Exam 2 Learning Objectives
Enzymes
Know the factors that affect enzyme activity
Describe substrate specificity (geometry, charge, polar, nonpolar, stereospecific)
Know how enzymes affect activation energy
Understand mechanisms of:
Acid-base catalysis
Covalent catalysis
Metal ion catalysis
Know definition of Vmax and Km
Recognize Lineweaver-Burk plot
Know how Lineweaver-Burk plot changes during:
Competitive inhibition
Noncompetitive inhibition
Describe the type of mechanisms used by:
Chymotrypsin & other serine proteases
Enolase
RNase A
Lipids
Storage (fatty acids, oils, triacylglycerols, waxes)
Be able to draw arachidonic acid
If I give you 16:1(D9), you could draw out the fatty acid
Know the difference between saturated and unsaturated bonds
Be able to draw the basic backbone structure of a triacylglycerol (where are ester linkages?)
Why are triacylglycerols used for storage, insulation, to match buoyancy?
Structural (glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols)
Define Amphipathic
Know these structures and be able to draw them: micelle vs. bilayer vs. liposome
Know the components of glycerophospholipids (linkage by phosphate to X group)
Be able to recognize (but not draw) phospholipids with ether linkages (plasmalogen, platelet-activating factor)
Know the components of sphingolipids (sphingosine + fatty acid + X group)
Basic sphingolipid = ceramide (X group = H)
Know role of sphingomyelin
When X group = sugars, define human blood groups
Understand how mutation of phospholipid/sphingolipid degrading enzymes causes disease
Phospholipases, hexosaminidase A, sphingomyelinase
Signaling, cofactor, pigment, sterol
(Know the jobs of phosphatidylinositols, eicosanoids, steroid hormones, vitamins)
Sterols (cholesterol)
Know basic structure of cholesterol (polar head, alkyl side chain, steroid nucleus)
Steroid hormones – potent signalers
Be able to identify names of steroid hormones
What is their basic structure?
Phosphatidylinositols – signalers
Know that they can affect things like release of Ca2+, regulation of enzymes, phosphorylation state
Eicosanoids – signalers
Define paracrine
Know the fatty acid precursor of eicosaniods
Know the roles of the 3 different types (PGE, TBX, LT)
Vitamins (fat soluble, A, D, E, K)
Know the basic role of each
Biological Membranes:
Be able to describe the fluid mosaic model
Membrane proteins span the bilayer
How did scientists determine whether a protein spanned the bilayer?
Peripheral proteins
How associated with membrane?
Integral proteins
How associated with membrane?
Roles of integral membrane proteins (adhesion, viral infection, etc.)
Understand hydropathy index
Biological Membranes and Transport:
Know differences between simple diffusion vs. facilitated
Know the specific types of facilitated diffusion transporters (aquaporins, glucose transporters, chloride/bicarbonate)
Understand uniport vs. cotransport (symport vs. antiport)
Know how primary active transport differs from simple & facilitated diffusion
Active transporters
Know the ATP-dependent active transporters (P, V, F, multidrug)
Biosignaling:
Know the difference between autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine signals
Understand the evolutionarily conserved mechanisms of specificity, amplification, desensitization, integration
Be able to describe the types of signal transducers (gated ion/ligand channels, receptor enzymes, serpentine receptors, steroid receptors)
Ligand-gated channel example: nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
Receptor enzyme example: insulin receptor (understand how phosphorylation and amplification affect the outcome)
Serpentine receptor example: b-adrenergic receptor (understand what a G protein is, how phosphorylation and amplification affect the outcome, role of cAMP)
Steroid receptors (understand how they work and how drugs like tamoxifen work)
How does biosignaling change in cancers?
Understand oncogenes and protooncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, apoptosis