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INCOME PROMOTION AMONG PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS: A CASE OF KAMACHUMU IN MULEBA DISTRICT
JOSEPH DAWSON MISIGALO
A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF COMMUNITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (MCED) OF THE OPEN UNIVERSITY OF TANZANIA
2011
CERTIFICATION
I, Dr. Felician Mutasa, hereby certify that I have read and accept it as scholarly work. I therefore recommend for acceptance by The Open University of Tanzania the dissertation entitled “INCOME PROMOTION AMONG PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS: A CASE OF KAMACHUMU IN MULEBA” District, Kagera region for partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Master of Community Economic Development of The Open University of Tanzania.
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Signature of Supervisor Date
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COPYRIGHT
No part of this dissertation may be reproduced, stored in any retrievable system or transmitted in any form by any means, electronically, mechanically, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the author or The Open University of Tanzania.
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DECLARATION
I, Joseph. D. Misigalo, declare that this dissertation is my own original work and that it has not and will not be presented to any other institution for the award of the degree or other similar award.
Date; ------
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DEDICATION
This dissertation is dedicated to my beloved wife Euphrazia B. A. Joseph, whose love, moral and financial support, inspiration and devotion made my life worth living throughout the period of my career.
Dedication again is extended to Madam Erica Sinzi of College of Business Education Mwanza, Erieth N. Joseph, Iliho L. Joseph, Doreen N.Joseph, Mpaji E. Joseph, Fadhili .M. Joseph, Mukiza N. Joseph for their obedience.
Lastly, this report is dedicated to my beloved father Dawson B. Bwanzige of Kanazi village who died while doing this dissertation final touch for submission. His prior encouragement made me successful in pursuing this dissertation.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The work of this magnitude is not a product of an individual, rather is a contribution of many people who helped me through material and moral support during the course of producing this document. A special word of thanks is particularly for the following individuals.
I would like to acknowledge the MCED program coordinator Dr. Felician Mutasa from The Open University of Tanzania who took much opportunity to provide me with guidance in both theoretically and practically processes in order to come up with this work. A word of thanks should go to my MCED classmates 2009/2010, of Mwanza centre for their encouragement and contributions to this work especially on the exercise of doing Community needs assessment from MAPAMBANO group in Kamachumu division in Muleba district.
Similarly acknowledgement is made to all MUVIMAWAKA community Based organization staffs, all executive committee leaders, and co-data collection team in Kamachumu area that tirelessly supported this work.
Sincerely the whole exercise would have not happened without the financial support from my family. In view of that thanks should go to my wife EUPHRAZIA BIRAHINO GWOZI for her recommendable commitment and prioritization that has enabled me to accomplish this vital exercise. Above all, thanks giving and glory should be to God who gave me health and strength during the entire process of undertaking this community needs assessment.
ABSTRACT
This report basically is product based on community needs assessment exercise conducted at Kamachumu ward in order to identify the assets of the community and to determine potential concerns that the area faces. Kamachumu ward, in Muleba district, Tanzania was the area chosen for research by paying attention to PLWHA in the community. The research approach used for the study involved exploratory, descriptive and observational techniques. In order to meet research requirements and criteria, a designed and developed research instruments including questionnaire development, interview schedules, selection of sample survey was arranged for data collection. The research findings from the study have noted that, despite the efforts that had been taken by the government and other stakeholders to support people living with HIV/AIDS in the community still most of them live uncertainty life as a result of unreliable income flows to most of the poor households. This situation has been evidenced by the study on family and individuals ability to meet various expenses on their normal life particularly on the aspects of health, food, clothes, and education expenses etc. In order that improvement is attained, income promotion to PLWHA through goats rearing was designed and carried out to poor families of PLWHA in Kamachumu ward. To start with, thirty individuals were organized into groups in three villages of Bulamula, Bushagara, and Irogero ready to rear small ruminants (goats) that would be good sources of income and again animal droppings for soil improvement for better intercropping of different crops. Through monitoring and evaluation of the project has shown the good results for improving income to poor families in most of the communities.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATION ii
COPYRIGHT iii
DECLARATION iv
DEDICATION v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi
ABSTRACT vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS viii
ABBREVIATIONS xiv
LIST OF TABLES xvi
LIST OF FIGURES xviii
LIST OF APPENDENCES xix
CHAPTER ONE 1
PARTICIPATORY NEEDS ASSESSMENT 1
1.0 Introduction Background Information 1
1.1 Community Profile 2
1.1.1 Population 3
1.1.2 Primary School Education 3
1.1.3 Secondary School 3
1.1.4 Health Services 4
1.1.5 Land Use 4
1.1.6 Transport and Communication 4
1.1.7 Development of Local Institutions Partners 4
1.1.8 Development Potentials 5
1.1.9 Livelihood of the Community 6
1.1.10 Development Constraints 7
1.1.11 General Objectives 9
1.1.12 Specific Objectives 9
1.2.2 Community Needs Assessment Questions 10
1.2.3 Research Methodology 10
1.2.3. 1 Research Design 11
1.2.3.2 Sampling Technique 11
1.2.3.3 Data Collection Methods 12
1.2.3.4 Data Analysis Methods 14
1.3 Community Needs Assessment Findings 14
1.3.1 Findings from both Secondary and Primary Data 14
1.3.1.1 Findings on HIV/AIDS by Mapambano Group 14
1.3.1.2 Finding on Education of PLWHA in KAMACHUMU Ward 15
1.3.1.3 Findings on HIV/AIDS Diseases Magnitude Kamachumu Ward 15
1.3.1.4 Findings on the HIV/AIDS effects in Kamachumu Ward 16
1.3.1.5 Findings on Microeconomic Performance 17
1.3.1.6 Result finding by whether PLWHA in Kamachumu know each other 17
1.3.1.7 Result Findings by why PLWHA do not know each other 18
1.3.1.8 Data Findings by whether HIV/AIDS Cases Decreases 19
1.3.1.9 Data Findings on Activities that the Villagers are involved with by Sector 20
1.3.1.10 Data Findings by whether the Government Policy does support the PLWHA 22
1.3.1.11 Whether the Government Policy Support PLWHA in Education Sector 23
1.3.1.12 Whethe the Government Policy Support PLWHA in Human Rights 24
1.3.1.13 Findings on whether PLWHA have special Program to Support their requirements 24
1.3.1.14 Findings on whether the PLWHA in the Area are Officially Registered 26
1.3.1.15 Findings on the extent Men and Women responds to the ideas of HIV testing in the area 27
1.3.1.16 Findings on Approaches Adopted by Mapambano Group 27
1.3.1.17 Mapambano Group Voluntary Test and Stigma Excellence 28
1.3.1.18 Findings on Uniqueness of PLWHA in Kamachumu Ward 29
1.3.1.19 Findings on Routinely Meetings of PLWHA in Kamachumu Ward 30
1.3.1.20 Findings on PLWHA Economic Strength 31
1.3.1.21 Findings on Psychological Lenges Encountered while deciding for HIV Testing 31
1.3.1.22 Findings on the ability to meet Hospital Expenses on Treatment of opportunistic Infections to HIV/AIDS Patients 32
1.3.2.23 Findings on advantages and challenges experienced by PLWHA 32
1.3. 1.24: Findings on PLWHA against Social Economic Activities 33
1.3.1.25: Findings by SWOT analysis to PLWHA 34
1.3.1.26: Finding on PLWHA against their Strengths 34
1.3.1.27: Findings on PLWHA against their Weaknesses 35
1.3 1.28 Findings on PLWHA against their opportunities 36
1.3.1.29 Findings on PLWHA against Threats 36
1.4 Community Needs Prioritization/Leveling of Needs 36
1.5.0 Conclusion 38
CHAPTER TWO 39
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION 39
2.0. Background to Research Problem 39
2.1 Problem Statement 41
2.2 Project Description 43
2.2.1 Target Community 43
2.2.2 Stakeholders Analysis 44
2.2.3 Project goals in CED terms 45
2.2.4 Project Objectives 46
2.2.5 Host Organization/CBO profile. 46
CHAPTER THREE 48
LITERATURE REVIEW 48
3.0 Introduction 48
3.1 Theoretical Literature 49
3.1.1 Definition 49
3.2.0 Empirical Literature 63
3.2.1 Agriculture and Livestock program –support by SWISSAID (T) in Kagera Region 63
3.2.3 Kagera Livestock Development Program 64
3.3 Policy Reviews 64
3.4 Literature Review Summary 65
CHAPTER FOUR 72
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION 72
4.0 Introduction 72
4.1 Products and Outputs 72
4.2 Project Planning 74
4.2.1 Implementation Plan 75
4.2.2 Inputs 75
4.2.3 Staffing Pattern 78
4.2.3.1Agriculture and Livestock extension Officer 79
4.2.3.2 Area Community Development Staff 79
4.2.4 Project Budget 80
4.3 Project Implementation 80
4.3.1 Project Implementation Report 82
4.3.1.0 Introduction 82
4.3.1.1 Outsourcing Funds for the Project 82
4.3.1.2 Official launching of Goat Rears at Village and District Level 83
4.3.1.3 Fundraising for one Heifer’s Goats for Crossbreeding 83
4.3.1.4 Reviewing of the Project 83
CHAPTER FIVE 85
PROJECT PARTICIPATORY MONITORING, EVALUATION AND SUSTAINABILITY 85
5.0 Introduction 85
5.1 Participatory Monitoring 85
5.1.1 Monitoring Information System 87
5.1.2 Participatory Monitoring Methods 87
5.2 Participatory Evaluation 89
5.2.1 Performance Indicators 89
5.2.2 Participatory Evaluation Methods 91
5.2.2.1 Participatory Monitoring Method 91
5.2.2.2 Actual Monitoring 91
5.2.2.3 The Evaluation through questions of self Assessment 91
5.2.3 Project Evaluation Summary 92
5.3 Sustainability 94
5.3.1 Social Sustainability 94
CHAPTER SIX 98
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 98
6.0 Introduction 98
6.1 Conclusion 98
6.2 Recommendations 101
REFERENCES 103
APPENDIXES 106
ABBREVIATIONS
ARV / Anti –retroviral
ASRH / Adolescent Sexual Reproductive Health
CAN / Community Needs Assessment
CBO / Community Based Organization
CCC / Community Core Coalition
EDI / Economic Development Initiatives
G.I.T / Goat in Trust
HCZ / Harlem Children’s Zone
HIV/AIDS / Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
KALIDEA / Kagera Livestock Development Program
M.I.S / Management Information System
MC / Making connecting.
MCED / Masters of Community Economic Development.
MUKUKUTA / Mkakati wa Kukuza Uchumi na Kupunguza Umaskini Tanzania
MUVIMAWAKA / Muungano wa Vikundi vya Maendeleo ya Wanawake Kamachumu
MVCs / Most Vulnerable Children
NGO / Non Governmental Organization
NSGRP / National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty
PLWHA / People Living With HIV/AIDS
PPP Value / Purchasing Power Parity
SWOT / Strengths, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat
TASAF / Tanzania Social Action Fund
TB / Tuberculosis
UNDP / United Nations Development Programme
UPATU / A local lending system adopted by women in both rural and urban
WHO/ UNAIDS / World Health Organization/ United Nations Program on AIDS
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Ruminants rearing in Kamachumu ward 3
Table 2: Development partners in Kamachumu ward 5
Table 3: Education level record for PLWHA in Kamachumu 16
Table 4: Disease magnitude in Kamachumu ward 16
Table 5: Kamachumu division palliative care 16
Table 6: Distribution of Respondents by whether PLWHA know each otherdoes PLWHA in your area know each other 17
Table 7: Distribution of respondents by why PLWHA do not know each other 18
Table 8: Distribution of respondents by whether HIV/AIDS cases decreases 19
Table 9: Distribution of respondent by activities that the villagers are involved with. In the Table 9 below, it illustrates activities which employing majority rural people in Kamachumu ward. 22
Table 10: Does the government policy support PLWHA 22
Table 11: Distribution of respondents by whether the government policies support PLWHA in education sector 23
Table 12: is the respondents views by whether the government policy support PLWHA in human rights. 24
Table 13: Distribution of respondents by whether PLWHA have special programs to support PLWHA their requirements 25
Table 14: Distribution of respondents by whether the PLWHA groups are official registered. 26
Table 15: Extent of women and men responds to HIV testing 27
Table 16: Monthly meeting attendance record report 30
Table 17: Information on members' ability to contribute to their concerns 31
Table 18: Kamachumu ward needs prioritization table 38
Table 19: Participants of community needs assessment in Kamachumu ward 44
Table 20 : Logical frame work 76
Table 21: Schedules for the implementation of project activities 78
Table 22: Project input cost 78
Table 23: Project budget including community needs assessment activities 80
. 4.3.2 Table 24: Ghantt chart - CAN project implementation to last stage 84
Table 25: Monitoring plan of project activities 88
Table 26: Project performance table 90
Table 27: Aspect Planned for project evaluation 93
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Summary of the research design 12
Figure 2: Distribution of PLWHA by whether know each other 18
Figure 3: Distribution of respondent PLWHA who do not know each other. 19
Figure 4: Distribution of respondent by whether PLWHA have special programs to support them 25
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LIST OF APPENDENCES
Appendix 1: Monitoring Summary Table 106
Appendix 2: CNA Questionnaire Form (English Version) 107
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CHAPTER ONE
PARTICIPATORY NEEDS ASSESSMENT
1.0 Introduction Background Information
Back in 1961, after the independence, the government of Tanzania declared to fight three monster enemies of the country which are Poverty, Ignorance, and Diseases. With this ideology in mind, elites, non-elites, individuals, groups, civil societies, external and internal development partners within and outside the country put their hands together to fight the said enemies in order that people of the nation could enjoy full development opportunities. For the families, communities, national and global, to achieve its realized development, health services are one of the core needs and human basic right to enjoy as the citizen in any place.
The outbreak of HIV/AIDS epidemic in the early 1980s has exacerbated the plight of different segments of the community including children, youths, adults, women etc. In Kamachumu ward, like other part of the world through sensitization campaign and awareness raising to the community using various ways such Radio, posters, publications and seminars, individuals voluntarily decided to go for test their health in order to know their health status ready to live positive.
Most of the people who tested and found positive, have experienced hardship life because majority of them their income are not reliable from their economic activities. People in the area are lacking basic needs such as decent shelter, sufficient food, medical expense and contribution to education expenses for their children. The situation forced them to form small social groups in their respective villages with purpose to discuss their concerns, socially, and economically. Currently, there are nine small groups of PLWHA