Review Sec I Final 2016-2017 Answer Key
Mid-Year (Terms 1 and 2)
The Material World
1. List the steps of the scientific method and briefly describe each.
Initial Observation: Notice a phenomenon in nature.
Question: Ask a question about your observation that can be answered by doing an experiment.
Hypothesis: Answer to your question with as much detail as possible (an educated guess)
Controls and Variables: Controls are factors that are staying the same or constant. Variables
are factors that change.
Materials: List the exact quantity and size of materials you will be using - be as specific as possible.
Procedure: Enumerate all the steps, as specifically as possible, that you will follow to complete your
experiment
Results: Present your quantitative (numerical) and/or qualitative (descriptive) observations in point
form and/or table form
Analysis: Describe your results in sentences and using graphs
Conclusion: Accept or reject your hypothesis and why. Explain the scientific principle behind your
Experiment. List any possible errors.
2. Define mass and give 2 examples of objects with the units mg, g, and kg. How would you find the mass of a solid and of a liquid?
Mass: amount of matter present in a substance. Examples: mg – medicine, postage stamp; g – orange, candle; kg – person, truck.
To find the mass of a solid – zero a triple balance beam (scale) and place object on platform. Move the largest slide first, then the middle slider, and finally the smallest one. Record mass.
To find the mass of a liquid – zero a triple balance beam (scale) and place an empty graduated cylinder on the platform. Record mass. Add liquid then find new mass. Subtract the mass of the empty cylinder for the total mass and the result is the mass of the liquid.
3. Define volume and describe how to find the volume of a regular object and irregular object. What are the units associated with each?
Volume: amount of space occupied by a substance.
To find the volume of a regular object: measure the length, width, and height, and multiply them all together. The unit is cm3.
To find the volume of an irregular object: Put water in a graduated cylinder and record the volume. Add irregular solid and record total volume. Subtract initial volume from total volume. This will be the volume of the object.
4. Define temperature and state the boiling point and freezing point of water. Temperature is the indication of the average speed of the movement of particles. The Boiling point of water is 100 oC and the freezing point is 0 oC.
5. What instrument is used to measure temperature? Thermometer
6. Define thermal expansion. When particles move at a higher temperature, they take up more room.
7. State 3 units of temperature. oC (Celsius), oF (Fahrenheit),oK (Kelvin)
8. State the pH levels for an acid, a base, and a neutral substance. Acid 1-7 (below 7), Neutral 7, Base 7-14 (above 7)
9. How is litmus paper used to determine if a substance is an acid, a base or is neutral?
Acid: blue litmus paper turns red
Base: red litmus paper turn blue
Neutral: neither red nor blue litmus paper changes colour
The Technological World
1. Define simple machine.
Simple machine: a mechanical system that transfer force directly. It allows us to use less force
but the same work. They change the direction of the force.
2. List the types of basic machines and give two example of each.
Lever: tweezers, crowbar
Inclined plane: moving ramp, staircase
Pulley: crane hoist, clothesline
Wedge: door stop, an axe
Wheel and axle: cars, wagon
3. List the three classes of levers and give two examples of each.
1st class – teeter totter (seesaw)
2nd class – nutcracker
3rd class - hockey stick
4. How is the class of lever determined? When identifying the effort force, fulcrum, and load – the one in the middle determines the class of lever.
5. State whether each statement is true or false: a) machines allow humans to use less force True
b) machines allow human to do less work False
c) the closer to the fulcrum the load is, the more
effort force must be applied. False
6. Define fulcrum, load, and effort force, and indicate them on a diagram.
Fulcrum – the pivot point
Load – the object that is being moved
Effort Force – the force that you are applying
2nd class lever
7. What three things are required to make a technical drawing? A pencil and eraser, blank white paper, and a ruler.
8. What three things do we find on a technical drawing? Straight lines, measurements, and a scale.
9. How is the front view determined? The view that gives the most information is the front view.
10. Be able to create a technical drawing of a given object. *** make sure you bring a ruler with you***
The Living World
1. Be able to distinguish a plant cell from an animal cell. When looking at cells – a plant cell have a cell wall and chloroplast which are not found in animal cells. Also the vacuoles of a plant cell are much larger than in animal cells.
2. List the organelles in a cell and their role or function. Which two are found only in plant cells?
Cell Membrane: surrounds and protects the cell, controlling substances entering and exiting the cell.
Cytoplasm: circulates throughout the cell distributing nutrients to different parts of the cell.
Nucleus: DNA and can be considered the brain of the cell because it controls all activities.
Vacuole: These balloon-like structures store nutrients and help eliminate waste.
Chloroplast: is responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Cell wall: This is formed from material called cellulose and supports the plant cell.
Only chloroplast and cell wall are found in plant cells
3. Label a flower diagram. Labels: stamen, anther, pollen grains, filament, pistil, stigma, style, ovary, ovules. See textbook for diagram.
4. Describe the characteristics of sexual and asexual reproduction in plants.
Sexual: need male and female parts and offspring is similar to parent but unique.
Asexual: male and female parts not needed and offspring is identical to parent.
5. List the 3 types of asexual reproduction and 3 types of sexual reproduction in plants.
Asexual: leaves, stems, and roots.
Sexual: flowers, cones, and spores.
6. Know the 15 definitions associated with plant reproduction (cotyledon, seed, seed coat, asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, ova, spermatozoon, fertilization, pollination, cross-pollination, self-pollination, angiosperm, gymnosperm, spores, and embryo)
Asexual reproduction: Method of reproduction that does not require male and female parts. The offspring is identical to parent.
Sexual reproduction: Requires male and female parts. The offspring is similar to parents but unique.
Cotyledon: Food reserves in a seed
Embryo: A small immature plant.
Seed: Contains everything needed to produce a new plant
Seed coat: Protective covering surrounding the seed
Fertilization: Combination of the male and female gametes (sex cells)
Pollination: The process in which the pollen grains land on the stigma of the pistil in order to fertilize the flower
Self-pollination: Transfer of pollen grains to the pistil of the same flower
Cross-pollination: Transfer of pollen grains to the pistil of a different flower
Angiosperms: Flower bearing plants
Gymnosperms: Cone bearing plants
Spermatozoon: The male gamete (sex cell)
Spores: Cells that contain complete genetic material and can therefore transform in a young plant without fertilization.
Ova: The female gamete (sex cell), also known as the eggs.
7. Define the following: population, taxonomy. Give two examples of a population.
Population: The number of a species living in a particular area ex there are approximately 15 000 polar
bears in Canada; there are approximately 9000 Mountain Zebras in South Africa.
Taxonomy: The scientific way of classifying and naming living organisms. Ex. polar bears have the scientific name Ursa maritimus.
8. What are the criteria used to determine whether something is a living organism?
· Living things are made of cells.
· Living things obtain and use energy.
· Living things grow and develop.
· Living things reproduce.
· Living things respond to their environment.
· Living things adapt to their environment.
9. What are the criteria used to determine if organisms are of the same species? In order for two organisms to be classified as the same species 1) they must share similar characteristics 2) the opposite sexes can mate to reproduce in their natural habitat 3) the female gives birth to one or more offspring that survive and 4) upon reaching maturity, the offspring can reproduce successfully.
10. Describe physical and behavioral adaptations and give two examples of each.
Physical adaptation: A physiological characteristic an animal exhibits in response to its environment. Example a dog’s fur thickens in the winter; a hummingbird’s beak is long and slender so it may drink nectar
Behavioral adaptation: A behavioral characteristic an animal exhibits in response to its environment. Example – bee’s perform a “dance” which indicates a food source; a polar bear stands on its hind legs when threatened.
11. Given a species name, ex Homo sapiens, state the genus name. What is the common name of Homo sapiens? Genus: Homo
Common name: human beings
12. What are the components of an animal’s habitat? Food and water; Shelter; Other of the same species to mate with; and Climate to which the species is adapted.
13. What are the components of an animal’s ecological niche? An animal’s habitat and its diet and cycle of activity.
14. Describe the type of bird beak that is appropriate for a bird that eats: a) meat - short, hooked, powerful b) berries – short and slender c) nuts and seeds – short, wide at base, powerful d) fish - long and dagger-like e) insects - short and powerful
Term 3
Students are to go over the Review from Mid Year (terms 1 and 2) plus
Living World
1. How are seeds dispersed in nature? Animals, wind, water, plants themselves, and humans
2. Which part of the flower becomes the fruit that we eat? Ovary
3. How do flowers attract insects? By sweet smell and colourful petals
Technological World
1. Describe each of the following links as direct or indirect, removable or nonremovable:
a) a pen and cap direct and removable
b) the hands on a clock indirect and removable
c) the label on a bottle indirect and nonremovable
2. Define guiding control and provide an example for each: a) a translational guiding control
b) a rotational guiding control A guiding control directs the motion of the machine.
a) A translational guiding control would be the tracts of a window sliding up and down.
b) A rotation guiding control would be the holder of a paper towel roll
Earth and Space
1. Identify the four layers of the atmosphere and state the main activities in each layer.
Troposphere: The closest layer to Earth. Weather and clouds occur in here.
Stratosphere: The earth's ozone layer (absorbs ultraviolet rays) is located here.
Aircrafts fly in this layer, too.
Mesosphere: Meteors burn up while entering this layer.
Thermosphere: Air particles in this layer are electrically charged enabling radio waves.
Northern lights (aurora) is formed in this layer too.
2. What is the percentage composition of the atmosphere?
21% OXYGEN (O2)
78% NITROGEN (N2)
0.04% CARBON DIOXIDE(CO2)
~0.9% ARGON (Ar)
3. List 4 ways in which the atmosphere acts as a protective envelope.
Blocking out harmful ultraviolet rays
Due to friction, the atmosphere destroys meteors
Due to the greenhouse effect, the atmosphere reduces temperature differences on Earth
Without the gases and water vapor in our atmosphere life would be impossible.
Without the atmosphere the temperature would rise to 80oC during the day and drop to
-140oC at night. Therefore, the atmosphere acts as an insulator
4. What are the main causes contributing to the decrease of the ozone layer? Why is this worrisome?
CFC’s and aerosol products
The ozone protects us from the harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays associated with skin cancer and
cataracts.
5. List the planets in our solar system in order and provide 2 characteristics about each planet.
Mercury - Closest to sun; Shortest orbit; Temperature: HOT on the side facing the sun and
FREEZING on the side turned away from the sun.
Venus - Brightest & Hottest; High levels of carbon dioxide; Rotates from East to West; Known
as the morning and evening star
Earth - Supports life; Mostly water; 1 moon
Mars - Reddish color; 2 moons; Frozen water
Jupiter – Largest; Colourful bands made of clouds; Famous large red spot which is a storm
Saturn - 2nd largest planet; Many rings; Stormy bands of gases
Uranus - Very cold; Greenish-blue colour; Thin rings; Rotates on its side
Neptune - Blue colour; Large storm spot called “Great Dark Spot”; Clouds for layers; 6 rings;
6. List the four inner planets. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
7. List the four outer planets. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
8. Where is the asteroid belt located? Between Mars and Jupiter, separating the inner and outer
planets.
9. What are the main differences between the inner and outer planet? Inner planets are solid and hot; outer planets gaseous and cold.
10. Draw a diagram of a comet and label the head, tail, and nucleus.
11. Define: light year, astronomical unit, asteroid, and meteoroid.
Light year – the distance light travels in one year = 9.4605284 × 1015 meters
Astronomical unit – distance between the Earth and sun = 149597871 kilometers
Asteroid – A small celestrial body that has a diameter no greater than a few hundred Km