Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in background surface soils from the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), China: Occurrence, sources, and inventory
Yan-Ping Duan,† Xiang-Zhou Meng,*, † Chao Yang,† Zhao-Yu Pan,† Ling Chen,†
Ran Yu,† and Feng-Teng Li, †
† State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
Corresponding author phone: +86-21-65984261; fax: +86-21-65984261;
e-mail:
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Table S1. Congener-specific and total PBDE concentrations (mean and range) in surface soils from Chongming Island, China (ng/g, dw).
Congeners / Farmland (n=9) / Grassland (n=3) / Woodland (n=4) / Tideland (n=3) / Road (n=3) / Overall (n=22) /range / mean±SD / range / mean±SD / range / mean±SD / range / mean±SD / range / mean±SD / range / mean±SD /
BDE-15 / nd-0.03 / 0.01±0.007 / 0.005-0.02 / 0.01±0.007 / 0.008-0.01 / 0.01±0.005 / 0.01-0.02 / 0.02±0.006 / 0.004-0.01 / 0.007±0.003 / nd-0.03 / 0.01±0.006 /
BDE-17 / 0.005-0.02 / 0.008±0.005 / 0.006-0.009 / 0.008±0.001 / 0.009-0.01 / 0.01±0.001 / 0.005-0.02 / 0.01±0.01 / nd / nd / nd-0.02 / 0.009±0.005 /
BDE-25 / 0.006-0.12 / 0.03±0.04 / 0.005-0.02 / 0.01±0.007 / nd-0.02 / 0.01±0.006 / 0.006-0.01 / 0.01±0.005 / <LOD-0.008 / 0.004±0.004 / nd-0.12 / 0.01±0.03 /
BDE-28 / 0.007-0.07 / 0.03±0.02 / 0.02-0.04 / 0.03±0.01 / 0.02-0.04 / 0.02±0.005 / 0.01-0.05 / 0.03±0.02 / 0.01-0.06 / 0.04±0.02 / 0.007-0.07 / 0.03±0.02 /
BDE-32 / nd-0.01 / 0.009±0.004 / <LOD / <LOD / nd-0.02 / 0.008±0.003 / nd-0.01 / 0.008±0.005 / <LOD-0.005 / <LOD / nd-0.02 / 0.008±0.01 /
BDE-33 / nd-0.03 / 0.02±0.01 / 0.006-0.03 / 0.02±0.01 / <LOD-0.02 / 0.01±0.002 / 0.005-0.02 / 0.01±0.004 / 0.006-0.01 / 0.01±0.004 / nd-0.03 / 0.01±0.009 /
BDE-37 / 0.004-0.03 / 0.008±0.01 / <LOD-0.007 / 0.004±0.002 / <LOD-0.009 / 0.006±0.003 / <LOD-0.005 / 0.004±0.001 / <LOD-0.007 / <LOD / <LOD-0.03 / 0.005±0.007 /
BDE-47 / 0.02-0.43 / 0.11±0.13 / 0.05-0.10 / 0.07±0.03 / 0.006-0.21 / 0.12±0.09 / 0.02-0.11 / 0.08±0.03 / 0.008-0.09 / 0.05±0.04 / 0.008-0.43 / 0.09±0.06 /
BDE-49 / 0.004-0.21 / 0.03±0.05 / <LOD-0.03 / 0.01±0.01 / 0.003-0.06 / 0.02±0.01 / <LOD-0.05 / 0.02±0.02 / 0.004-0.02 / 0.01±0.007 / 0.004-0.21 / 0.01±0.02 /
BDE-66 / nd-0.05 / 0.02±0.02 / <LOD / <LOD / 0.007-0.02 / 0.01±0.007 / 0.005-0.01 / 0.009±0.003 / 0.007-0.02 / 0.01±0.008 / nd-0.05 / 0.01±0.01 /
BDE-75 / 0.004-0.04 / 0.01±0.02 / <LOD-0.01 / 0.007±0.003 / <LOD-0.01 / 0.006±0.002 / <LOD-0.02 / 0.0005±0.004 / nd / nd / nd-0.04 / 0.008±0.009 /
BDE-77 / nd-0.05 / 0.01±0.02 / <LOD-0.02 / 0.01±0.006 / 0.005-0.01 / 0.008±0.002 / 0.003-0.02 / 0.009±0.006 / <LOD-0.01 / 0.005±0.004 / nd-0.05 / 0.008±0.01 /
BDE-99 / 0.03-0.94 / 0.28±0.32 / 0.03-0.14 / 0.09±0.04 / 0.06-1.5 / 0.59±0.62 / 0.02-0.19 / 0.07±0.08 / 0.02-0.12 / 0.11±0.09 / 0.02-0.94 / 0.23±0.33 /
BDE-100 / 0.02-0.20 / 0.05±0.06 / 0.02-0.05 / 0.03±0.01 / 0.02-0.09 / 0.05±0.02 / 0.01-0.04 / 0.02±0.01 / 0.01-0.04 / 0.04±0.01 / 0.01-0.20 / 0.04±0.03 /
BDE-116 / 0.005-0.03 / 0.01±0.01 / <LOD-0.02 / 0.01±0.002 / <LOD-0.07 / 0.02±0.02 / 0.006-0.02 / 0.01±0.004 / 0.005-0.04 / 0.02±0.008 / 0.005-0.07 / 0.02±0.02 /
BDE-118 / 0.004-0.03 / 0.02±0.02 / <LOD / <LOD / 0.009-0.12 / 0.05±0.05 / 0.006-0.01 / 0.01±0.003 / 0.003-0.009 / 0.004±0.002 / <LOD-0.12 / 0.02±0.02 /
BDE-119 / nd-0.06 / 0.02±0.02 / 0.006-0.02 / 0.01±0.009 / 0.02-0.04 / 0.03±0.01 / 0.007-0.01 / 0.009±0.001 / 0.004-0.01 / 0.008±0.003 / nd-0.06 / 0.01±0.03 /
BDE-126 / 0.006-0.07 / 0.02±0.02 / <LOD / <LOD / nd-0.009 / 0.004±0.003 / nd-0.03 / 0.01±0.02 / 0.007-0.02 / 0.007±0.005 / <LOD-0.07 / 0.008±0.01 /
BDE-138 / 0.005-0.08 / 0.02±0.03 / 0.01-0.03 / 0.02±0.009 / <LOD-0.02 / 0.008±0.007 / 0.005-0.01 / 0.008±0.004 / 0.02-0.06 / 0.03±0.01 / <LOD-0.08 / 0.02±0.02 /
BDE-153 / 0.02-0.63 / 0.11±0.20 / 0.03-0.12 / 0.08±0.05 / 0.02-0.15 / 0.08±0.05 / 0.02-0.03 / 0.03±0.005 / 0.02-0.04 / 0.03±0.007 / 0.02-0.63 / 0.07±0.01 /
BDE-154 / 0.005-0.19 / 0.05±0.07 / 0.01-0.09 / 0.03±0.05 / 0.009-0.05 / 0.04±0.01 / 0.003-0.009 / 0.006±0.002 / 0.007-0.01 / 0.01±0.004 / 0.003-0.19 / 0.03±0.05 /
BDE-166 / 0.008-0.09 / 0.01±0.03 / <LOD-0.02 / 0.01±0.01 / nd-0.04 / 0.01±0.01 / nd-0.03 / 0.01±0.01 / <LOD / <LOD / nd-0.09 / 0.01±0.02 /
BDE-181 / 0.006-0.09 / 0.02±0.03 / nd / nd / 0.006-0.02 / 0.01±0.001 / nd / nd / <LOD-0.008 / <LOD / nd-0.09 / 0.01±0.02 /
BDE-183 / 0.008-0.10 / 0.04±0.04 / 0.005-0.03 / 0.02±0.01 / <LOD-0.12 / 0.04±0.05 / 0.02-0.04 / 0.03±0.01 / 0.01-0.03 / 0.02±0.008 / <LOD-0.12 / 0.03±0.03 /
BDE-190 / nd-0.09 / 0.02±0.03 / <LOD / <LOD / <LOD / <LOD / nd-0.005 / 0.005±0.001 / <LOD / <LOD / nd-0.10 / 0.005±0.02 /
BDE-196 / nd-0.04 / 0.01±0.007 / nd-0.03 / 0.01±0.02 / 0.01-0.04 / 0.03±0.01 / nd-0.02 / 0.007±0.01 / 0.007-0.03 / 0.01±0.007 / nd-0.04 / 0.01±0.01 /
BDE-209 / 0.11-35 / 13±11 / 0.08-8.9 / 5.0±2.5 / 7.0-14 / 11±1.6 / 5.2-15 / 8.8±2.3 / 5.5-25 / 14±5.8 / 0.08-35 / 12±3.4 /
S7PBDEs / 0.008-1.7 / 0.71±0.42 / 0.23-0.44 / 0.35±0.07 / 0.14-1.9 / 0.92±0.64 / 0.11-0.46 / 0.28±0.12 / 0.11-0.52 / 0.32±0.05 / 0.008-1.9 / 0.52±0.23 /
S26PBDEs / 0.21-2.3 / 0.94±0.72 / 0.40-0.62 / 0.51±0.08 / 0.05-2.2 / 1.2±0.71 / 0.16-0.79 / 0.54±0.23 / 0.20-0.79 / 0.42±0.20 / 0.16-2.3 / 0.76±0.66 /
aLOD: limit of detection. bnd: not detected.
Table S2. Global comparison of total PBDE concentrations (ng/g, dw) in soils.
UK / rural–urban soils / 11 / 0.073-3.85a (not including BDE-183) / - / (Harrad &Hunter 2006)
grassland soils / 21 / 0.015-5b / - / (Hassanin et al. 2004)
woodland soils / 21 / 0.075-5.6b / - / (Hassanin et al. 2004)
Norway / woodland soils / 24 / 0.09-2.6b / - / (Hassanin et al. 2004)
Sweden / reference soils / 12 / 0.09-0.4a (not including BDE-28) / 0.071-1.5 / (Sellström et al. 2005)
sludge application soils / 16 / 0.035-1700a (not including BDE-28) / 0.028-2200 / (Sellström et al. 2005)
sludge application soils / 0.05–840a / - / (Matscheko et al. 2002)
Russian Arctic / 3 / 0.16-0.23c / - / (de Wit et al. 2006)
USA / floodplain soils / 26 / 0.02-19.4a (not including BDE-183) / 0.02-41.2 / (Yun et al. 2008)
soils near PUF manufacturing plant / 3 / <0.1–76c / nde / (Hale et al. 2002)
Spain / sludge application soils / 5.4-103a (not including BDE-28) / 17.6-1082 / (Eljarrat et al. 2008)
Taiyuan city, China / urban and industrial plants soils / 21 / 0.01-0.226a / 0.006-209 / (Li et al. 2008)
Guiyu, China / e-waste site soils / 2 / 1059-1089a / nd / (Wang et al. 2005)
e-waste site soils / 15 / 0.441-2768a / 2.76-1270 / (Leung et al. 2007)
Taizhou, china / e-waste site soils / 6 / 824.4-948.6a / - / (Cai &Jiang 2006)
Qingyuan,China (e-waste site) / farmland soils / 33 / 1.6-28.8d / 1.3-182.7 / (Luo et al. 2009)
rural–farmland soils / 3 / 0.1-0.58d / 5.1-28.8 / (Luo et al. 2009)
road soils / 29 / 121.7–3159d / 69.1–6319.6 / (Luo et al. 2009)
Tibetan Plateau, China / upland soils / 4 / 0.006-0.1a / nd / (Wang et al. 2009)
agricultural soils / 6 / 0.004-0.035a / nd / (Wang et al. 2009)
meadow soils / 1 / 0.001a / nd / (Wang et al. 2009)
moraine soils / 4 / 0.006-0.009a / nd / (Wang et al. 2009)
Laizhou Bay, China / soils near a deca-BDE manufacturing plant / 10 / 4.8-235a / 53.4-7199 / (Jin et al. 2008)
Pearl River Delta, China / point source soils / 3 / 1.93-19.5d / 25.7-83.9 / (Zou et al. 2007)
surface soils / 33 / 0.133-3.81d / 2.38-102 / (Zou et al. 2007)
Chongming island, China / farmland soils / 9 / 0.008-1.7a / 0.11-35 / This study
woodland soils / 4 / 0.14-1.9a / 7.0-14 / This study
grassland soils / 3 / 0.23-0.44a / 0.08-8.9 / This study
road soils / 3 / 0.11-0.52a / 5.5-25 / This study
tideland soils / 3 / 0.11-0.46a / 5.2-15 / This study
a the sum of BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 183. b the sum of BDE-47, 99, 100, 153, and 154. c the sum of BDE-47, 99, and 100. d the sum of BDE-2, 17, 28, 47, 49, 66, 75, 99, 100, 138, 153, 154, 155, 183, 190, 196, 197, 203, 206, 207, and 208. end: not detected.
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