UNCLASSIFIED
CMS2 UFD
USER FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
for the
COMPREHENSIVE MINE AND SENSOR
SIMULATOR
CMS2
Prepared by:
Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate
Modeling and Simulation Division
Ft. Belvoir, VA
5 December 2003
1 Purpose 3
2 Distribution 3
3 Introduction 3
4 System Description 4
5 System Requirements 4
5.1 Hardware 4
5.2 Software 5
5.3 Installation 5
6 System Architecture 5
6.1 Protocol Supported 5
6.2 External Interfaces 5
6.3 Terrain 5
6.4 Sensor Models and Representation 5
6.5 Graphical User Interface (GUI) 8
7 Program Support 12
7.1 Current 12
7.2 In Progress 12
7.3 Archived 12
1 Purpose
The purpose of this document is to provide a functional description of the Comprehensive Mine and Sensor Simulator (CMS2).
2 Distribution
The information contained in this document is unclassified. The system architecture, description, and other information are For Official Use Only (FOUO) and are not approved for unlimited distribution.
3 Introduction
CMS2 is a state-of-the-art, high fidelity mines, Intelligent Munition System (IMS) and Unattended Ground Sensor (UGS) simulator that supports a broad range of mine, munition and sensor categories. CMS2 operates as a server to battlefield simulations such as One Semi-Automated Forces Test Bed (OTB) or Joint Conflict and Tactical Simulation (JCATS), and provides realistic interactions between the mines or sensors and vehicles, infantry, and countermine systems. CMS2 communicates with other simulation programs via the Distributed Interactive Simulation Protocol 2.0.4 (DIS), the High Level Architecture (HLA), or via tactical messaging formats.
Mine types modeled by CMS2 include conventional anti-personnel and anti-tank, off-route (side attack), command activated, and autonomous smart munitions. Sensors modeled include imaging IR, acoustic, seismic, and magnetic. The sensor and mine models are readily modifiable, such that a variety of sensing and munitions characteristics can be associated with each of the simulated entities. CMS2 allows users to emplace, control and monitor these entities, individually or as fields, within a real-time simulation environment.
CMS2 is used to support a variety of programs such as:
· Anti-Personnel Landmine Alternatives (APLA)
· Networked Sensors for the Objective Force (NSfOF) Advanced Technology Demonstration (ATD)
· Future Combat System (FCS)
· Unit of Action Concept Exploration Program (UofA CEP)
· Intelligent Munitions Sensor (IMS)
· Spider
· Sensor Interface and Access Management System (SIAMS)
4 System Description
CMS2 has a Windows style Graphical User Interface (GUI) that uses X Windows and contains an Open GL Plan View Display (PVD) much like OTB. Up to 500,000 mines, imagers and/or detection sensors may be simulated on a single system. CMS2 supports the creation, control, and monitoring of various types of:
· Imaging sensors
· Non-imaging sensors
· UGS fields or clusters
· Conventional mines OPFOR/Friendly
· Autonomous smart mines
· Command activated mines
· Intelligent Munition Systems
The CMS2 application provides a model that performs realistic interactions between:
· Vehicles
· Personnel
· Robotic Platforms
· Countermine Detection Systems
· Countermine Breaching Systems
· Mines
· Imagers
· Detection Sensors
5 System Requirements
5.1 Hardware
CMS2 requires at a minimum the following:
· 1 GHz processor
· 2 GB RAM
· 10/100/1000 Ethernet capability
· 20 gigabyte hard drive
· 1 GB of free disk space (not including terrain)
· OpenGL compatible video card
5.2 Software
The CMS2 requires at a minimum the following:
· Red Hat Linux 8.0
5.3 Installation
CMS2 is installed via the tar command.
6 System Architecture
6.1 Protocol Supported
The communications interface supports the DIS version 2.0.4 protocol, the High Level Architecture (HLA) Run-Time Infrastructure (RTI) 1.3 NGv6 communications, Extensible Mark-up Language (XML), and tactical message formats.
6.2 External Interfaces
The CMS2 provides a modular communications interface that supports interactions with other simulation programs, man-in-the-loop control stations for UGS and mines, Communication Effects Server (CES) and operational command and control (C2) systems. Specifically, CMS2 interfaces directly with:
· OneSAF Testbed (OTB) and Objective Force SAF (OF SAF)
· Communications Effects Server
· Universal Controller (UC)
· Sensor C4I Gateway (SCG)
· Joint Conflict and Tactical Simulation (JCATS)
· Joint Semi-Automated Forces (JSAF)
· MC2
· SLAMEM
· WECM
· NCBR
6.3 Terrain
The CMS2 utilizes Compact Terrain Data Base (CTDB). The terrain files are designated during start-up.
6.4 Sensor Models and Representation
6.4.1 Infrared Sensor Model
CMS2 uses NVESD ACQUIRE to model the performance of imaging IR sensors. The ACQUIRE model has been developed to predict target acquisition performance for imaging systems that operate in the visible, near infrared, and infrared spectral bands. It uses target characteristics, atmospheric conditions, and sensor operating characteristics to predict ranges and probabilities associated with a particular target acquisition task. ACQUIRE uses the sensor performance data generated by the NVTHERM model, and is the recommended representation for FLIR and Electro-Optic sensor performance in Army simulations.
6.4.2 Acoustic Sensor Model
CMS2 uses an advanced acoustic sensor model based on the Acoustic Battlefield Aid (ABFA), a MATLab package developed by the Army Research Laboratory. ABFA combines accurate modeling of atmospheric and terrain effects on acoustic signals with newly developed methods for determining acoustic array performance. The models account for transmission loss, noise, terrain variations, landscape, and day/night conditions using a variety of selectable algorithms. Using ABFA, tables are generated for the probability of detection, recognition, and classification for several distinct targets in a variety of environmental conditions. Location and velocity error tables are also created. CMS2 selects the appropriate set of tables at run-time using a sensor’s surrounding environment, the time of day, and the target’s characteristics. A sample acoustic footprint from the ABFA is shown below.
6.4.3 Seismic Sensor Model
CMS2 uses Rule-of-Thumb models developed by the Engineering Research and Development Center to predict the performance of seismic sensors in different environments. The seismic ROT models target signature, transmission loss, noise, and terrain variations using a variety of modular algorithms. Using these models, a Gaussian curve of detection probabilities and direction finding accuracy for individual sensors or sensor networks is generated for each combination of terrain and target type.
6.4.4 NCBR
CMS2 interoperates with NCBR to provide a Nuclear-Chemical-Biological-Radiation UGS. CMS2 is used to place the NCBR sensor and model battery life, on/off status, and damage status. NCBR models all other aspects of the sensor’s behavior, including detection of NCBR elements and transmission of alert messages.
6.4.5 SigINT
CMS2 interoperates with WECM to provide a SIGINT UGS. CMS2 is used to place the SIGINT sensor and model battery life, on/off status, and damage status. WECM models all other aspects of the sensor’s behavior, including signal detection and transmission of alert messages.
6.4.6 Mine and Sensor Components
CMS2 models a variety of standard mine and sensor components, including fuses and batteries. Fuse representations include:
· Tripwire
· Pressure Fuse
· Tiltrod
· Command-Activated
Each fuse model uses a geometric/physical representation. The model determines when a target physically intersects the fuse, then solves simple force equations using target velocity and mass to determine if the fuse is triggered.
Battery life is modeled linearly. Batteries start with a user-configurable power storage, and each mine or sensor component has a power consumption factor that is applied over time until the battery is fully drained.
6.4.7 Sensor Nodes and Clusters
Sensors may be subdivided into nodes which work in conjunction to track targets. For example, a single acoustic sensor may be composed of four individual nodes spaced 400 meters apart in a square arrangement. This arrangement allows the nodes to triangulate target bearing and distance. A group of nodes that work together as a system is called a cluster.
Intra-cluster communications is modeled using a simple and fast ground propagation model (based on the Egli propagation model). If one node is damaged, the cluster attempts to continue operating in a degraded state, as long as communications can be maintained.
6.4.8 Sensor Reports
The sensor models in CMS2 generate target reports each time they detect a target. The sensor control node in the field filters these reports before sending them to the long-range radio to prevent the field from constantly chattering (and to reduce simulation network load). The control node uses three criteria:
1. Target reports are re-transmitted after a configurable timeout. The default timeout is one minute.
2. Reports are transmitted once the target moves a configurable distance. The default distance is 500m.
A report is sent immediately if the acquisition level is upgraded.
6.4.9 Deployment Methods
Using the target-pairing tool, the Ft Knox SAF supports deployment of sensors and smart anti-personnel and anti-tank mines. CMS2 will automatically simulate fields when it receives a munition detonation message with certain munition types. CMS2 can be configured to deliver the munitions payloads in user defined or random dispersion patterns. The payloads can contain sensors, mines, or any combination.
6.5 Graphical User Interface (GUI)
The CMS2 provides the operator a GUI to manipulate mines and sensors, and allows the operator to emplace, edit, and monitor the status of these entities. It provides various GUI windows for creating, editing and monitoring minefields and sensor fields. The GUI contains a Menu Bar, a Tool Bar, and a Map Display.
6.5.1 Menu Bar
6.5.2 Tool Bar
· The Field Selection Button allows the operator to scroll around the map, view a list of created fields, load fields and save fields.
· The Create/Edit button allows the user to place and edit a field on the map.
· The Move Fields and Field Entities button is used to move a mine, sensor, camera or field before it has been simulated.
· The Delete Fields and Field Entities button allows the user to delete a mine, sensor, camera or field.
· The Duplicate Fields Button allows the user to make a copy of an existing field, including entities in the field.
· The Place Mines button allows the user to select mine types and place mines in a field.
· The Place Sensors button allows the user to select sensor and model types and to place sensors in a field. When selected, the user selects the method of placement, choosing from Individual, Grid, Row or Scatter.
· The Place Cameras button allows the user to select camera type and to place cameras in a field. The user selects the method of placement, choosing from Individual, Grid, Row or Scatter.
6.5.3 Map Display
The CMS2 operator is able to zoom in and out of the map display to see and select individual mines, sensors, cameras or fields. The right Mouse button zooms out the map centering the CMS2 PVD on the point that was clicked. The center Mouse button zooms in on the map centering the CMS2 PVD on the point that was clicked. The operator can also zoom by center clicking and dragging a box around the area.
The CMS2 operator can choose the way icons are displayed on the map. The user can use an icon picture or the military symbol representation. The icon display is changed in the Map Properties window.
When a field is simulated the field and entities within the field will change color from orange to green to indicate to the operator that the entities and field is simulated. A list of what color an entity will change to when simulated can be found in the table below.
Entity State / Color when simulatedCommand Activated Mine / Light Red
Target Activated Mine / Purple
Uncontrolled “dumb” Mine / Purple
Detonated Mine / Red
Sensor / Green
Camera / Green
7 Program Support
7.1 Current
· NSfOF ATD UGS Cluster – support modeling, simulation and experimentation of UGS, UAV, UGV’s interface to live and simulated sensors and communications.
· PM CCS Intelligent Munitions System - develop and support the simulation applications, enhance system design and support PM down select of contactor concepts Develop contractor simulation models in experimentation
· PM CCS Spider - support model development and PAT2 phase of system fielding
· PM RUS Unattended Ground Sensor - support experimentation and system development
· PM NV SDL Protocol – Develop and refine sensor message formats
· DARPA FCS C2 – Support experimentation imagery to COP
7.2 In Progress
· FCS Tactical Unattended Ground Sensor - Working simulation for PM- RUS, PM CCS
· FCS Urban Unattended Ground Sensor - Working simulation for PM- RUS, PM CCS
7.3 Archived
· RAPTOR
· Track I Non-Self Destructing AP (NSDA)
UNCLASSIFIED