Life Science (G)
4th Quarter Exam Study Guide ANSWER KEY
1. Define the following terms:bacteria, gene therapy, antibiotic, bioremediation, pathogens, immune system, antigens, antibody
bacteria – one-celled organisms without membrane-bound organelles
gene therapy – uses viruses to replace defective hereditary material in cells
antibiotic – a drug used to kill bacteria
bioremediation – uses bacteria to break down wastes and pollutants into simple harmless compounds
pathogens –organisms that produce disease
immune system – group of defenses that your body has to fight disease
antigens – proteins and chemicals foreign to your body
antibody – substances made in response to a specific antigen
2. Describe some ways in which bacteria is used for beneficial purposes.
Farming – use nitrogen-fixing bacteria, also use bacteria for bio-remediation
Medical Industry – used to make antibiotics
Food Industry – used to make dairy products, sauerkraut, vinegar, pickles, olives, and soy sauce
3. Draw and name the different shapes of bacteria.
Coccus – sphere shaped
Bacillus – rod shaped
Spirillum – spiral shaped
4. Give some examples of diseases for which there is a vaccine available.
Polio, rabies, measles, mumps, chicken pox, polio, smallpox. Etc.
5. Give some examples of diseases for which there is NO vaccine available.
Common cold, HIV
6. What types of organisms cause infectious diseases?
Viruses, fungi, bacteria
7. How are infectious diseases spread?
Can be spread through water, air, or in food
8. Describe how viruses reproduce.
- a virus attaches to the surface of a cell
- the hereditary material of the virus is injected into the cell
- the hereditary material directs the cell to make new virus particles
- new viruses form inside the host cell
- the host cell bursts open and releases the new viruses
9. What are some of your body’s first-lines of defense against infectious diseases?
Your skin and sweat; cilia and mucus in your respiratory system; enzymes in mucus, stomach, pancreas, and liver; acid in your stomach
10. Louis Pasture, Joseph Lister, and Robert Koch are all known for their work in the field infectious disease. Describe an important discovery of each scientist.
Louis Pasture – first to discover that bacteria can cause disease
Joseph Lister – discovered the relationship between cleanliness and infection rate
Robert Koch – developed a series of methods for identifying which organism was the cause of a particular disease
11. How do antibodies work?
Antibodies attach to an antigen and make them useless
12. What is the difference between active and passive immunity?
Active immunity – your own body produces antibodies in response to a specific antigen; develops when a pathogen (germ) invades your body or when you receive a vaccine; active immunity lasts a long time
Passive immunity – antibodies produced by another animal are introduced into your body; example: when a baby receives antibodies from its mother’s milk; passive immunity only lasts a short time
13. Define: vascular plants, nonvascular plants, rhizoids, liverworts, cuticle, phloem, xylem, cambium
vascular plants – plants that have tubelike structures for transporting substances
nonvascular plants – plant that absorbs water and other substances directly through its cell walls instead of through tubelike structures
rhizoids – rootlike filaments made up of a few long cells
liverworts – non-vascular plant whose name means “herb for the liver”
cuticle – a waxy, protective layer on leaves of plants
phloem – vessels that move food from leaves to other plant parts
xylem – vessels that transport substances from the roots to other parts of the plant
cambium –tissue that produces new xylem and phloem cells
14. Give some examples of vascular plants. Give some examples of non-vascular.
Vascular – ferns, trees, horsetails,
Non Vascular – moss, liverworts
15. List some characteristics of plants.
Have cell walls, have roots, range in height
16. What are some adaptations that help plants live on land?
Cell walls, a cuticle, more complex methods of reproduction
17. Describe how the coal used today was formed.
Ancient seedless plants died and compacted,turning into peat. Compression over a long time changed peat into coal.
18. List the major functions of a plant’s roots.
Anchor the plant, absorb water and soil nutrients, store food
19. List the major functions a of plant’s stem.
Stores food and water, structural support for the plant, moves material between the leaves and the roots
20. What is the major function of a plant’s leaves?
To make food through photosynthesis
21. Define: invertebrates, vertebrates, herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detritivores
invertebrates – animals without a backbone
vertebrates – animals with a backbone
herbivores – animals that eat only plants
carnivores – animals that eat only animals
omnivores – animals that eat both plants and animals
detritivores – animals that feed on small bits of decaying organisms
22. What are some characteristics that all animals share?
Made of many cells, digest their food, have cells with a nucleus and organelles
23. About 97% of all animal species are (invertebrates or vertebrates).
invertebrates
24. Define: community, population, habitat, niche, and ecosystem
Community – all the populations in an ecosystem
Population – organisms in an ecosystem that belongs to one species
Habitat – the place in which an organism lives
Niche – how an organism survives in its environment
Ecosystem – all the organisms living in an area and the nonliving features of their environment
25. Define: food chain, producers, consumers, biosphere, and ecology
Food chain –the feeding relationships among the organisms in an ecosystem
Producers – organisms that use an outside energy source to make energy-rich molecules
Consumers – organisms that cannot make their own energy-rich particles
Biosphere – the part of Earth that supports life
Ecology – the study of interactions among organisms and their environment
26. Define: symbiosis, mutualism, commensalism, parasitism
Symbiosis – a close relationship between species
Mutualism – a symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit
Commensalism – a symbiotic relationship in which one partner benefits but the other is not affected
Parasitism – a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits but the other is harmed
27. The ____ biomes are found at the same latitudes as deciduous forests, but receive less precipitation.
Grassland
28. Give some examples of freshwater ecosystems.
Rivers, Lakes, ponds, swamps
29. Describe each of the following of rainforest zones: forest floor, understory, canopy, and emergents.
Forest floor – ground level; many insects and the largest mammals in the rain forest live here
Understory – dark, cool environment under the canopy of leaves but above the ground; insects, reptiles, and amphibians live here
Canopy – includes the upper parts of trees; insects, birds, reptiles, and mammals live here
Emergents –giant trees that are much higher than the average canopy tree; birds and insects are found here
Match each biome with the correct description. Each biome may be used more than once.
Desert
Tropical Rain Forest
Taiga
Grassland
Temperate Deciduous Forest
Tundra
Temperate Rain Forest
______30. consists of forest floor, understory, canopy, and emergents tropical rain forest
______31. dominate plants lose their leaves every autumn temperate deciduous forest
______32. populated by caribou, reindeer, snowy owls, and geese tundra
______33. has greatest variety of organisms on Earth tropical rain forest
______34. dominate plants are cone-bearing evergreen trees taiga
______35. dominate plants are grasses grassland
______36. cold, dry, tressless biomes in far north tundra
______37. populated by cacti and kangaroo rats desert
______38. usually have four distinct seasons temperate deciduous forest
______39. populated by moose, bears, lynx, shrews, and foxes taiga
______40. perfect for growing crops and raising cattle and sheep grassland
______41. dominate plants are firs, spruces, and cedars that grow very high temperate rain forest