit vaccine candidateZhanget al., 2011
cells,pcDNA5/FRT vector45-55nm in diameter
West Nile virus (WNV)mammalian; hamstersphericalVLPs immunological studies of Ohtakiet al.,, 2010
CHO-K1 cells40–50 nm in diameterWNV vaccine candidate
Hepaciviruses
Hepatitis C virus (HCV)yeast; P.pastoris;spherical particlesdemonstration of VLP formationFalcón et al., 1999
20-30 nm in diameterin yeast cells
insect;S. frugiperdaspherical particlesdemonstration of VLP formationBaumertet al., 1998
baculovirus vector40-60 nm in diameterin insect cells
Hepadnaviridae partially dsDNA
Orthohepadnaviruses
Hepatitis B virus bacterial; E. coli,recombinant proteindemonstration ofCohen, Richmond in aggregated state virus-like structure 1982
core HBcAgtryptophan promoter
bacterial; S.typhimurium immunologically activeoral vaccine candidateSchödelet al., 1990
yeast; S. cerevisiaeicosahedral particlesdemonstration of high-levelKniskernet al., 1986
GAP491 promoter28 nm in diameterproduction
yeast;P.pastoris,icosahedral T = 3 and T = 4demonstration ofFreivaldset al., 2011
AOX1promoterphosphorylated particlesVLP production
insect; S. frugiperda cells, icosahedral particlesVLP production for Takeharaet al., 1988
baculovirus vectorapprox. 30 nm in diameterradioimmunoassays
plant; N. benthamiana,empty VLPs plant-derived VLP productionHuanget al., 2006
virus-based Magnifection systemapprox. 30 nm in diameterfor immunological studies
plant; transgenic N. tabacumspherical particles,production of reagents Tsudaet al., 1998
Agrobacterium vector25-30 nm in diameterfor serologic testing
cell-free synthesisicosahedral particlesdemonstration of high yieldBundyet al., 2011
T7 promoter30 nm in diameterVLP production
different vaccine applicationsPumpens et al., 2009
Pumpens, Grens, 2002
surface antigen HBsAgyeast; S. cerevisiae22 nm particlesdemonstration of Valenzuela et al., 1982
ADH promoterHBsAg production
yeast;P.pastorisspherical particles reagent for HBsAb detectionBoet al., 2005
AOX1 promoter28-30 nm in diameter
yeast;H.polymorpha22-nm subviral particlescomparison of HBsAg producedDiminskyet al., 1997
mammalian; hamster CHOin yeast and mammalian cells
insect; S. frugiperdacells,22 nm particlesdemonstration of HBsAg Kanget al., 1987
baculovirus vectorproduction and secretion
plant; transgenic N. tabacum16-28 nm particlesdemonstration of HBsAgMasonet al., 1992
Agrobacterium vectorproduction in tobacco plants
different vaccine applications reviews: Shepardet al., 2006,
Pumpenset al., 2009
Woodchuck hepatitis bacterial; E.coli;spherical particlesimmunological studies Zhanget al., 2006
virus coreWHcAgtac promoter34 nm in diameter
bacterial; S.typhimurium;spherical particlesinfluenza epitope carrier,Ameisset al., 2010
trc promoter26 nm in diameterwhole cell oral vaccine candidate
HepeviridaessRNA(+)
Hepeviruses
Hepatitis E virusinsect;S. frugiperdaempty spherical particles antigenicity studiesLiet al., 1997
HEVbaculovirus vector23.7 nm in diameter
Herpesviridae dsDNA
Lymphocryptoviruses
Epstein-Barr virus, EBVmammalian; human kidneyround particles EBV vaccine candidateRuisset al., 2011
cells100-150 nm in diameter
Simplexviruses
Human herpesvirus 1insect;S. frugiperdaspherical procapsidsdemonstration of VLP formationNewcombet al., 1999
(HSV-1)baculovirus vector126 nm in diameterafter in vitro assembly
Orthomyxoviridae
Influenzaviruses A
H1N1 swine influenza insect; S. frugiperdaenveloped filamentousveterinary vaccinePyoet al., 2012
virusbaculovirus vectorparticlescandidate
H3N2avian influenzainsect; S. frugiperdaspherical particlesinfluenzavaccineBrightet al., 2007
virusbaculovirus vectorWestern blot positivecandidate
H3N2 influenza virus mammalian; monkey kidneypleomorphic particlesVLP assemblyand releaseMenaet al.,1996
strain A/Victoria/3/75cells, plasmid vectors80–120 nm in diameterstudies
H5N1 avian influenzainsect; S. frugiperdaspherical particlesinfluenzavaccine Taoet al., 2009
virusbaculovirus vector80–120 nm in diametercandidate
H9N2avian influenzainsect; S. frugiperdaspherical particlesinfluenzavaccinePushkoet al., 2005
virusbaculovirus vector80–120 nm in diametercandidate
influenza vaccines review:
Pushko et al.,2009
Papillomaviridae dsDNA
Alphapapillomaviruses
Human papillomavirusbacterial; E. coli, capsid-like structures,assembly and DNALiet al., 1997
HPVT7 promoter55 nm in diameterbinding studies
bacterial;S.typhimurium,spherical particlesimmunization studiesNardelli-Haefligeret al.,1997
tac promoter40-55nm in diameter
bacterial; L.lactis, spherical particlesdemonstration of VLPCortes-Perezet al., 2009
PnisA promoter30–50 nm in diameterproduction in Lactobacillus
bacterial;B.subtilis,spherical particleswhole cell vaccineBaeket al., 2012
xylose-inducible promoter 20–40 nm in diametercandidate
yeast; S.cerevisiaespherical particlesdemonstration of VLPHofmannet al., 1995
Gal1 promoter40–55 nm in diameterproduction in S.cerevisiae
insect; S. frugiperda spherical particlesimmunogenicity studiesKirnbaueret al.,1992
baculovirus vectorapprox. 50 nm in diameter
plant; transgenic potatoesspherical capsidsoral vaccine candidateWarzechaet al., 2003
2x35S promoter55nm in diameter
cervical cancer vaccinesreviews: zur Hausen, 2002
Fernández et al., 2010
Deltapapillomaviruses
Bovine papillomavirus yeast; S. cerevisiaespherical particlesDNA packaging studies Zhaoet al., 2002
BPVBPV episomal DNA50-60 nm in diameter
plant; N. benthamianaicosahedral particleshigh yield VLP productionLoveet al., 2012
Agrobacterium vector30 nm in diameterfor immunological studies
mammalian; monkey CV-1 cellsicosahedral particlesin vitro assembly of Zhouet al., 1993
Vaccinia virus vector50 nm in diameterinfectious BPV particles
Kappapapillomaviruses
Cottontail rabbit yeast; S. cerevisiaespherical particlesneutralizing antibody Jansenet al., 1995
papillomavirus CRPVGal1/Gal10 promoter50-55 nm in diameterformation after immunizations
Coxsackievirus B insect;S. frugiperdaempty capsidsprotective immunityZhanget al., 2012
(CVB3) baculovirus vector27–30 nm in diameterafter vaccination with VLPs
Paramyxoviridae ssRNA(-)
Avulaviruses
Newcastle disease virus avian; chicken fibroblast similar toauthentic virusAssembly and release studies ofPantua et al., 2006
(NDV) cell lineVLPs
Henipaviruses
Nipah virus (NiV)yeast, S. cerevisiae,nucleocapsid-likepotential diagnostic toolJuozapaitiset al., 2007
GAL7 promoterstructures
mammalian, human cell linespherical VLPsstructural and immunological Walpitaet al., 2011
HEK-293T 40–500 nm in diameterstudies
Morbilliviruses
Measles virus (MV)yeast; S. cerevisiaerod -shaped structuresdemonstration of nucleocapsid-likeSlibinskaset al., 2004
(Gal7 promoter) or20-22 nm in diameterparticle formation in yeast cells
P.pastoris(AOX1 promoter)
mammalian, human cell linesimmune electron microscopystructural studiesPohlet al., 2007
positive
Respiroviruses
Sendai virusyeast; S. cerevisiaerod-shaped VLPsdemonstration of VLP formationJuozapaitiset al., 2005
Gal7 promoter20x20-300 nmin lengthin yeast cells
Human parainfluenza yeast; S. cerevisiaerod-shaped VLPsdemonstration of VLP formationJuozapaitiset al., 2008
virus 1 and 3Gal7 promoter120-200 nm in lengthin yeast cells
Rubulaviruses
Menangle virus (MeV) yeast; S. cerevisiaenucleocapsid-like rod structures coating antigen for virusJuozapaitiset al., 2007
Gal7 promoterand ringsdetection
Mumps virus (MuV)yeast; P.pastorisflexible rods of 18–20 nm demonstration of nucleocapsid-likeSlibinskaset al., 2003
AOX1 promoterin diameter, different lengthsparticle formationin yeast cells
mammalian, human cell linespherical VLPsVLP formationLiet al., 2009
HEK-293T100-200 nm in diameterstudies
Simian virus 5 (SV5)mammalian, human cell linespherical VLPsVLP formation and releaseSchmittet al., 2002
HEK-293T100-200 nm in diameterstudies
Tioman virus (TioV) yeast; S. cerevisiaenucleocapsid-like rod structuresproduction of polyclonalPetraityteet al., 2009
Gal7 promoterand ringsantibodies against Tioman VLPs
Metapneumoviruses
Human metapneumovirus yeast; S. cerevisiaenucleocapsid-like rod structuresproduction of monoclonalPetraitytė-Burneikienė et al.,
(hMPV)Gal7 promoter20 nm in diameterantibodies against hMPV2011
Morbilliviruses
Measles virus (MV)yeast; S. cerevisiaenucleocapsid-like rod structuresdemonstration of VLP formationSlibinskaset al., 2004
(Gal7 promoter ) or20-22 nm in diameterin yeast cells
P.pastoris(AOX1 promoter)
Parvoviridae dsDNA
Dependoviruses
Adeno-associated virusinsect; baculovirus vector inindistinguishable from theVLP formation studiesHoqueet al., 1999
(AAV)Spodoptera frugiperda cells wild-type empty particles
Goose parvovirus (GPV) insect; S. frugiperda cellsspherical particlesveterinary vaccine Juet al., 2011
baculovirus vector22 nmin diametercandidate
Erythroviruses
Parvovirus B19 bacterial; E. coli,T7 promoterspherical particlesB19 assembly studiesSánchez-Rodríguezet al., 19-25 nm in diameter 2012
after inclusion body refolding
yeast; S. cerevisiae,spherical particlesdemonstration of VLP formationLowinet al.,2005
Gal1 promoter22nm in diameterin yeast cells
insect; baculovirus vector inWestern blot positiveantigens for potentialBrownet al., 1990
S. frugiperda cellsimmunological test system
mammalian cells; CHO,VLP densitysimilar topotential parvovirus Kajigayaet al.,1989
SV40promoterempty intact virionsvaccine
Parvoviruses
Canine parvovirus insect; S. frugiperda cellsspherical particlesveterinary vaccineSalikiet al.,1992
(CPV) baculovirus vector21-25 nmin diameter
Porcine parvovirus insect; S. frugiperda cells,structurally and antigenicallyvaccine candidateMartinezet al.,1992
(PPV)baculovirus vectorindistinguishable from native PPV
Picornaviridae ssRNA(+)
Aphthoviruses
Foot-and-mouth disease bacterial, E. coli,T7 promotersphericalVLPs demonstration of VLP formationLeeet al.,2009
virus (FMDV)25 nm in diameterafter fusion protein cleavage
insect;S. frugiperda,similar to authenticdemonstration of VLP formationCaoet al., 2010
baculovirus vectorvirusin insect cells
mammalian; monkey kidneyempty VLPs HSV-1based genetic vaccineD’Antuonoet al.,2010
cells, Herpes simplex virusapprox. 30 nm in diameterprototype against FDMV
(HSV-1) based vector
Cardiovirus
Porcine encephalomyo-insect;S. frugiperda,spherical VLPsveterinary vaccine Jeoung et al. 2011
carditis virus (EMCV)baculovirus vector30-40 nm in diametercandidate
Enteroviruses
Enterovirus type 71insect;S. frugiperda,similar to the authenticvaccine candidateLinet al.,2012
(EV71)baculovirus vectorEV71against EV71
Polyomaviridae dsDNA
Polyomaviruses
Murine polyomavirus bacterial; E. coli, spherical particlesVLP assembly in vitro;Middelberget al.,2011
(MuPyV)tac promoter, GST fusion40-50 nm in diameterimmunological studies
yeast; S. cerevisiaespherical particlesdemonstration ofhigh-levelSasnauskaset al.,2002
Gal7 promoter40-50 nm in diameterVLP production
insect; S. frugiperdacells; similar to the authenticVLP preparation for Anet al., 1999
baculovirus vectorMuPyVcompetition experiments
Hamster polyomavirus yeast; S. cerevisiaespherical particlesdemonstration ofhigh-levelSasnauskaset al., 2002
Gal7 promoter40-50 nm in diameterVLP production
Simian virus 40 (SV40)yeast; S. cerevisiaespherical particlesdemonstration ofhigh-levelSasnauskas,et al.,2002
Gal7 promoter40-50 nm in diameterVLP production
insect;S. frugiperdacellsspherical VLPs foreign protein packagingInoueet al.,2008
baculovirus vectorabout 45 nm in diameter
JC polyomavirusbacterial; E. coli, spherical VLPsDNA packaging system Chenet al.,2010
about 40 nm in diameter
yeast; S. cerevisiae,spherical VLPsVLP productionforHaleet al.,2002
hybrid GAL10-PYK1 promoter50–55 nm in diameterimmunological studies
insect; S. frugiperdacells; spherical VLPsimmunological andGoldmannet al.,1999
baculovirus vector55 to 60 nm in diameterDNA packaging studies
Reoviridae dsRNA
Orbiviruses
African horse sickness insect;S. frugiperdaspherical particlesdemonstration of VLP formationMareeet al.,1998
virus (AHSV)baculovirus vector72 nm in diameter
Bluetongue Virus BTVinsect;S. frugiperda double-shelled particlesdemonstration of VLP formation,Frenchet al.,1990
baculovirus vector65 nm in diametercoexpression of four BTV genes
Rotaviruses
Rotavirus yeast; S. cerevisiaemultilayered VLPsvaccine candidate obtainedRodríguez-Limaset al., PKG and TEF1 promoters from yeast system 2011
insect;S. frugiperdadouble- and triple- demonstration of VLP formationCrawfordet al., 1994
baculovirus vectorlayered VLPs
plant; transgenic tomatoes,spherical particlesdemonstration of VLP formation Saldañaet al., 2006
35S promoter 70 nm in diameterin transgenic tomatoes
mammalian; monkey CV-1 cellsdouble-layered VLPsdemonstration of VLP formationGonzález,Affranchino, 1995
Vaccinia virus vectorin mammalian cells
Retroviridae ssRNA(+) reverse transcribing
Alpharetroviruses
Rous sarcoma virusbacteria; E. coli, T7 promoterspherical studies on the role of gag domainsJoshi, Vogt, 2000
(RSV)or tubularVLPsin VLP foemation
insect; silkwormsphericalVLPs demonstration of large-scale Deoet al.,2011
larvae50–100 nm in diameterVLP production in larvae
Gammaretrovirus
Murine leukemia virus mammalian; human kidneyspherical particlesT-cell receptor carrier,Derdak et al., 2006
(MoMLV)cells100 nm in diameterimmunological studies
Lentiviruses
Human immuno- mammalian; monkey CV-1 cellsbar- or cone-shapeddemonstration of VLP formationKaracostas et al.,1989
deficiency virus (HIV-1)Vaccinia virus vectorparticles
Human immuno-insect;S. frugiperdaspherical particlesimmunological studiesLuo et al., 1990
deficiency virus 2 (HIV-2)baculovirus vector100 nm in diameter
Simian immuno-insect; S. frugiperdatypical morphology ofstudies of envelope proteinYamschikov et al., 1995
deficiency virus (SIV)baculovirus vectorimmature particlesincorporation into VLP
Togaviridae ssRNA(+)
Alphaviruses
Sindbis virusbacterial; E. coli, T7 promotersimilar to the authenticVLP assembly studies,Tellinghuisen et al., 1999
(SINV)SINV coresin vitro assembly
Ross river virus (RRV) bacterial; E. coli, T7 promoterunstable VLPscryo-EM studies of VLPsMukhopadhyay et al., 2002
(RRV)42 nm in diameterafter in vitro assemblyCheng,Mukhopadhyay2011
Salmonid alphavirus insect;S. frugiperdaspherical particlesdemonstration oftemperature- Metz et al., 2011
(SAV) baculovirus vector65–70 nm in diameterdependent VLP formation
Chikungunya virus mammalian; human kidneyT=4 VLPs, 65 nm in diameter,neutralizing antibodyAkahata et al., 2010
(CHIKV)cells, lentiviral vectorcore diameter of 40nmformation after immunizations
Supplemental Table. 4. Other VLPs.
VirusExpression systemVLP propertiesApplication References
CaliciviridaessRNA(+)
Norovirus
Norwalk virusinsect; S. frugiperda cells,morphologically similarantigenicity studiesJiang et al., 1992
(NV)baculovirus vectorto the authentic viral particles
plant; N. benthamiana,spherical particlesoral immunization Santi et al., 2008
plant virus-based vector38 nm in diameterstudies
vaccine applicationsreview:
Herbst-Kralovetzet al., 2010
NodaviridaessRNA(+)
Alphanodaviruses
Flock house virus insect; S. frugiperda cells,indistinguishable from production of VLPsSchneemann et al.,1993
(FHV)baculovirus vectorintact FHV in EM analysisfor 3D structural studies
bacteria ; E. coli, T7 promoterimmunologically activeepitope presentationLorenzi, Burrone, 1999
after inclusion body refolding
Malabaricus grouper insect; S. frugiperda cells,spherical particlesstructural studies Lin et al., 2001
nervous necrosis virus baculovirus vector31 nm in diameter
(MGNNV)
Dragon grouper bacteria ; E. coli, T5 promoterspherical particlesinfection competition studies Lu et al., 2003
nervous necrosis virus30 nm in diameter
(DGNNV)
Betanodaviruses
Macrobrachiumbacteria ; E. coli, trc promotericosahedral particlesdemonstration of VLPGoh et al., 2011
rosenbergiiapprox. 30 nm in diameterformation in bacteria
nodavirus (MrNv)
TetraviridaessRNA(+)
Betatetraviruses
Thosea asigna virusinsect; S. frugiperda cells,icosahedral particlesVLP formationPringle et al., 2001
(TaV)baculovirus vector38 nm in diameterstudies
Omegatetraviruses
Nudaurelia capensisinsect; S. frugiperda cells,icosahedral particlesnucleic acid packagingRouth et al., 2012
omega virus (NωV)baculovirus vectorT=4 symmetrystudies
Retrotransposons
Yeast retrotransposon bacterial; E. coli, T7 promoter spherical particlesTy1 assembly studiesLuschniget al.,1995