Beth McCracken

EMAT 681 Wed

2/23/2011

GACE Study Guide

SS3H2 The student will describe the lives of American who expanded people’s rights and freedoms in a democracy

a.  Paul Revere(independence), Frederick Douglass (civil rights), Susan B. Anthony (women’s rights), Mary McLeod Bethune (education), Franklin D. Roosevelt (New Deal & World War II), Eleanor Roosevelt (United Nations and human rights), Thurgood Marshall (civil rights), Lyndon B. Johnson (Great Society & voting rights), Cesar Chavez (workers’ rights).

b.  Explain social barriers, restrictions, and obstacles these figures had to overcome and describe how they overcame them.

Paul Revere (independence)

January 1, 1735-May 10, 1818

Nickname - Messenger of the Revolution

Mercury of the Revolution

1.  On April 18, 1775 Paul Revere rode during the night to warn the American villagers and farms that British troops were advancing toward Lexington. He was captured by the British and eventually escaped. He continued working toward the nation becoming independent.

2.  The British moved toward Concord where shots were exchanged. These shots are called “shots heard around the world” helping to start the War of Independence.

3.  He worked as a silversmith, goldsmith and engraver. He created engravings of The Boston Massacre and political renderings.

4.  Paul Revere’s Ride - by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, in this vivid poem Paul Revere was elevated from a minor regional character from the American Revolution into an American folk hero. The poem however was not meant as an historical account of the famous midnight ride and it contains many inaccuracies.

http://www.notablebiographies.com/Pu-Ro/Revere-Paul.html

http://www.paulreverehouse.org/bio/

Frederick Douglass (civil rights)

February.14, 1818 (?)- February. 20, 1 895

1.  He was born into slavery

2.  In 1838 Douglass escaped slavery

3.  He become an outspoken leader of antislavery sentiment

4.  In 1847 purchased his freedom.

5.  He founded an antislavery newspaper the North Star.

6.  He wrote his autobiography Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass, An American Slave that presented a damning picture of slavery.

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/doughtml/doughome.html

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1539.html

Susan B. Anthony (women’s rights)

February 15, 1820 - March 13, 1906

  1. She was involved in the temperance movement
  2. She helped found the Woman's State Temperance Society of New York
  3. In 1851 she went to Syracuse to attend a series of antislavery meetings
  4. She worked to gain voting rights for women and equal rights for all.
  5. In 1872, Susan demanded that women be given the same civil and political rights that had been extended to black males under the 14th and 15th amendments
  6. She campaigned endlessly for a federal woman suffrage amendment through the National Woman Suffrage Association (1869-90) and the National American Woman Suffrage Association (1890-1906)
  7. In 1888 she organized the International Council of Women and in 1904 the International Woman Suffrage Alliance.
  8. She did not live to witness the 19th amendment passed

http://www.history.rochester.edu/class/sba/first.htm

http://susanbanthonyhouse.org/her-story/biography.php

Mary McLeod Bethune (education)

July 10, 1875 - May 18, 1955

  1. She founded the Daytona Normal and Industrial Institute for Negro Girls (now Bethune-Cookman College) in 1904 and served as president from 1904-1942 and from 1946-47.
  2. She was a leader in the black women's club movement and served as president of the National Association of Colored Women.
  3. She was a delegate and advisor to national conferences on education, child welfare, and home ownership. She was Director of Negro Affairs in the National Youth Administration from 1936 to 1944.
  4. She served as consultant to the U.S. Secretary of War for selection of the first female officer candidates.
  5. She was appointed consultant on interracial affairs and understanding at the charter conference of the U.N.
  6. She created The National Council of Negro Women.
  7. She was Vice-president of the NAACP.

http://www.ncnw.org/about/bethune.htm

http://www.lkwdpl.org/wihohio/beth-mar.htm

Franklin D. Roosevelt (New Deal and World War II)

January 30, 1882 - April 12, 1945

1.  He won election to the New York Senate in 1910.

2.  President Wilson appointed him Assistant Secretary of the Navy.

3.  He was the Democratic nominee for Vice President in 1920.

4.  In 1928 Roosevelt became Governor of New York.

5.  He was elected President in November 1932, to the first of four terms.

6.  At the beginning of his presidency almost every bank was closed. In his first "hundred days," he proposed, and Congress enacted, a sweeping program to bring recovery to business and agriculture, relief to the unemployed and to those in danger of losing farms and homes and reform, especially through the establishment of the Tennessee Valley Authority.

7.  The term New Deal was coined during Franklin Roosevelt’s 1932 Democratic presidential nomination acceptance speech, when he said, "I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people." Roosevelt summarized the New Deal as a "use of the authority of government as an organized form of self-help for all classes and groups and sections of our country."

8.  He introduced a new program of reform: Social Security, heavier taxes on the wealthy, new controls over banks and public utilities and an enormous work relief program for the unemployed.

9.  On March 12, 1933 Roosevelt broadcast the first of 30 "fireside chats" over the radio to the American people.

10.  The following Acts were enacted during the first Hundred Days

11.  · Emergency Banking Act (March 9), provided the president with the means to reopen viable banks and regulate banking;

12.  · Economy Act (March 20), cut federal costs through reorganization of and cuts in salaries and veterans' pensions;

13.  · Beer-Wine Revenue Act (March 22) legalized and taxed wine and beer;

14.  · Civilian Conservation Corps Act (March 31) enabled three million young men, between the ages of 18 to 25, to find work in road building, forestry labor and flood control.

15.  · Federal Emergency Relief Act (May 12) established the Federal Emergency Relief Administration to distribute $500 million to states and localities for relief. this act was administered by Harry Hopkins for relief or for wages on public works, this federal agency would eventually pay about $3 billion.

16.  · Agricultural Adjustment Act (May 12) established the Agricultural Adjustment Administration to decrease crop surpluses by subsidizing farmers who voluntarily cut back on production.

17.  · Tennessee Valley Authority Act (May 18) allowed the federal government to build dams and power plants in the Tennessee Valley, coupled with agricultural and industrial planning, to generate and sell the power and to engage in area development. The TVA was given an assignment to improve the economic and social circumstances of the people living in the river basin; and the

18.  · Federal Securities Act (May 27) to stiffen regulation of the securities business.

19.  During the Second Hundred Days his measures enacted included:

20.  Joint resolution to abandon the gold standard (June 5);

21.  National Employment System Act (June 6) created the U.S. Employment Service.

22.  Home Owners Refinancing Act (June 13) established the Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) to refinance non-farm home mortgages.

23.  Glass-Steagall Banking Act (June 16) to instituted various banking reforms, including establishing the Federal Bank Deposit Insurance Corporation that insured deposits up to $5,000, and later, $10,000;

24.  Farm Credit Act (June 16) provided for the refinancing of farm mortgages;

25.  Emergency Railroad Transportation Act (June 16) increased federal regulation of railroads

26.  National Industrial Recovery Act (June 16) established the National Recovery Administration and the Public Works Administration.

27.  He helped the Allies while maintaining an isolationist position towards entering the fighting of World War II.

28.  With America’s eventual entry into the war, that nation’s economy continued to improve. Large scale production of military equipment and the draft and ended the New Deal.

http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1851.html

http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0835397.html

Eleanor Roosevelt (United Nations & human rights)

October 11, 1884 – November 7, 1962

1.  She was a secretary and a teacher active in Junior League for the Promotion of Settlement Movements and the Rivington Street College Settlement, New York City, New York (1902 – 1903)

2.  She became interested in reform efforts to improve the lives of the impoverished masses that existed within deplorable living and working conditions.

3.  With The Consumer’s League, New York City, New York (1903-1905) Eleanor Roosevelt became a volunteer investigator with The Consumers’ League for the reform organization. Her work consisted of visiting the tenement apartments where workers both lived and worked under dangerous and unhealthy conditions in these so-called “sweatshops.” Her first visits were to those who were expected to turn out thousands of little artificial flowers that would be used on hats and other clothes for manufacturer’s; but, they were paid so little money they remained in abject poverty.

4.  In 1905 she married Franklin Delano Roosevelt

5.  In Washington D.C she worked for two private aid organizations - the Navy Relief Society which focused on special needs of sailors and the American Red Cross.

6.  She persuaded FDR to create the National Youth Administration (NYA), which provided financial aid to students and job training to young men and women.

7.  She became a delegate to the United Nations General Assembly specializing in humanitarian, social and cultural issues.

8.  In 1948 she drafted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This affirmed life, liberty, and equality internationally for all people regardless of race, creed or color.

9.  She helped in the establishment of the state of Israel

http://www.lkwdpl.org/wihohio/roos-ele.htm

http://www.udhr.org/history/biographies/bioer.htm

Thurgood Marshall (civil rights)

July 2, 1908 - January 24, 1993.

  1. He was the grandson of a slave.
  2. In 1930, he applied to the University of Maryland Law School, but was denied admission because he was black.
  3. He sought admission and was accepted at the Howard University Law School
  4. At school he was influenced by Hamilton Houston. He instilled in all of his students the desire to apply the tenets of the Constitution to all Americans.

5.  Marshall's first major court case came in 1933 when he successfully sued the University of Maryland to admit a young African American Amherst University graduate Donald Gaines Murray.

  1. He successfully argued before the U.S. Supreme Court the case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) which declared unconstitutional racial segregation in American public schools.
  2. He won 29 of the 32 cases that he argued before the U.S. Supreme Court.
  3. Among them were cases in which the court declared unconstitutional a Southern state's exclusion of African American voters from primary elections ( Smith v. Allwright [1944]) state judicial enforcement of racial “restrictive covenants” in housing ( Shelley v. Kraemer [1948]) and “separate but equal” facilities for African American professionals and graduate students in state universities (Sweatt v. Painter and McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents [both 1950])
  4. He became Chief Counsel for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
  5. President John F. Kennedy appointed Thurgood Marshall to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
  6. In 1965 President Lyndon Johnson appointed Judge Marshall to the office of U.S. Solicitor General.
  7. He was nominated to the Supreme Court by President Johnson in 1967.
  8. He was the first African American member of the Supreme Court

http://chnm.gmu.edu/courses/122/hill/marshall.htm

http://www.biography.com/articles/Thurgood-Marshall-9400241

Lyndon B. Johnson

August 27, 1908 - January 22, 1973.

1.  He worked his way through Southwest Texas State Teachers College (now known as Texas State University - San Marcos)

2.  He learned compassion for the poverty of others when he taught students of Mexican descent.

3.  In 1937 he campaigned successfully for the House of Representatives

4.  After six terms in the House, Johnson was elected to the Senate in 1948

5.  Johnson as JFK’s running mate in the 1960 campaign was elected Vice President.

6.  On November 22, 1963, when Kennedy was assassinated Johnson was sworn in as President.

7.  President Johnson signed into law the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to enforce the law and eliminate the remaining restrictions on black voting.

8.  He urged the Nation "to build a great society, a place where the meaning of man's life matches the marvels of man's labor."

9.  In 1964 Johnson won the Presidency (becoming the 36th President) with 61 percent of the vote and had the widest popular margin in American history--more than 15,000,000 votes.

10.  The Great Society program became Johnson's agenda for Congress in January 1965: aid to education, attack on disease, Medicare, urban renewal, beautification, conservation, development of depressed regions, a wide-scale fight against poverty, control and prevention of crime and delinquency, removal of obstacles to the right to vote.

11.  Congress, at times augmenting or amending, rapidly enacted Johnson's recommendations. Millions of elderly people found succor through the 1965 Medicare amendment to the Social Security Act.

12.  Under Johnson, the country made spectacular explorations of space in a program he had championed since its start. When three astronauts successfully orbited the moon in December 1968, Johnson congratulated them: "You've taken ... all of us, all over the world, into a new era. . . . "

13.  Despite Johnson's efforts to end Communist aggression and achieve a settlement, fighting continued. Controversy over the war had become acute by the end of March 1968, when he limited the bombing of North Viet Nam in order to initiate negotiations.

14.  At the same time, he startled the world by withdrawing as a candidate for re-election so that he might devote his full efforts, unimpeded by politics, to the quest for peace

http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/lyndonbjohnson

http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/biographys.hom/lbj_bio.asp

Cesar Chavez