Note: Robust Standard Errors in Parentheses, P<0.01, P<0.05, * P<0.1

Table A.1: Estimated coefficients of non-spatial and spatial panel-data regression models using average BMI as the dependent variable: Male 18-45

Non-spatial Panel / Spatial Panel
SAR / SEM
Random Effects / Fixed
Effects / Random Effects / FixedEffects / Random Effects / Fixed
Effects
Variables / Direct / Indirect / Total / Direct / Indirect / Total
Age / 0.08* / 0.03 / 0.069* / 0.001 / 0.071* / 0.03 / 0.002 / 0.03 / 0.066 / 0.029
(0.046) / (0.049) / (0.036) / (0.002) / (0.037) / (0.045) / (0.004) / (0.048) / (0.043) / (0.053)
Marital status
Married / 1.597* / 2.555*** / 1.874* / 0.035 / 1.909* / 2.635** / 0.085 / 2.72** / 1.826** / 2.579***
(0.884) / (0.942) / (0.994) / (0.039) / (1.011) / (1.029) / (0.112) / (1.037) / (0.888) / (0.951)
Divorced or widowed / 0.448 / -0.319 / 0.467 / 0.009 / 0.476 / -0.192 / -0.02 / -0.212 / 0.544 / -0.296
(1.341) / (1.368) / (1.448) / (0.035) / (1.475) / (1.575) / (0.093) / (1.635) / (1.349) / (1.494)
Immigration status
> 10 years / -2.675*** / -1.232 / -2.373*** / -0.045 / -2.419*** / -1.214 / -0.044 / -1.258 / -2.51*** / -1.223
(0.723) / (0.979) / (0.756) / (0.05) / (0.771) / (0.939) / (0.069) / (0.968) / (0.694) / (0.829)
≤ 10 years / -3.368*** / -2.121* / -3.465*** / -0.067 / -3.532*** / -2.243** / -0.082 / -2.325** / -3.29*** / -2.134*
(0.917) / (1.232) / (0.806) / (0.061) / (0.82) / (1.009) / (0.115) / (1.059) / (0.864) / (1.09)
Household income
$20000 / -0.783 / -1.058 / -0.869 / -0.018 / -0.888 / -1.104 / -0.032 / -1.136 / -0.917 / -1.141
(1.012) / (1.047) / (1.102) / (0.032) / (1.122) / (1.24) / (0.086) / (1.286) / (1.163) / (1.315)
$20000-$49999 / -1.187* / -0.981 / -1.019 / -0.019 / -1.039 / -0.884 / -0.034 / -0.918 / -1.243* / -1.042
(0.641) / (0.658) / (0.631) / (0.022) / (0.643) / (0.686) / (0.056) / (0.712) / (0.667) / (0.698)
≥ $80000 / 0.735 / -0.198 / 0.751 / 0.015 / 0.766 / -0.065 / -0.002 / -0.068 / 0.557 / -0.225
(0.535) / (0.574) / (0.593) / (0.021) / (0.605) / (0.565) / (0.034) / (0.592) / (0.623) / (0.58)
Missing / 0.348 / 0.138 / 0.444 / 0.008 / 0.452 / 0.231 / 0.005 / 0.236 / 0.226 / 0.101
(0.635) / (0.66) / (0.886) / (0.021) / (0.898) / (0.921) / (0.059) / (0.961) / (0.821) / (0.832)
Household arrangements
Size / -0.189 / -0.534** / -0.267 / -0.006 / -0.273 / -0.571** / -0.018 / -0.589** / -0.212 / -0.526*
(0.205) / (0.224) / (0.253) / (0.008) / (0.258) / (0.265) / (0.027) / (0.269) / (0.255) / (0.269)
Couple without a child / -0.01 / -1.251 / -0.184 / -0.003 / -0.187 / -1.251 / -0.042 / -1.293 / -0.092 / -1.231
(1.133) / (1.193) / (1.007) / (0.028) / (1.03) / (1.093) / (0.066) / (1.114) / (0.987) / (1.099)
With child(ren) less than 6 / 0.863 / -0.279 / 0.684 / 0.015 / 0.7 / -0.216 / 0 / -0.216 / 0.679 / -0.276
(1.183) / (1.243) / (1.324) / (0.033) / (1.35) / (1.395) / (0.072) / (1.439) / (1.192) / (1.286)
With child(ren) between 6 and 12 / 1.101 / 0.167 / 1.085 / 0.024 / 1.109 / 0.307 / 0.012 / 0.319 / 0.804 / 0.094
(1.141) / (1.228) / (1.119) / (0.033) / (1.142) / (1.229) / (0.065) / (1.264) / (1.036) / (1.19)
With children aged under 6 and 12 / 2.031 / 0.601 / 1.888 / 0.042 / 1.931 / 0.734 / 0.043 / 0.777 / 1.776 / 0.614
(1.441) / (1.492) / (1.501) / (0.056) / (1.539) / (1.458) / (0.092) / (1.516) / (1.482) / (1.476)
Other / 0.636 / 0.39 / 0.65 / 0.013 / 0.663 / 0.457 / 0.015 / 0.472 / 0.465 / 0.327
(0.839) / (0.948) / (0.859) / (0.023) / (0.875) / (0.981) / (0.054) / (1.01) / (0.881) / (1.006)
Home ownership / 0.546 / 0.315 / 0.505 / 0.01 / 0.515 / 0.162 / 0.007 / 0.169 / 0.665 / 0.345
(0.499) / (0.613) / (0.53) / (0.016) / (0.54) / (0.542) / (0.031) / (0.564) / (0.522) / (0.554)
Education level
Secondary school / -0.585 / -1.232* / -0.668 / -0.015 / -0.683 / -1.218 / -0.042 / -1.26 / -0.832 / -1.341
(0.639) / (0.728) / (0.697) / (0.022) / (0.713) / (0.846) / (0.073) / (0.874) / (0.822) / (0.948)
Some post-secondary / -0.433 / -0.289 / -0.512 / -0.012 / -0.523 / -0.344 / -0.018 / -0.362 / -0.26 / -0.276
(0.84) / (0.975) / (0.799) / (0.024) / (0.818) / (0.988) / (0.061) / (1.023) / (0.81) / (1.03)
Post-secondary degree/diploma / -0.938 / -0.778 / -0.959 / -0.019 / -0.978 / -0.775 / -0.027 / -0.802 / -0.945 / -0.828
(0.623) / (0.706) / (0.635) / (0.025) / (0.649) / (0.698) / (0.052) / (0.725) / (0.759) / (0.836)
Occupation status
Blue-collar / 1.111** / 1.157* / 1.178** / 0.025 / 1.203** / 1.168* / 0.043 / 1.211* / 1.2** / 1.154**
(0.482) / (0.612) / (0.46) / (0.025) / (0.474) / (0.606) / (0.062) / (0.626) / (0.462) / (0.571)
Sales and services / 0.409 / 0.075 / 0.494 / 0.01 / 0.504 / 0.2 / 0.004 / 0.203 / 0.394 / 0.063
(0.794) / (0.83) / (0.793) / (0.022) / (0.807) / (0.717) / (0.043) / (0.748) / (0.805) / (0.735)
Other / -0.418 / 0.42 / -0.111 / 0.003 / -0.108 / 0.471 / 0.007 / 0.478 / -0.246 / 0.422
(1.136) / (1.197) / (1.139) / (0.027) / (1.158) / (1.234) / (0.076) / (1.281) / (1.215) / (1.237)
Unable to work / 2.153 / 3.24 / 2.377 / 0.05 / 2.428 / 3.358 / 0.141 / 3.499 / 2.468 / 3.296
(2.279) / (2.37) / (3.035) / (0.095) / (3.102) / (2.689) / (0.227) / (2.812) / (2.993) / (2.521)
Student / 0.278 / 0.374 / 0.427 / 0.007 / 0.434 / 0.569 / 0.021 / 0.591 / 0.311 / 0.4
(0.93) / (1.007) / (0.878) / (0.023) / (0.891) / (1) / (0.063) / (1.047) / (0.944) / (1.027)
Unemployed / 0.077 / -0.067 / 0.298 / 0.01 / 0.308 / 0.039 / 0.007 / 0.046 / 0.176 / -0.041
(0.922) / (1.016) / (1.083) / (0.029) / (1.106) / (1.252) / (0.078) / (1.307) / (1.05) / (1.187)
Fruits and vegetables consumption / -0.221*** / -0.005 / -0.183*** / -0.004 / -0.187*** / -0.004 / 0 / -0.004 / -0.187*** / -0.005
(0.058) / (0.064) / (0.066) / (0.004) / (0.068) / (0.058) / (0.003) / (0.06) / (0.063) / (0.054)
Physical activity
Moderately active / -1.362** / -0.783 / -1.181* / -0.023 / -1.204* / -0.663 / -0.033 / -0.696 / -1.197* / -0.749
(0.637) / (0.629) / (0.662) / (0.029) / (0.674) / (0.693) / (0.061) / (0.736) / (0.662) / (0.682)
Inactive / -0.135 / 0.661 / 0.064 / 0.001 / 0.065 / 0.689 / 0.021 / 0.71 / -0.001 / 0.682
(0.459) / (0.512) / (0.483) / (0.013) / (0.493) / (0.527) / (0.04) / (0.544) / (0.484) / (0.523)
Drinking habits
Rarely / -0.768 / -0.038 / -0.677 / -0.016 / -0.693 / -0.112 / -0.003 / -0.115 / -0.724 / -0.072
(0.843) / (0.86) / (0.925) / (0.025) / (0.943) / (0.989) / (0.058) / (1.034) / (0.896) / (0.963)
Occasional / -0.917 / -0.338 / -0.817 / -0.015 / -0.831 / -0.355 / -0.017 / -0.371 / -0.949 / -0.391
(0.77) / (0.794) / (0.827) / (0.026) / (0.844) / (0.743) / (0.043) / (0.77) / (0.861) / (0.853)
Regular / -2.483*** / 0.44 / -2.006** / -0.038 / -2.044** / 0.434 / 0.016 / 0.451 / -2.202** / 0.382
(0.738) / (0.818) / (0.833) / (0.039) / (0.846) / (0.74) / (0.053) / (0.778) / (0.853) / (0.807)
Smoking habits
Former / 1.767*** / 0.762 / 1.619** / 0.031 / 1.649** / 0.725 / 0.031 / 0.755 / 1.63*** / 0.768
(0.562) / (0.577) / (0.645) / (0.034) / (0.656) / (0.664) / (0.058) / (0.701) / (0.588) / (0.582)
Occasional / 0.784 / -1.101 / 0.324 / 0.002 / 0.326 / -1.244 / -0.057 / -1.301 / 0.268 / -1.173
(0.901) / (0.908) / (1.069) / (0.027) / (1.088) / (1.174) / (0.099) / (1.242) / (1.031) / (1.04)
Daily / 0.662 / -1.137* / 0.302 / 0.004 / 0.306 / -1.221* / -0.042 / -1.263* / 0.428 / -1.131*
(0.557) / (0.597) / (0.709) / (0.021) / (0.723) / (0.656) / (0.064) / (0.682) / (0.685) / (0.671)
Year 2 / 0.066 / 0.128 / 0.054 / 0.001 / 0.055 / 0.11 / 0.003 / 0.113 / 0.081 / 0.132
(0.092) / (0.093) / (0.09) / (0.003) / (0.092) / (0.092) / (0.007) / (0.095) / (0.094) / (0.088)
Year 3 / 0.27*** / 0.211** / 0.236** / 0.004 / 0.24** / 0.181* / 0.007 / 0.187* / 0.257** / 0.21*
(0.099) / (0.101) / (0.104) / (0.005) / (0.106) / (0.103) / (0.01) / (0.107) / (0.111) / (0.112)
Year 4 / 0.575*** / 0.397*** / 0.511*** / 0.009 / 0.52*** / 0.358** / 0.013 / 0.371** / 0.547*** / 0.393**
(0.124) / (0.135) / (0.132) / (0.009) / (0.133) / (0.147) / (0.018) / (0.152) / (0.137) / (0.15)
Year 5 / 0.71*** / 0.571*** / 0.651*** / 0.012 / 0.663*** / 0.528*** / 0.019 / 0.547*** / 0.695*** / 0.57***
(0.138) / (0.154) / (0.158) / (0.012) / (0.158) / (0.171) / (0.026) / (0.178) / (0.153) / (0.165)
Constant / 25.567*** / 27.095*** / 25.926***
(1.878) / (1.988) / (1.792) / (1.753)
Number of observations / 570 / 570 / 570 / 570 / 570 / 570
Number of panel / 114 / 114 / 114 / 114 / 114 / 114
Housman Test / 106.91 /
P-value=0.000
/ 0.019
P-value= 0.318 / 0.031
P-value= 0.485
/ 0.143
P-value= 0.020 / 0.059
P-value=0.240
Log Likelihood / -487.224 / -334.131 / -486.151 / -333.798

Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses, *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1

Table A.2: Estimated coefficients of non-spatial and spatial panel-data regression models using obesity rate as the dependent variable: Male 18-45

Non-spatial Panel / Spatial Panel
SAR / SEM
Random Effects / Fixed
Effects / Random Effects / FixedEffects / Random Effects / Fixed
Effects
Variables / Direct / Indirect / Total / Direct / Indirect / Total
Age / 0.005 / -0.001 / 0.005* / 0.001 / 0.006* / -0.001 / 0 / -0.001 / 0.004 / -0.001
(0.004) / (0.005) / (0.003) / (0.001) / (0.003) / (0.004) / (0) / (0.004) / (0.003) / (0.005)
Marital status
Married / 0.109 / 0.165* / 0.112 / 0.024 / 0.136 / 0.171* / 0.005 / 0.176* / 0.114 / 0.167*
(0.076) / (0.087) / (0.079) / (0.019) / (0.096) / (0.092) / (0.007) / (0.095) / (0.072) / (0.086)
Divorced or widowed / 0.093 / 0.04 / 0.11 / 0.026 / 0.136 / 0.052 / 0.001 / 0.053 / 0.112 / 0.045
(0.117) / (0.127) / (0.127) / (0.03) / (0.155) / (0.142) / (0.007) / (0.146) / (0.117) / (0.133)
Immigration status
> 10 years / -0.237*** / -0.136 / -0.178** / -0.038** / -0.216** / -0.126 / -0.004 / -0.129 / -0.225*** / -0.133
(0.062) / (0.091) / (0.058) / (0.017) / (0.071) / (0.084) / (0.006) / (0.086) / (0.058) / (0.082)
≤ 10 years / -0.19** / -0.103 / -0.185** / -0.039** / -0.224** / -0.106 / -0.003 / -0.109 / -0.186** / -0.105
(0.079) / (0.114) / (0.068) / (0.016) / (0.081) / (0.088) / (0.006) / (0.092) / (0.07) / (0.095)
Household income
$20000 / -0.029 / -0.088 / -0.048 / -0.01 / -0.058 / -0.095 / -0.002 / -0.097 / -0.034 / -0.091
(0.088) / (0.097) / (0.104) / (0.022) / (0.125) / (0.118) / (0.006) / (0.121) / (0.109) / (0.122)
$20000-$49999 / -0.037 / -0.019 / -0.038 / -0.008 / -0.046 / -0.008 / 0 / -0.009 / -0.041 / -0.021
(0.056) / (0.061) / (0.057) / (0.014) / (0.07) / (0.067) / (0.003) / (0.069) / (0.062) / (0.071)
≥ $80000 / 0.059 / -0.028 / 0.057 / 0.012 / 0.07 / -0.015 / 0 / -0.016 / 0.053 / -0.028
(0.046) / (0.053) / (0.045) / (0.011) / (0.056) / (0.05) / (0.002) / (0.052) / (0.049) / (0.052)
Missing / -0.031 / -0.07 / -0.022 / -0.005 / -0.028 / -0.061 / -0.002 / -0.063 / -0.034 / -0.07
(0.055) / (0.061) / (0.064) / (0.014) / (0.078) / (0.069) / (0.004) / (0.072) / (0.062) / (0.065)
Household arrangements
Size / -0.003 / -0.01 / -0.011 / -0.003 / -0.014 / -0.012 / 0 / -0.012 / -0.004 / -0.01
(0.018) / (0.021) / (0.022) / (0.005) / (0.026) / (0.022) / (0.001) / (0.022) / (0.021) / (0.021)
Couple without a child / -0.016 / -0.086 / -0.006 / -0.001 / -0.007 / -0.089 / -0.003 / -0.092 / -0.016 / -0.086
(0.098) / (0.111) / (0.078) / (0.018) / (0.096) / (0.099) / (0.005) / (0.102) / (0.08) / (0.1)
With child(ren) less than 6 / 0.023 / -0.09 / 0.041 / 0.009 / 0.051 / -0.091 / -0.003 / -0.094 / 0.01 / -0.092
(0.103) / (0.115) / (0.11) / (0.025) / (0.134) / (0.129) / (0.006) / (0.132) / (0.098) / (0.119)
With child(ren) between 6 and 12 / 0.041 / -0.053 / 0.084 / 0.019 / 0.104 / -0.049 / -0.002 / -0.051 / 0.043 / -0.051
(0.099) / (0.114) / (0.102) / (0.024) / (0.125) / (0.126) / (0.005) / (0.128) / (0.097) / (0.123)
With children aged under 6 and 12 / 0.178 / 0.000 / 0.211 / 0.047 / 0.257 / 0.001 / 0 / 0.001 / 0.167 / 0.000
(0.126) / (0.138) / (0.145) / (0.035) / (0.178) / (0.16) / (0.007) / (0.164) / (0.132) / (0.15)
Other / 0.034 / -0.006 / 0.059 / 0.013 / 0.072 / -0.01 / 0 / -0.01 / 0.026 / -0.009
(0.072) / (0.088) / (0.069) / (0.016) / (0.084) / (0.096) / (0.004) / (0.099) / (0.073) / (0.1)
Home ownership / 0.036 / 0.073 / 0.006 / 0.001 / 0.007 / 0.062 / 0.002 / 0.064 / 0.036 / 0.074
(0.042) / (0.057) / (0.043) / (0.01) / (0.052) / (0.05) / (0.003) / (0.051) / (0.044) / (0.052)
Education level
Secondary school / -0.043 / -0.143** / -0.041 / -0.008 / -0.049 / -0.134 / -0.003 / -0.137 / -0.058 / -0.148
(0.055) / (0.068) / (0.058) / (0.013) / (0.07) / (0.084) / (0.006) / (0.086) / (0.065) / (0.089)
Some post-secondary / -0.051 / -0.058 / -0.059 / -0.013 / -0.071 / -0.065 / -0.002 / -0.067 / -0.041 / -0.057
(0.072) / (0.09) / (0.068) / (0.016) / (0.084) / (0.091) / (0.005) / (0.094) / (0.067) / (0.093)
Post-secondary degree/diploma / -0.079 / -0.133** / -0.075 / -0.016 / -0.091 / -0.13* / -0.004 / -0.134* / -0.081 / -0.136*
(0.053) / (0.065) / (0.05) / (0.013) / (0.062) / (0.072) / (0.006) / (0.074) / (0.057) / (0.077)
Occupation status
Blue-collar / 0.086** / 0.089 / 0.09** / 0.02** / 0.11** / 0.092* / 0.002 / 0.095* / 0.092** / 0.09*
(0.04) / (0.057) / (0.039) / (0.01) / (0.048) / (0.05) / (0.004) / (0.052) / (0.041) / (0.049)
Sales and services / 0.041 / 0.003 / 0.049 / 0.01 / 0.06 / 0.01 / 0 / 0.01 / 0.043 / 0.005
(0.069) / (0.077) / (0.069) / (0.015) / (0.083) / (0.071) / (0.004) / (0.074) / (0.075) / (0.071)
Other / 0.108 / 0.193* / 0.103 / 0.023 / 0.127 / 0.2** / 0.005 / 0.204** / 0.099 / 0.189*
(0.099) / (0.111) / (0.078) / (0.019) / (0.097) / (0.097) / (0.008) / (0.098) / (0.096) / (0.103)
Unable to work / -0.108 / -0.229 / -0.064 / -0.015 / -0.079 / -0.218 / -0.006 / -0.224 / -0.064 / -0.212
(0.198) / (0.22) / (0.284) / (0.063) / (0.346) / (0.267) / (0.015) / (0.276) / (0.295) / (0.255)
Student / 0.067 / 0.009 / 0.053 / 0.011 / 0.064 / 0.02 / 0.001 / 0.021 / 0.061 / 0.009
(0.08) / (0.093) / (0.083) / (0.017) / (0.1) / (0.097) / (0.005) / (0.1) / (0.088) / (0.101)
Unemployed / 0.008 / -0.013 / 0.025 / 0.006 / 0.031 / -0.002 / 0 / -0.002 / 0.013 / -0.013
(0.079) / (0.094) / (0.091) / (0.021) / (0.112) / (0.098) / (0.004) / (0.101) / (0.085) / (0.083)
Fruits and vegetables consumption / -0.02*** / -0.005 / -0.017*** / -0.004** / -0.021*** / -0.005 / 0 / -0.005 / -0.019*** / -0.004
(0.005) / (0.006) / (0.005) / (0.002) / (0.006) / (0.005) / (0) / (0.005) / (0.005) / (0.005)
Physical activity
Moderately active / -0.123** / -0.09 / -0.116* / -0.024* / -0.14* / -0.09 / -0.003 / -0.093 / -0.114* / -0.089
(0.056) / (0.058) / (0.063) / (0.015) / (0.075) / (0.065) / (0.004) / (0.067) / (0.058) / (0.061)
Inactive / -0.046 / -0.011 / -0.041 / -0.009 / -0.05 / -0.017 / -0.001 / -0.017 / -0.045 / -0.012
(0.039) / (0.047) / (0.043) / (0.01) / (0.052) / (0.053) / (0.003) / (0.055) / (0.043) / (0.053)
Drinking habits
Rarely / -0.086 / -0.034 / -0.075 / -0.017 / -0.092 / -0.038 / 0 / -0.038 / -0.087 / -0.037
(0.073) / (0.08) / (0.088) / (0.021) / (0.108) / (0.093) / (0.004) / (0.096) / (0.091) / (0.093)
Occasional / -0.15** / -0.15** / -0.131* / -0.028 / -0.159 / -0.142* / -0.004 / -0.146* / -0.151* / -0.151*
(0.067) / (0.074) / (0.079) / (0.019) / (0.097) / (0.08) / (0.006) / (0.082) / (0.08) / (0.081)
Regular / -0.246*** / -0.069 / -0.21*** / -0.045** / -0.255*** / -0.06 / -0.001 / -0.062 / -0.238*** / -0.071
(0.063) / (0.076) / (0.077) / (0.021) / (0.095) / (0.074) / (0.004) / (0.076) / (0.077) / (0.08)
Smoking habits
Former / 0.128*** / 0.067 / 0.114** / 0.025* / 0.139** / 0.064 / 0.002 / 0.066 / 0.126** / 0.069
(0.049) / (0.053) / (0.053) / (0.013) / (0.065) / (0.061) / (0.004) / (0.063) / (0.05) / (0.055)
Occasional / 0.04 / -0.114 / 0.003 / -0.001 / 0.002 / -0.131 / -0.004 / -0.135 / 0.02 / -0.116
(0.079) / (0.084) / (0.095) / (0.02) / (0.115) / (0.102) / (0.006) / (0.105) / (0.091) / (0.096)
Daily / 0.118** / -0.029 / 0.094 / 0.02 / 0.114 / -0.036 / -0.001 / -0.037 / 0.104* / -0.031
(0.048) / (0.055) / (0.06) / (0.014) / (0.073) / (0.067) / (0.003) / (0.069) / (0.055) / (0.063)
Year 2 / 0.008 / 0.012 / 0.005 / 0.001 / 0.006 / 0.01 / 0 / 0.011 / 0.009 / 0.012
(0.008) / (0.009) / (0.008) / (0.002) / (0.009) / (0.009) / (0.001) / (0.009) / (0.008) / (0.008)
Year 3 / 0.028*** / 0.025*** / 0.021** / 0.005** / 0.026** / 0.022** / 0.001 / 0.023** / 0.027*** / 0.025**
(0.009) / (0.009) / (0.009) / (0.002) / (0.011) / (0.01) / (0.001) / (0.01) / (0.009) / (0.01)
Year 4 / 0.057*** / 0.05*** / 0.045*** / 0.01*** / 0.055*** / 0.046*** / 0.001 / 0.047*** / 0.056*** / 0.05***
(0.011) / (0.012) / (0.011) / (0.003) / (0.013) / (0.013) / (0.002) / (0.014) / (0.011) / (0.014)
Year 5 / 0.071*** / 0.069*** / 0.057*** / 0.012*** / 0.069*** / 0.064*** / 0.002 / 0.065*** / 0.07*** / 0.068***
(0.012) / (0.014) / (0.014) / (0.004) / (0.016) / (0.016) / (0.002) / (0.017) / (0.013) / (0.015)
Constant / 0.199 / 0.392** / 0.221
(0.163) / (0.184) / (0.154)
Number of observations / 570 / 570 / 570 / 570 / 570 / 570
Number of panel / 114 / 114 / 114 / 114 / 114 / 114
Housman Test / 79.88 /
P-value=0.000
/ 0.184
P-value= 0.000 / 0.021
P-value= 0.616
/ 0.128
P-value= 0.035 / 0.040
P-value=0.373
Log Likelihood / 911.793 / 1021.363 / 904.913 / 1021.522

Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses, *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1

Table A.3: Estimated coefficients of non-spatial and spatial panel-data regression models using average BMI as the dependent variable: Male 46-65

Non-spatial Panel / Spatial Panel
SAR / SEM
Random Effects / Fixed
Effects / Random Effects / FixedEffects / Random Effects / Fixed
Effects
Variables / Direct / Indirect / Total / Direct / Indirect / Total
Age / 0.009 / -0.004 / 0.008 / 0 / 0.008 / -0.005 / 0 / -0.004 / 0.017 / -0.003
(0.046) / (0.049) / (0.039) / (0.001) / (0.04) / (0.04) / (0.002) / (0.048) / (0.046) / (0.049)
Marital status
Married / 2.312* / 1.356 / 2.414 / 0.075 / 2.488 / 1.481 / 0.018 / 1.361 / 2.425 / 1.37
(1.341) / (1.37) / (1.825) / (0.079) / (1.886) / (1.707) / (0.104) / (1.533) / (1.62) / (1.543)
Divorced or widowed / 3.709*** / 2.207 / 3.792** / 0.115 / 3.907** / 2.36 / 0.043 / 2.216 / 3.823** / 2.222
(1.399) / (1.475) / (1.703) / (0.087) / (1.76) / (1.657) / (0.129) / (1.476) / (1.521) / (1.484)
Immigration status
> 10 years / -1.598*** / -0.339 / -1.481* / -0.042 / -1.523** / -0.384 / -0.008 / -0.391 / -1.601*** / -0.348
(0.496) / (0.786) / (0.61) / (0.03) / (0.626) / (0.912) / (0.044) / (0.924) / (0.62) / (0.876)
≤ 10 years / -6.148*** / -0.407 / -6.093*** / -0.182 / -6.275*** / -0.516 / 0.016 / -0.499 / -5.966*** / -0.426
(1.508) / (1.914) / (1.476) / (0.12) / (1.53) / (1.829) / (0.071) / (1.831) / (1.507) / (1.717)
Household income
$20000 / -0.612 / 0.481 / -0.599 / -0.018 / -0.617 / 0.473 / 0.008 / 0.481 / -0.717 / 0.472
(1.012) / (1.088) / (1.075) / (0.035) / (1.103) / (1.125) / (0.053) / (1.144) / (1.145) / (1.184)
$20000-$49999 / -2.192*** / -0.809 / -1.919*** / -0.057 / -1.976*** / -0.69 / -0.014 / -0.704 / -2.142*** / -0.814
(0.646) / (0.686) / (0.675) / (0.038) / (0.693) / (0.695) / (0.038) / (0.714) / (0.727) / (0.747)
≥ $80000 / -0.442 / -1.032* / -0.381 / -0.013 / -0.393 / -0.909 / -0.016 / -0.925 / -0.588 / -1.044*
(0.564) / (0.605) / (0.497) / (0.019) / (0.513) / (0.569) / (0.043) / (0.581) / (0.518) / (0.595)
Missing / -0.204 / 0.094 / -0.115 / -0.004 / -0.119 / 0.173 / 0.007 / 0.18 / -0.202 / 0.095
(0.739) / (0.783) / (0.857) / (0.026) / (0.877) / (1.011) / (0.05) / (1.032) / (0.799) / (0.942)
Household arrangements
Size / 0.236 / 0.101 / 0.235 / 0.006 / 0.241 / 0.112 / 0.003 / 0.115 / 0.257 / 0.104
(0.263) / (0.269) / (0.298) / (0.01) / (0.307) / (0.285) / (0.016) / (0.29) / (0.323) / (0.323)
Couple without a child / 2.398* / 0.802 / 2.191 / 0.067 / 2.258 / 0.625 / 0.022 / 0.647 / 2.328 / 0.81
(1.276) / (1.371) / (1.662) / (0.076) / (1.72) / (1.541) / (0.065) / (1.566) / (1.456) / (1.452)
With child(ren) less than 6 / 2.347 / -0.078 / 1.91 / 0.066 / 1.976 / -0.458 / 0.029 / -0.429 / 2.426 / -0.057
(2.262) / (2.355) / (3.59) / (0.15) / (3.718) / (3.003) / (0.13) / (3.048) / (3.145) / (2.845)
With child(ren) between 6 and 12 / 1.666 / 0.208 / 1.489 / 0.045 / 1.534 / 0.116 / 0.016 / 0.132 / 1.508 / 0.205
(1.57) / (1.614) / (2.072) / (0.086) / (2.143) / (1.845) / (0.086) / (1.866) / (1.907) / (1.838)
With children aged under 6 and 12 / 0.894 / -0.728 / 0.494 / 0.017 / 0.511 / -1.142 / -0.018 / -1.16 / 0.707 / -0.755
(2.644) / (2.665) / (2.26) / (0.099) / (2.346) / (2.525) / (0.123) / (2.562) / (2.399) / (2.735)
Other / 1.678 / 0.508 / 1.431 / 0.044 / 1.475 / 0.277 / 0.015 / 0.292 / 1.545 / 0.507
(1.209) / (1.267) / (1.378) / (0.061) / (1.427) / (1.411) / (0.054) / (1.434) / (1.354) / (1.514)
Home ownership / 0.563 / -0.635 / 0.364 / 0.008 / 0.372 / -0.82 / -0.017 / -0.836 / 0.403 / -0.644
(0.657) / (0.837) / (0.707) / (0.024) / (0.727) / (0.807) / (0.06) / (0.824) / (0.742) / (0.873)
Education level
Secondary school / 0.483 / -0.019 / 0.53 / 0.012 / 0.542 / 0.06 / 0.004 / 0.065 / 0.458 / -0.019
(0.703) / (0.779) / (0.762) / (0.024) / (0.781) / (0.726) / (0.03) / (0.736) / (0.895) / (0.82)
Some post-secondary / 0.516 / -0.624 / 0.131 / 0.004 / 0.135 / -0.792 / -0.006 / -0.798 / 0.368 / -0.638
(1.035) / (1.104) / (1.172) / (0.044) / (1.209) / (1.235) / (0.058) / (1.252) / (1.123) / (1.232)
Post-secondary degree/diploma / 0.687 / 1.029* / 0.728 / 0.021 / 0.749 / 1.086 / 0.015 / 1.101 / 0.706 / 1.029
(0.563) / (0.618) / (0.728) / (0.027) / (0.748) / (0.816) / (0.057) / (0.833) / (0.8) / (0.848)
Occupation status
Blue-collar / 1.264** / 0.588 / 1.212** / 0.036 / 1.249** / 0.635 / 0.004 / 0.639 / 1.242** / 0.583
(0.5) / (0.602) / (0.468) / (0.028) / (0.484) / (0.551) / (0.031) / (0.553) / (0.497) / (0.583)
Sales and services / -0.321 / -0.108 / -0.323 / -0.011 / -0.335 / -0.06 / -0.002 / -0.061 / -0.268 / -0.109
(0.854) / (0.892) / (0.818) / (0.028) / (0.843) / (0.778) / (0.036) / (0.792) / (0.888) / (0.858)
Other / -1.082 / -0.656 / -0.914 / -0.026 / -0.94 / -0.538 / -0.016 / -0.554 / -1.108 / -0.668
(1.231) / (1.294) / (1.348) / (0.047) / (1.388) / (1.44) / (0.067) / (1.462) / (1.495) / (1.588)
Unable to work / 2.328** / 1.888 / 2.292** / 0.065 / 2.356** / 2.021 / 0.026 / 2.047 / 2.371* / 1.893
(1.118) / (1.347) / (1.109) / (0.052) / (1.138) / (1.267) / (0.092) / (1.277) / (1.248) / (1.405)
Student / -3.67 / -1.659 / -3.477 / -0.111 / -3.589 / -1.322 / -0.02 / -1.342 / -3.029 / -1.63
(4.876) / (5.175) / (4.55) / (0.187) / (4.704) / (5.045) / (0.23) / (5.098) / (4.838) / (5.521)
Unemployed / -0.043 / 0.263 / -0.006 / 0 / -0.006 / 0.323 / -0.006 / 0.317 / -0.144 / 0.247
(0.737) / (0.838) / (0.697) / (0.022) / (0.716) / (0.817) / (0.033) / (0.818) / (0.707) / (0.82)
Fruits and vegetables consumption / -0.026 / 0.006 / -0.016 / 0 / -0.016 / 0.011 / 0 / 0.011 / -0.036 / 0.006
(0.065) / (0.067) / (0.067) / (0.002) / (0.068) / (0.065) / (0.003) / (0.065) / (0.062) / (0.057)
Physical activity
Moderately active / 0.848 / 1.249* / 0.97 / 0.031 / 1 / 1.198 / 0.018 / 1.216 / 0.79 / 1.241*
(0.661) / (0.69) / (0.683) / (0.029) / (0.705) / (0.724) / (0.063) / (0.75) / (0.714) / (0.744)
Inactive / 1.249** / 1.404** / 1.343*** / 0.038 / 1.381*** / 1.377*** / 0.022 / 1.398*** / 1.153** / 1.396**
(0.559) / (0.622) / (0.5) / (0.026) / (0.512) / (0.497) / (0.06) / (0.513) / (0.518) / (0.538)
Drinking habits
Rarely / -1.603** / -0.88 / -1.49* / -0.042 / -1.532* / -0.884 / -0.013 / -0.896 / -1.762* / -0.893
(0.699) / (0.717) / (0.871) / (0.036) / (0.896) / (0.825) / (0.048) / (0.836) / (0.916) / (0.866)
Occasional / -1.711** / -0.674 / -1.557* / -0.048 / -1.605* / -0.66 / -0.009 / -0.67 / -1.651* / -0.675
(0.73) / (0.791) / (0.84) / (0.045) / (0.873) / (0.87) / (0.044) / (0.882) / (0.896) / (0.897)
Regular / -2.456*** / -1.079 / -2.281*** / -0.069 / -2.35*** / -1.107 / -0.015 / -1.123 / -2.444*** / -1.084
(0.598) / (0.683) / (0.832) / (0.048) / (0.859) / (0.755) / (0.057) / (0.779) / (0.821) / (0.76)
Smoking habits
Former / 0.447 / 0.156 / 0.428 / 0.013 / 0.441 / 0.117 / 0 / 0.117 / 0.486 / 0.161
(0.622) / (0.65) / (0.621) / (0.024) / (0.641) / (0.648) / (0.027) / (0.653) / (0.611) / (0.682)
Occasional / 0.256 / -1.197 / 0.089 / -0.001 / 0.088 / -1.292 / -0.028 / -1.321 / -0.004 / -1.211
(1.348) / (1.363) / (1.209) / (0.038) / (1.239) / (1.22) / (0.082) / (1.252) / (1.179) / (1.231)
Daily / -0.296 / -1.708** / -0.376 / -0.01 / -0.386 / -1.677** / -0.029 / -1.707** / -0.225 / -1.689**
(0.713) / (0.762) / (0.804) / (0.029) / (0.829) / (0.752) / (0.077) / (0.778) / (0.806) / (0.817)
Year 2 / -0.046 / 0.083 / -0.033 / -0.001 / -0.034 / 0.082 / 0 / 0.082 / -0.048 / 0.083
(0.108) / (0.111) / (0.099) / (0.003) / (0.102) / (0.089) / (0.006) / (0.089) / (0.108) / (0.09)
Year 3 / 0.141 / 0.269** / 0.142 / 0.004 / 0.146 / 0.256** / 0.004 / 0.259** / 0.145 / 0.269**
(0.121) / (0.127) / (0.106) / (0.004) / (0.109) / (0.116) / (0.012) / (0.118) / (0.108) / (0.118)
Year 4 / 0.359*** / 0.469*** / 0.354*** / 0.011 / 0.365*** / 0.449*** / 0.006 / 0.455*** / 0.358*** / 0.469***
(0.136) / (0.148) / (0.108) / (0.007) / (0.113) / (0.132) / (0.02) / (0.133) / (0.109) / (0.124)
Year 5 / 0.607*** / 0.718*** / 0.597*** / 0.018 / 0.616*** / 0.696*** / 0.009 / 0.705*** / 0.605*** / 0.718***
(0.148) / (0.163) / (0.118) / (0.011) / (0.124) / (0.155) / (0.031) / (0.156) / (0.124) / (0.153)
Constant / 23.695*** / 26.767*** / 23.469***
(2.901) / (3.195) / (3.512) / (3.549)
Number of observations / 570 / 570 / 570 / 570 / 570 / 570
Number of panel / 114 / 114 / 114 / 114 / 114 / 114
Housman Test / 82.23 /
P-value=0.000
/ 0.031
P-value= 0.069 / 0.010
P-value= 0.798
/ 0.1438
P-value= 0.042 / 0.0123
P-value=0.802
Log Likelihood / -562.101 / -416.4769 / -562.360 / -416.474

Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses, *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1

Table A.4: Estimated coefficients of non-spatial and spatial panel-data regression models using obesity rate as the dependent variable: Male 45-65

Non-spatial Panel / Spatial Panel
SAR / SEM
Random Effects / Fixed
Effects / Random Effects / FixedEffects / Random Effects / Fixed
Effects
Variables / Direct / Indirect / Total / Direct / Indirect / Total
Age / -0.002 / -0.004 / -0.002 / 0 / -0.002 / -0.004 / 0 / -0.004 / -0.001 / -0.004
(0.004) / (0.005) / (0.003) / (0.001) / (0.004) / (0.004) / (0) / (0.004) / (0.004) / (0.005)
Marital status
Married / 0.3** / 0.268** / 0.324* / 0.056 / 0.38* / 0.277 / -0.003 / 0.274 / 0.307* / 0.262*
(0.126) / (0.133) / (0.171) / (0.035) / (0.204) / (0.168) / (0.013) / (0.168) / (0.155) / (0.152)
Divorced or widowed / 0.389*** / 0.362** / 0.396** / 0.066** / 0.462** / 0.374** / -0.006 / 0.369** / 0.392*** / 0.36**
(0.131) / (0.143) / (0.16) / (0.03) / (0.187) / (0.162) / (0.016) / (0.163) / (0.141) / (0.148)
Immigration status
> 10 years / -0.119** / -0.066 / -0.103** / -0.016** / -0.119*** / -0.074 / 0.001 / -0.065 / -0.121** / -0.063
(0.046) / (0.076) / (0.046) / (0.007) / (0.052) / (0.076) / (0.005) / (0.072) / (0.047) / (0.073)
≤ 10 years / -0.451*** / -0.01 / -0.442*** / -0.075** / -0.517*** / -0.018 / 0 / -0.009 / -0.443*** / -0.002
(0.141) / (0.185) / (0.134) / (0.032) / (0.162) / (0.161) / (0.008) / (0.157) / (0.132) / (0.159)
Household income
$20000 / -0.153 / -0.087 / -0.159* / -0.027 / -0.186* / -0.085 / 0.001 / -0.084 / -0.154* / -0.083
(0.095) / (0.105) / (0.088) / (0.017) / (0.104) / (0.088) / (0.006) / (0.087) / (0.092) / (0.093)
$20000-$49999 / -0.074 / 0.021 / -0.057 / -0.01 / -0.066 / 0.033 / -0.001 / 0.032 / -0.072 / 0.023
(0.061) / (0.066) / (0.055) / (0.01) / (0.064) / (0.057) / (0.002) / (0.056) / (0.061) / (0.062)
≥ $80000 / 0.029 / -0.021 / 0.033 / 0.005 / 0.038 / -0.006 / 0 / -0.006 / 0.025 / -0.019
(0.053) / (0.059) / (0.041) / (0.007) / (0.048) / (0.052) / (0.002) / (0.052) / (0.044) / (0.054)
Missing / -0.031 / 0.006 / -0.025 / -0.004 / -0.029 / 0.018 / -0.001 / 0.017 / -0.029 / 0.006
(0.069) / (0.076) / (0.09) / (0.015) / (0.105) / (0.105) / (0.004) / (0.104) / (0.083) / (0.099)
Household arrangements
Size / 0.024 / 0.018 / 0.024 / 0.004 / 0.028 / 0.018 / 0 / 0.018 / 0.024 / 0.018
(0.025) / (0.026) / (0.025) / (0.004) / (0.03) / (0.026) / (0.001) / (0.026) / (0.026) / (0.027)
Couple without a child / 0.083 / -0.026 / 0.053 / 0.007 / 0.06 / -0.044 / -0.001 / -0.045 / 0.076 / -0.024
(0.12) / (0.133) / (0.164) / (0.029) / (0.192) / (0.177) / (0.008) / (0.173) / (0.147) / (0.161)
With child(ren) less than 6 / 0.201 / 0.047 / 0.175 / 0.027 / 0.202 / 0.022 / -0.004 / 0.018 / 0.195 / 0.049
(0.213) / (0.228) / (0.329) / (0.057) / (0.385) / (0.321) / (0.016) / (0.314) / (0.283) / (0.278)
With child(ren) between 6 and 12 / -0.051 / -0.157 / -0.086 / -0.016 / -0.102 / -0.163 / 0 / -0.163 / -0.059 / -0.154
(0.148) / (0.156) / (0.215) / (0.039) / (0.253) / (0.213) / (0.012) / (0.211) / (0.197) / (0.205)
With children aged under 6 and 12 / 0.019 / -0.134 / -0.029 / -0.006 / -0.035 / -0.155 / -0.001 / -0.156 / 0.006 / -0.122
(0.249) / (0.258) / (0.236) / (0.042) / (0.277) / (0.263) / (0.014) / (0.262) / (0.234) / (0.267)
Other / -0.014 / -0.118 / -0.042 / -0.008 / -0.05 / -0.135 / 0.001 / -0.134 / -0.021 / -0.115
(0.114) / (0.123) / (0.144) / (0.026) / (0.169) / (0.162) / (0.009) / (0.159) / (0.136) / (0.163)
Home ownership / 0.098 / -0.029 / 0.073 / 0.012 / 0.085 / -0.046 / 0.001 / -0.045 / 0.09 / -0.023
(0.061) / (0.081) / (0.057) / (0.01) / (0.066) / (0.074) / (0.004) / (0.072) / (0.065) / (0.083)
Education level
Secondary school / 0.061 / 0.048 / 0.062 / 0.01 / 0.072 / 0.056 / -0.001 / 0.055 / 0.057 / 0.05
(0.066) / (0.075) / (0.079) / (0.013) / (0.091) / (0.078) / (0.004) / (0.078) / (0.087) / (0.084)
Some post-secondary / 0.049 / -0.028 / 0.01 / 0.001 / 0.011 / -0.041 / 0 / -0.041 / 0.041 / -0.024
(0.097) / (0.107) / (0.119) / (0.02) / (0.139) / (0.133) / (0.006) / (0.131) / (0.12) / (0.133)
Post-secondary degree/diploma / 0.064 / 0.103* / 0.066 / 0.011 / 0.077 / 0.106 / -0.003 / 0.104 / 0.063 / 0.105
(0.053) / (0.06) / (0.068) / (0.012) / (0.079) / (0.078) / (0.006) / (0.075) / (0.073) / (0.078)
Occupation status
Blue-collar / 0.1** / 0.047 / 0.099** / 0.017* / 0.116** / 0.046 / -0.001 / 0.045 / 0.099** / 0.048
(0.047) / (0.058) / (0.045) / (0.009) / (0.054) / (0.051) / (0.003) / (0.05) / (0.047) / (0.056)
Sales and services / 0.043 / 0.04 / 0.053 / 0.008 / 0.061 / 0.05 / -0.001 / 0.049 / 0.044 / 0.04
(0.08) / (0.086) / (0.069) / (0.012) / (0.081) / (0.064) / (0.003) / (0.064) / (0.075) / (0.073)
Other / 0.029 / 0.074 / 0.039 / 0.007 / 0.046 / 0.074 / -0.003 / 0.071 / 0.032 / 0.073
(0.116) / (0.125) / (0.124) / (0.022) / (0.145) / (0.125) / (0.006) / (0.123) / (0.129) / (0.135)
Unable to work / 0.272*** / 0.19 / 0.27** / 0.045** / 0.316** / 0.19 / -0.004 / 0.186 / 0.272** / 0.187
(0.104) / (0.13) / (0.109) / (0.021) / (0.127) / (0.119) / (0.009) / (0.115) / (0.117) / (0.127)
Student / 0.137 / 0.265 / 0.163 / 0.025 / 0.188 / 0.272 / -0.001 / 0.271 / 0.152 / 0.263
(0.458) / (0.501) / (0.488) / (0.088) / (0.575) / (0.563) / (0.029) / (0.553) / (0.523) / (0.618)
Unemployed / 0.071 / 0.096 / 0.075 / 0.012 / 0.088 / 0.097 / -0.002 / 0.095 / 0.067 / 0.1
(0.069) / (0.081) / (0.063) / (0.011) / (0.074) / (0.071) / (0.004) / (0.069) / (0.067) / (0.078)
Fruits and vegetables consumption / -0.005 / -0.001 / -0.004 / -0.001 / -0.005 / -0.001 / 0 / -0.001 / -0.005 / -0.001
(0.006) / (0.007) / (0.006) / (0.001) / (0.007) / (0.006) / (0) / (0.006) / (0.006) / (0.006)
Physical activity
Moderately active / 0.115* / 0.186*** / 0.119* / 0.02 / 0.139* / 0.182** / -0.003 / 0.179** / 0.115 / 0.187**
(0.062) / (0.067) / (0.066) / (0.013) / (0.077) / (0.072) / (0.007) / (0.072) / (0.071) / (0.074)
Inactive / 0.158*** / 0.208*** / 0.156*** / 0.026*** / 0.182*** / 0.207*** / -0.003 / 0.203*** / 0.155*** / 0.21***
(0.052) / (0.06) / (0.052) / (0.01) / (0.06) / (0.058) / (0.009) / (0.059) / (0.056) / (0.061)
Drinking habits
Rarely / -0.11* / -0.04 / -0.128* / -0.021* / -0.149* / -0.052 / 0.001 / -0.052 / -0.114 / -0.036
(0.066) / (0.069) / (0.072) / (0.012) / (0.084) / (0.072) / (0.003) / (0.071) / (0.08) / (0.077)
Occasional / -0.183*** / -0.121 / -0.188*** / -0.032** / -0.219*** / -0.119 / 0.002 / -0.117 / -0.183** / -0.118
(0.068) / (0.077) / (0.069) / (0.015) / (0.082) / (0.075) / (0.006) / (0.074) / (0.081) / (0.084)
Regular / -0.236*** / -0.159** / -0.229*** / -0.038*** / -0.267*** / -0.164*** / 0.003 / -0.161** / -0.234*** / -0.158**
(0.056) / (0.066) / (0.06) / (0.014) / (0.071) / (0.062) / (0.007) / (0.062) / (0.066) / (0.068)
Smoking habits
Former / 0.041 / 0.008 / 0.038 / 0.007 / 0.045 / 0.004 / 0 / 0.004 / 0.043 / 0.005
(0.059) / (0.063) / (0.07) / (0.012) / (0.082) / (0.066) / (0.003) / (0.065) / (0.064) / (0.067)
Occasional / 0.098 / -0.017 / 0.079 / 0.013 / 0.092 / -0.03 / 0.001 / -0.029 / 0.087 / -0.015
(0.127) / (0.132) / (0.137) / (0.024) / (0.16) / (0.132) / (0.006) / (0.129) / (0.127) / (0.136)
Daily / -0.014 / -0.14* / -0.016 / -0.002 / -0.019 / -0.139* / 0.002 / -0.137* / -0.015 / -0.145**
(0.067) / (0.074) / (0.073) / (0.013) / (0.086) / (0.073) / (0.006) / (0.072) / (0.065) / (0.07)
Year 2 / -0.009 / 0.002 / -0.009 / -0.002 / -0.011 / 0.002 / 0 / 0.002 / -0.009 / 0.002
(0.01) / (0.011) / (0.01) / (0.002) / (0.011) / (0.008) / (0) / (0.008) / (0.01) / (0.009)
Year 3 / 0.013 / 0.025** / 0.008 / 0.001 / 0.01 / 0.023* / 0 / 0.023* / 0.013 / 0.025*
(0.011) / (0.012) / (0.011) / (0.002) / (0.013) / (0.013) / (0.001) / (0.013) / (0.011) / (0.013)
Year 4 / 0.023* / 0.034** / 0.017* / 0.003 / 0.02* / 0.032** / -0.001 / 0.032** / 0.024** / 0.034**
(0.013) / (0.014) / (0.01) / (0.002) / (0.012) / (0.014) / (0.001) / (0.014) / (0.01) / (0.013)
Year 5 / 0.041*** / 0.052*** / 0.033*** / 0.005*** / 0.038*** / 0.052*** / -0.001 / 0.051*** / 0.041*** / 0.052***
(0.014) / (0.016) / (0.011) / (0.002) / (0.013) / (0.015) / (0.002) / (0.015) / (0.012) / (0.015)
Constant / -0.088 / 0.19 / -0.087
(0.272) / (0.309) / (0.297)
Number of observations / 570 / 570 / 570 / 570 / 570 / 570
Number of panel / 114 / 114 / 114 / 114 / 114 / 114
Housman Test / 61.77 /
P-value=0.003
/ 0.152
P-value= 0.000 / -0.0242
P-value= 0.558
/ 0.053
P-value= 0.377 / -0.038
P-value=0.451
Log Likelihood / 788.970 / 914.556 / 784.264 / 914.660

Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses, *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1

Table A.5:Estimated coefficients of non-spatial and spatial panel-data regression models using average BMI as the dependent variable: Female 18-45

Non-spatial Panel / Spatial Panel
SAR / SEM
Random Effects / Fixed
Effects / Random Effects / FixedEffects / Random Effects / Fixed
Effects
Variables / Direct / Indirect / Total / Direct / Indirect / Total
Age / 0.069 / 0.087 / 0.065 / 0.004 / 0.069 / 0.083 / 0.005 / 0.088 / 0.058 / 0.08
(0.056) / (0.059) / (0.057) / (0.004) / (0.061) / (0.056) / (0.005) / (0.06) / (0.068) / (0.068)
Marital status
Married / -1.291 / -0.479 / -1.01 / -0.064 / -1.073 / -0.318 / -0.037 / -0.355 / -1.016 / -0.33
(0.948) / (1.072) / (1.365) / (0.098) / (1.456) / (1.379) / (0.097) / (1.449) / (1.296) / (1.3)
Divorced or widowed / -1.377 / -1.02 / -0.992 / -0.062 / -1.054 / -0.819 / -0.052 / -0.87 / -1.183 / -0.944
(1.421) / (1.533) / (2.055) / (0.141) / (2.187) / (2.032) / (0.139) / (2.138) / (1.876) / (1.846)
Immigration status
> 10 years / -1.832* / -0.73 / -1.267 / -0.084 / -1.352 / -0.587 / -0.035 / -0.623 / -1.997* / -0.833*
(1.072) / (1.32) / (1.103) / (0.08) / (1.177) / (1.153) / (0.076) / (1.209) / (1.127) / (1.213)
≤ 10 years / -6.324*** / -0.203 / -6.316*** / -0.413*** / -6.729*** / -0.057 / 0.007 / -0.05 / -5.997*** / -0.205
(1.238) / (1.783) / (1.378) / (0.153) / (1.476) / (1.583) / (0.099) / (1.66) / (1.361) / (1.502)
Household income
$20000 / -1.022 / -2.193* / -1.242 / -0.084 / -1.326 / -2.103* / -0.119 / -2.223* / -0.921 / -2.093*
(1.2) / (1.283) / (1.076) / (0.082) / (1.151) / (1.07) / (0.129) / (1.145) / (1.138) / (1.098)
$20000-$49999 / 0.271 / 1.201 / 0.487 / 0.034 / 0.522 / 1.363 / 0.082 / 1.445 / 0.412 / 1.248
(0.825) / (0.851) / (0.842) / (0.062) / (0.901) / (0.861) / (0.09) / (0.919) / (0.936) / (0.924)
≥ $80000 / -1.028 / -1.315* / -0.871 / -0.056 / -0.927 / -1.127 / -0.056 / -1.183 / -0.997 / -1.277*
(0.741) / (0.77) / (0.685) / (0.05) / (0.729) / (0.738) / (0.069) / (0.776) / (0.711) / (0.742)
Missing / -0.629 / -0.797 / -0.451 / -0.027 / -0.478 / -0.67 / -0.038 / -0.708 / -0.519 / -0.735
(0.787) / (0.819) / (0.975) / (0.065) / (1.035) / (0.894) / (0.072) / (0.948) / (1.019) / (0.879)
Household arrangements
Size / -0.36 / -0.551** / -0.385 / -0.025 / -0.41 / -0.554** / -0.03 / -0.584** / -0.37 / -0.546**
(0.26) / (0.27) / (0.281) / (0.022) / (0.301) / (0.267) / (0.032) / (0.284) / (0.274) / (0.253)
Couple without a child / 3.352** / 0.691 / 3.256 / 0.211 / 3.467 / 0.495 / 0.036 / 0.532 / 3.047 / 0.56
(1.475) / (1.575) / (2.125) / (0.16) / (2.266) / (2.023) / (0.12) / (2.118) / (2.067) / (1.998)
With child(ren) less than 6 / 3.056** / 0.327 / 2.984 / 0.192 / 3.176 / 0.24 / 0.035 / 0.276 / 2.633 / 0.167
(1.432) / (1.54) / (1.869) / (0.129) / (1.983) / (1.978) / (0.111) / (2.063) / (1.661) / (1.766)
With child(ren) between 6 and 12 / 3.2** / 1.073 / 3.264* / 0.21 / 3.474* / 0.991 / 0.071 / 1.062 / 2.983* / 0.977
(1.463) / (1.628) / (1.841) / (0.131) / (1.955) / (1.909) / (0.13) / (2.012) / (1.713) / (1.829)
With children aged under 6 and 12 / 4.071** / 1.186 / 3.897* / 0.252 / 4.149* / 0.969 / 0.073 / 1.042 / 3.636* / 0.968
(1.704) / (1.864) / (2.07) / (0.16) / (2.205) / (2.141) / (0.138) / (2.25) / (2.084) / (2.122)
Other / 2.036* / -0.002 / 2.089 / 0.137 / 2.226 / -0.119 / -0.008 / -0.127 / 1.862 / -0.063
(1.187) / (1.353) / (1.388) / (0.099) / (1.477) / (1.535) / (0.094) / (1.608) / (1.427) / (1.539)
Home ownership / 0.42 / -0.235 / 0.105 / 0.004 / 0.108 / -0.454 / -0.023 / -0.477 / 0.473 / -0.235
(0.635) / (0.74) / (0.629) / (0.042) / (0.669) / (0.749) / (0.051) / (0.785) / (0.708) / (0.815)
Education level
Secondary school / -1.816* / -2.299** / -1.565 / -0.101 / -1.666 / -2.078* / -0.109 / -2.187* / -1.833 / -2.235*
(1.012) / (1.049) / (1.115) / (0.082) / (1.19) / (1.2) / (0.113) / (1.262) / (1.244) / (1.311)
Some post-secondary / -2.081* / -2.065* / -2.124* / -0.139 / -2.263* / -2.096* / -0.12 / -2.216* / -2.216* / -2.106
(1.155) / (1.207) / (1.203) / (0.095) / (1.287) / (1.256) / (0.122) / (1.33) / (1.323) / (1.315)
Post-secondary degree/diploma / -2.211** / -1.113 / -2.077* / -0.136 / -2.213* / -1.024 / -0.06 / -1.084 / -2.25* / -1.125
(0.97) / (1.022) / (1.045) / (0.085) / (1.118) / (1.116) / (0.087) / (1.177) / (1.191) / (1.214)
Occupation status
Blue-collar / -3.131*** / -2.808** / -3.05*** / -0.2* / -3.25*** / -2.752** / -0.145 / -2.898** / -3.126*** / -2.784**
(1.076) / (1.233) / (1.12) / (0.102) / (1.198) / (1.155) / (0.142) / (1.217) / (1.104) / (1.08)
Sales and services / -1.692** / -1.495* / -1.634* / -0.111 / -1.745* / -1.506 / -0.077 / -1.583 / -1.62* / -1.476
(0.734) / (0.763) / (0.847) / (0.074) / (0.913) / (0.945) / (0.083) / (0.988) / (0.889) / (0.98)
Other / -1.847 / -0.727 / -1.722* / -0.112 / -1.833* / -0.711 / -0.037 / -0.748 / -1.624 / -0.654
(1.386) / (1.415) / (1.021) / (0.076) / (1.089) / (1.224) / (0.092) / (1.292) / (1.059) / (1.201)
Unable to work / -2.121 / -2.285 / -2.365 / -0.161 / -2.526 / -2.534 / -0.141 / -2.675 / -1.997 / -2.243
(3.105) / (3.244) / (3.453) / (0.239) / (3.68) / (3.833) / (0.284) / (4.057) / (3.828) / (4.096)
Student / -2.258** / -0.436 / -2.145** / -0.146* / -2.291** / -0.459 / -0.009 / -0.468 / -2.141* / -0.402
(1.1) / (1.152) / (1.065) / (0.087) / (1.141) / (1.206) / (0.085) / (1.272) / (1.21) / (1.277)
Unemployed / -1.48* / -0.52 / -1.36 / -0.086 / -1.446 / -0.424 / -0.022 / -0.446 / -1.382 / -0.527
(0.874) / (0.971) / (0.975) / (0.067) / (1.035) / (1.063) / (0.079) / (1.125) / (1.015) / (1.143)
Fruits and vegetables consumption / -0.265*** / -0.032 / -0.245** / -0.016* / -0.261** / -0.033 / -0.002 / -0.035 / -0.256*** / -0.034
(0.082) / (0.096) / (0.094) / (0.008) / (0.1) / (0.089) / (0.006) / (0.094) / (0.092) / (0.095)
Physical activity
Moderately active / 0.198 / 1.486* / 0.48 / 0.035 / 0.515 / 1.64* / 0.1 / 1.74* / 0.285 / 1.505*
(0.792) / (0.825) / (0.903) / (0.06) / (0.961) / (0.923) / (0.102) / (0.991) / (0.865) / (0.89)
Inactive / -0.187 / 1.666** / 0.115 / 0.011 / 0.125 / 1.746** / 0.104 / 1.85** / 0.051 / 1.771**
(0.587) / (0.676) / (0.659) / (0.045) / (0.702) / (0.754) / (0.101) / (0.816) / (0.714) / (0.754)
Drinking habits
Rarely / -0.388 / -0.297 / -0.427 / -0.031 / -0.458 / -0.359 / -0.019 / -0.378 / -0.342 / -0.259
(0.901) / (0.914) / (1.01) / (0.072) / (1.079) / (1.086) / (0.085) / (1.155) / (0.973) / (1.023)
Occasional / -3.141*** / -1.864** / -2.981*** / -0.194** / -3.175*** / -1.79* / -0.094 / -1.884* / -3.107*** / -1.88*
(0.88) / (0.903) / (0.919) / (0.085) / (0.98) / (0.953) / (0.095) / (1.007) / (0.895) / (0.952)
Regular / -6.273*** / -2.662** / -5.982*** / -0.391*** / -6.373*** / -2.549** / -0.123 / -2.672** / -5.937*** / -2.572*
(1.015) / (1.115) / (1.222) / (0.143) / (1.309) / (1.217) / (0.126) / (1.277) / (1.374) / (1.405)
Smoking habits
Former / 1.477** / 1.499** / 1.474* / 0.097 / 1.572* / 1.503* / 0.08 / 1.584* / 1.545** / 1.518**
(0.738) / (0.759) / (0.803) / (0.069) / (0.863) / (0.803) / (0.079) / (0.841) / (0.765) / (0.735)
Occasional / 2.017 / 1.167 / 1.924 / 0.125 / 2.049 / 1.007 / 0.034 / 1.04 / 1.549 / 0.927
(1.296) / (1.328) / (1.554) / (0.112) / (1.656) / (1.553) / (0.1) / (1.614) / (1.615) / (1.474)
Daily / 1.337* / 0.367 / 1.387 / 0.089 / 1.476 / 0.403 / 0.013 / 0.417 / 1.345 / 0.352
(0.785) / (0.842) / (0.857) / (0.063) / (0.91) / (0.821) / (0.056) / (0.861) / (0.822) / (0.847)
Year 2 / 0.205* / 0.249** / 0.206** / 0.014 / 0.22** / 0.249** / 0.014 / 0.263** / 0.223** / 0.258**
(0.116) / (0.118) / (0.099) / (0.008) / (0.106) / (0.111) / (0.014) / (0.119) / (0.106) / (0.123)
Year 3 / 0.723*** / 0.594*** / 0.7*** / 0.046*** / 0.745*** / 0.572*** / 0.031 / 0.603*** / 0.742*** / 0.609***
(0.126) / (0.133) / (0.138) / (0.017) / (0.148) / (0.158) / (0.026) / (0.168) / (0.155) / (0.174)
Year 4 / 1.292*** / 0.883*** / 1.22*** / 0.079*** / 1.299*** / 0.826*** / 0.043 / 0.869*** / 1.3*** / 0.896***
(0.145) / (0.168) / (0.157) / (0.025) / (0.165) / (0.189) / (0.035) / (0.195) / (0.178) / (0.198)
Year 5 / 1.427*** / 1.048*** / 1.37*** / 0.089*** / 1.459*** / 1.002*** / 0.052 / 1.054*** / 1.448*** / 1.068***
(0.163) / (0.193) / (0.211) / (0.028) / (0.222) / (0.237) / (0.042) / (0.244) / (0.212) / (0.237)
Constant / 28.817*** / 26.634*** / 28.86***
(2.422) / (2.57) / (2.276)
Number of observations / 570 / 570 / 570 / 570 / 570 / 570
Number of panel / 114 / 114 / 114 / 114 / 114 / 114
Housman Test / 96.45 /
P-value=0.000
/ 0.062
P-value= 0.004 / 0.0420
P-value= 0.314
/ 0.096
P-value= 0.139 / 0.058
P-value=0.283
Log Likelihood / -628.078 / -468.539 / -632.636 / -468.382

Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses, *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1

Table A.6: Estimated coefficients of non-spatial and spatial panel-data regression models using obesity rate as the dependent variable: Female 18-45

Non-spatial Panel / Spatial Panel
SAR / SEM
Random Effects / Fixed
Effects / Random Effects / FixedEffects / Random Effects / Fixed
Effects
Variables / Direct / Indirect / Total / Direct / Indirect / Total
Age / 0.004 / 0.006 / 0.004 / 0.001 / 0.004 / 0.005 / 0 / 0.006 / 0.003 / 0.005
(0.004) / (0.004) / (0.004) / (0.001) / (0.005) / (0.004) / (0) / (0.004) / (0.004) / (0.004)
Marital status
Married / -0.06 / -0.004 / -0.033 / -0.006 / -0.039 / 0.005 / -0.001 / 0.004 / -0.045 / 0.004
(0.064) / (0.075) / (0.083) / (0.016) / (0.099) / (0.096) / (0.006) / (0.1) / (0.077) / (0.089)
Divorced or widowed / 0.091 / 0.127 / 0.123 / 0.023 / 0.147 / 0.139 / 0.005 / 0.145 / 0.102 / 0.131
(0.096) / (0.107) / (0.128) / (0.025) / (0.152) / (0.139) / (0.011) / (0.144) / (0.115) / (0.126)
Immigration status
> 10 years / -0.105 / -0.116 / -0.072 / -0.013 / -0.085 / -0.122 / -0.004 / -0.126 / -0.113* / -0.124
(0.072) / (0.092) / (0.072) / (0.013) / (0.085) / (0.076) / (0.007) / (0.078) / (0.07) / (0.072)
≤ 10 years / -0.337*** / -0.051 / -0.309*** / -0.058** / -0.367*** / -0.047 / -0.001 / -0.048 / -0.325*** / -0.055
(0.083) / (0.125) / (0.093) / (0.02) / (0.108) / (0.121) / (0.007) / (0.125) / (0.09) / (0.111)
Household income
$20000 / -0.044 / -0.102 / -0.028 / -0.005 / -0.033 / -0.095 / -0.005 / -0.099 / -0.022 / -0.093
(0.081) / (0.09) / (0.075) / (0.014) / (0.088) / (0.076) / (0.007) / (0.08) / (0.075) / (0.077)
$20000-$49999 / -0.008 / 0.063 / -0.001 / 0 / -0.001 / 0.073 / 0.004 / 0.077 / -0.007 / 0.063
(0.056) / (0.06) / (0.061) / (0.012) / (0.073) / (0.065) / (0.005) / (0.068) / (0.063) / (0.066)
≥ $80000 / -0.104** / -0.13** / -0.088* / -0.017* / -0.105* / -0.117** / -0.005 / -0.123** / -0.102** / -0.13***
(0.05) / (0.054) / (0.045) / (0.009) / (0.053) / (0.049) / (0.007) / (0.052) / (0.047) / (0.049)
Missing / -0.015 / -0.037 / 0.002 / 0 / 0.002 / -0.03 / -0.002 / -0.032 / -0.006 / -0.034
(0.053) / (0.057) / (0.101) / (0.019) / (0.119) / (0.095) / (0.007) / (0.1) / (0.097) / (0.088)
Household arrangements
Size / 0.001 / -0.003 / 0.002 / 0 / 0.002 / -0.004 / 0 / -0.004 / 0.001 / -0.003
(0.018) / (0.019) / (0.016) / (0.003) / (0.019) / (0.015) / (0.001) / (0.016) / (0.015) / (0.015)
Couple without a child / 0.162 / -0.007 / 0.136 / 0.026 / 0.162 / -0.024 / 0 / -0.024 / 0.144 / -0.015
(0.1) / (0.11) / (0.147) / (0.029) / (0.175) / (0.142) / (0.006) / (0.146) / (0.138) / (0.135)
With child(ren) less than 6 / 0.08 / -0.095 / 0.058 / 0.012 / 0.07 / -0.109 / -0.003 / -0.112 / 0.054 / -0.106
(0.097) / (0.108) / (0.115) / (0.022) / (0.136) / (0.131) / (0.008) / (0.134) / (0.101) / (0.112)
With child(ren) between 6 and 12 / 0.088 / -0.081 / 0.077 / 0.015 / 0.092 / -0.089 / -0.003 / -0.093 / 0.076 / -0.086
(0.098) / (0.114) / (0.113) / (0.022) / (0.134) / (0.129) / (0.008) / (0.133) / (0.105) / (0.121)
With children aged under 6 and 12 / 0.143 / -0.056 / 0.113 / 0.021 / 0.135 / -0.073 / -0.002 / -0.076 / 0.117 / -0.069
(0.115) / (0.131) / (0.125) / (0.024) / (0.148) / (0.138) / (0.009) / (0.144) / (0.124) / (0.134)
Other / 0.032 / -0.125 / 0.023 / 0.004 / 0.027 / -0.137 / -0.006 / -0.142 / 0.022 / -0.129
(0.08) / (0.095) / (0.079) / (0.015) / (0.094) / (0.095) / (0.009) / (0.098) / (0.08) / (0.094)
Home ownership / 0.003 / -0.044 / -0.01 / -0.002 / -0.012 / -0.055 / -0.003 / -0.057 / 0.008 / -0.043
(0.043) / (0.052) / (0.042) / (0.008) / (0.05) / (0.056) / (0.004) / (0.059) / (0.047) / (0.061)
Education level
Secondary school / -0.068 / -0.106 / -0.05 / -0.01 / -0.06 / -0.099 / -0.004 / -0.103 / -0.064 / -0.101
(0.068) / (0.073) / (0.069) / (0.014) / (0.083) / (0.074) / (0.007) / (0.077) / (0.077) / (0.081)
Some post-secondary / -0.172** / -0.167** / -0.177** / -0.033** / -0.211** / -0.169** / -0.007 / -0.176** / -0.179** / -0.167**
(0.078) / (0.085) / (0.069) / (0.015) / (0.082) / (0.077) / (0.009) / (0.081) / (0.075) / (0.08)
Post-secondary degree/diploma / -0.108* / -0.047 / -0.108 / -0.021 / -0.129 / -0.045 / -0.003 / -0.048 / -0.108 / -0.044
(0.065) / (0.072) / (0.067) / (0.015) / (0.081) / (0.073) / (0.005) / (0.077) / (0.076) / (0.081)
Occupation status
Blue-collar / -0.228*** / -0.249*** / -0.204** / -0.038** / -0.241** / -0.245*** / -0.011 / -0.255*** / -0.222*** / -0.244***
(0.072) / (0.086) / (0.083) / (0.016) / (0.096) / (0.083) / (0.013) / (0.088) / (0.077) / (0.079)
Sales and services / -0.09* / -0.087 / -0.08 / -0.015 / -0.095 / -0.086 / -0.004 / -0.091 / -0.085 / -0.086
(0.05) / (0.053) / (0.057) / (0.011) / (0.068) / (0.059) / (0.006) / (0.062) / (0.057) / (0.061)
Other / -0.106 / -0.01 / -0.089 / -0.016 / -0.105 / 0.001 / 0 / 0.001 / -0.089 / -0.001
(0.094) / (0.099) / (0.073) / (0.013) / (0.085) / (0.071) / (0.005) / (0.073) / (0.075) / (0.074)
Unable to work / -0.085 / -0.106 / -0.087 / -0.015 / -0.102 / -0.138 / -0.006 / -0.144 / -0.082 / -0.107
(0.209) / (0.227) / (0.192) / (0.035) / (0.227) / (0.266) / (0.016) / (0.277) / (0.217) / (0.286)
Student / -0.189** / -0.099 / -0.174** / -0.033* / -0.206** / -0.097 / -0.003 / -0.1 / -0.174** / -0.092
(0.074) / (0.081) / (0.08) / (0.017) / (0.095) / (0.091) / (0.007) / (0.095) / (0.087) / (0.099)
Unemployed / -0.097* / -0.074 / -0.076 / -0.014 / -0.09 / -0.069 / -0.004 / -0.073 / -0.09 / -0.073
(0.059) / (0.068) / (0.064) / (0.012) / (0.075) / (0.067) / (0.006) / (0.071) / (0.061) / (0.069)
Fruits and vegetables consumption / -0.013** / -0.001 / -0.011* / -0.002* / -0.013* / 0 / 0 / -0.001 / -0.013** / -0.001
(0.006) / (0.007) / (0.006) / (0.001) / (0.007) / (0.007) / (0) / (0.007) / (0.005) / (0.006)
Physical activity
Moderately active / 0.08 / 0.149*** / 0.09 / 0.017 / 0.107 / 0.156* / 0.007 / 0.163* / 0.086 / 0.151**
(0.054) / (0.058) / (0.079) / (0.015) / (0.094) / (0.079) / (0.008) / (0.083) / (0.07) / (0.072)
Inactive / 0.049 / 0.157*** / 0.051 / 0.009 / 0.06 / 0.159*** / 0.007 / 0.166*** / 0.058 / 0.163***
(0.039) / (0.047) / (0.047) / (0.009) / (0.056) / (0.06) / (0.008) / (0.063) / (0.048) / (0.058)
Drinking habits
Rarely / -0.026 / -0.037 / -0.025 / -0.005 / -0.03 / -0.039 / -0.001 / -0.04 / -0.02 / -0.032
(0.061) / (0.064) / (0.065) / (0.012) / (0.077) / (0.072) / (0.005) / (0.075) / (0.065) / (0.068)
Occasional / -0.147** / -0.076 / -0.135** / -0.025* / -0.16** / -0.069 / -0.003 / -0.072 / -0.15** / -0.079
(0.059) / (0.063) / (0.059) / (0.013) / (0.071) / (0.06) / (0.005) / (0.063) / (0.059) / (0.061)
Regular / -0.338*** / -0.149* / -0.306*** / -0.057*** / -0.363*** / -0.145* / -0.005 / -0.15* / -0.322*** / -0.144
(0.068) / (0.078) / (0.074) / (0.018) / (0.087) / (0.082) / (0.007) / (0.085) / (0.081) / (0.092)
Smoking habits
Former / 0.079 / 0.081 / 0.072 / 0.014 / 0.085 / 0.081 / 0.004 / 0.085 / 0.078 / 0.08
(0.05) / (0.053) / (0.057) / (0.013) / (0.069) / (0.059) / (0.005) / (0.061) / (0.055) / (0.057)
Occasional / 0.121 / 0.089 / 0.095 / 0.018 / 0.113 / 0.077 / 0.003 / 0.08 / 0.098 / 0.079
(0.088) / (0.093) / (0.104) / (0.02) / (0.124) / (0.1) / (0.007) / (0.104) / (0.103) / (0.093)
Daily / 0.071 / 0.005 / 0.073 / 0.014 / 0.088 / 0.003 / 0 / 0.003 / 0.075 / 0.004
(0.053) / (0.059) / (0.059) / (0.012) / (0.07) / (0.066) / (0.005) / (0.069) / (0.057) / (0.063)
Year 2 / 0.01 / 0.015* / 0.01 / 0.002 / 0.012 / 0.015* / 0.001 / 0.016* / 0.011 / 0.016*
(0.008) / (0.008) / (0.008) / (0.002) / (0.009) / (0.008) / (0.001) / (0.009) / (0.008) / (0.009)
Year 3 / 0.045*** / 0.041*** / 0.042*** / 0.008*** / 0.05*** / 0.04*** / 0.002 / 0.042*** / 0.046*** / 0.042***
(0.009) / (0.009) / (0.009) / (0.003) / (0.011) / (0.011) / (0.002) / (0.012) / (0.01) / (0.012)
Year 4 / 0.075*** / 0.056*** / 0.067*** / 0.013*** / 0.08*** / 0.055*** / 0.002 / 0.057*** / 0.076*** / 0.057***
(0.01) / (0.012) / (0.011) / (0.003) / (0.013) / (0.014) / (0.003) / (0.015) / (0.012) / (0.014)
Year 5 / 0.083*** / 0.069*** / 0.076*** / 0.014*** / 0.09*** / 0.067*** / 0.003 / 0.07*** / 0.085*** / 0.07***
(0.011) / (0.014) / (0.015) / (0.004) / (0.018) / (0.017) / (0.003) / (0.018) / (0.015) / (0.017)
Constant / 0.288* / 0.188 / 0.299*
(0.163) / (0.18) / (0.163)
Number of observations / 570 / 570 / 570 / 570 / 570 / 570
Number of panel / 114 / 114 / 114 / 114 / 114 / 114
Housman Test / 71.34 /
P-value=0.000
/ 0.166
P-value= 0.000 / 0.035
P-value= 0.431
/ 0.115
P-value= 0.067 / 0.053
P-value=0.303
Log Likelihood / 910.073 / 1046.820 / 905.117 / 1047.0063

Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses, *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1

Table A.7: Estimated coefficients of non-spatial and spatial panel-data regression models using average BMI as the dependent variable: Female 45-65

Non-spatial Panel / Spatial Panel
SAR / SEM
Random Effects / Fixed
Effects / Random Effects / FixedEffects / Random Effects / Fixed
Effects
Variables / Direct / Indirect / Total / Direct / Indirect / Total
Age / 0.117** / 0.08 / 0.11** / 0.003 / 0.113** / 0.079 / -0.001 / 0.078 / 0.109* / 0.079
(0.054) / (0.058) / (0.049) / (0.002) / (0.05) / (0.051) / (0.004) / (0.051) / (0.059) / (0.061)
Marital status
Married / 3.269** / 1.704 / 3.322** / 0.083 / 3.404** / 1.844 / -0.047 / 1.797 / 3.267** / 1.821
(1.431) / (1.489) / (1.561) / (0.062) / (1.6) / (1.656) / (0.116) / (1.607) / (1.419) / (1.503)
Divorced or widowed / 3.419** / 1.319 / 3.453** / 0.085 / 3.537** / 1.496 / -0.038 / 1.459 / 3.365** / 1.466
(1.439) / (1.507) / (1.626) / (0.061) / (1.663) / (1.763) / (0.106) / (1.721) / (1.468) / (1.585)
Immigration status
> 10 years / -1.987*** / 0.304 / -1.937*** / -0.048 / -1.985*** / 0.325 / -0.007 / 0.317 / -1.991*** / 0.323
(0.521) / (0.87) / (0.556) / (0.032) / (0.57) / (0.879) / (0.045) / (0.854) / (0.567) / (0.893)
≤ 10 years / -4.366*** / 2.676 / -4.307** / -0.107 / -4.414** / 2.654 / -0.05 / 2.604 / -3.897* / 2.8
(1.511) / (1.837) / (2.062) / (0.081) / (2.111) / (1.843) / (0.141) / (1.795) / (2.098) / (1.751)
Household income
$20000 / -1.816* / -1.118 / -1.778* / -0.046 / -1.824* / -1.143 / 0.015 / -1.127 / -1.785* / -1.209
(1.012) / (1.118) / (1.022) / (0.038) / (1.048) / (1.183) / (0.08) / (1.174) / (1.052) / (1.218)
$20000-$49999 / -0.801 / -0.424 / -0.549 / -0.013 / -0.561 / -0.279 / 0.007 / -0.272 / -0.784 / -0.487
(0.76) / (0.78) / (0.92) / (0.026) / (0.942) / (0.937) / (0.042) / (0.916) / (0.951) / (0.969)
≥ $80000 / 0.405 / -0.009 / 0.558 / 0.014 / 0.573 / 0.172 / 0.003 / 0.175 / 0.334 / -0.024
(0.671) / (0.726) / (0.739) / (0.021) / (0.755) / (0.7) / (0.032) / (0.694) / (0.767) / (0.71)
Missing / -1.306* / -0.562 / -1.146 / -0.029 / -1.175 / -0.527 / 0.006 / -0.521 / -1.191 / -0.549
(0.778) / (0.828) / (0.802) / (0.027) / (0.819) / (0.903) / (0.047) / (0.902) / (0.776) / (0.828)
Household arrangements
Size / -0.281 / -0.024 / -0.233 / -0.006 / -0.239 / -0.032 / 0.006 / -0.026 / -0.269 / -0.033
(0.366) / (0.375) / (0.399) / (0.012) / (0.408) / (0.396) / (0.021) / (0.392) / (0.399) / (0.389)
Couple without a child / 4.189*** / 0.596 / 3.793** / 0.095 / 3.888** / 0.425 / -0.022 / 0.404 / 4.053*** / 0.705
(1.252) / (1.356) / (1.499) / (0.066) / (1.538) / (1.471) / (0.068) / (1.428) / (1.482) / (1.501)
With child(ren) less than 6 / 4.77* / 1.897 / 4.155 / 0.101 / 4.256 / 1.877 / -0.063 / 1.814 / 4.693 / 2.112
(2.654) / (2.643) / (3.258) / (0.102) / (3.337) / (2.869) / (0.149) / (2.787) / (3.221) / (2.887)
With child(ren) between 6 and 12 / 6.092*** / 3.04 / 6.021*** / 0.151 / 6.172*** / 3.149 / -0.072 / 3.077 / 5.913*** / 3.028
(1.95) / (2.05) / (2.194) / (0.101) / (2.251) / (2.205) / (0.163) / (2.175) / (2.224) / (2.137)
With children aged under 6 and 12 / 9.664** / 4.8 / 8.408* / 0.209 / 8.617* / 4.309 / -0.14 / 4.17 / 9.185** / 4.825
(4.084) / (4.083) / (4.461) / (0.169) / (4.575) / (3.788) / (0.28) / (3.629) / (4.299) / (4.034)
Other / 3.022** / 0.157 / 2.638* / 0.066 / 2.704* / 0.02 / -0.018 / 0.002 / 2.913* / 0.263
(1.316) / (1.4) / (1.478) / (0.055) / (1.515) / (1.362) / (0.069) / (1.326) / (1.679) / (1.61)
Home ownership / -1.26* / -2.329*** / -1.484** / -0.038 / -1.522** / -2.569*** / 0.052 / -2.518*** / -1.241 / -2.337***
(0.679) / (0.811) / (0.688) / (0.031) / (0.708) / (0.815) / (0.114) / (0.798) / (0.758) / (0.889)
Education level
Secondary school / -0.209 / -0.551 / -0.157 / -0.005 / -0.162 / -0.377 / 0.011 / -0.366 / -0.249 / -0.47
(0.736) / (0.817) / (0.638) / (0.019) / (0.655) / (0.78) / (0.039) / (0.755) / (0.756) / (0.82)
Some post-secondary / 1.371 / 0.732 / 1.34 / 0.033 / 1.373 / 0.782 / -0.005 / 0.776 / 1.285 / 0.69
(1.026) / (1.082) / (1.053) / (0.035) / (1.081) / (1.237) / (0.065) / (1.208) / (1.018) / (1.215)
Post-secondary degree/diploma / 0.835 / 0.489 / 0.851 / 0.021 / 0.873 / 0.576 / -0.009 / 0.567 / 0.831 / 0.518
(0.624) / (0.71) / (0.571) / (0.02) / (0.586) / (0.746) / (0.036) / (0.732) / (0.579) / (0.727)
Occupation status
Blue-collar / 0.106 / 1.053 / 0.334 / 0.011 / 0.345 / 1.054 / -0.019 / 1.035 / 0.174 / 0.961
(0.935) / (1.139) / (0.87) / (0.027) / (0.895) / (0.959) / (0.061) / (0.944) / (0.894) / (0.882)
Sales and services / -0.338 / 0.101 / -0.256 / -0.007 / -0.263 / 0.079 / -0.005 / 0.074 / -0.248 / 0.151
(0.729) / (0.78) / (0.745) / (0.024) / (0.765) / (0.748) / (0.035) / (0.735) / (0.744) / (0.793)
Other / -0.631 / 0.977 / -0.531 / -0.012 / -0.543 / 0.978 / -0.036 / 0.942 / -0.437 / 0.936
(1.493) / (1.522) / (1.394) / (0.039) / (1.427) / (1.459) / (0.09) / (1.41) / (1.372) / (1.44)
Unable to work / 3.356*** / 2.763* / 3.143*** / 0.08 / 3.222*** / 2.652* / -0.067 / 2.586* / 3.475*** / 3.021*
(1.218) / (1.484) / (1.016) / (0.052) / (1.045) / (1.344) / (0.131) / (1.301) / (1.122) / (1.583)
Student / -1.478 / -1.139 / -1.445 / -0.041 / -1.486 / -0.866 / -0.016 / -0.882 / -1.294 / -0.725
(4.465) / (4.546) / (4.597) / (0.123) / (4.704) / (4.213) / (0.186) / (4.188) / (4.681) / (4.519)
Unemployed / -1.513** / 0.076 / -1.283* / -0.03 / -1.313* / 0.061 / -0.001 / 0.06 / -1.377* / 0.032
(0.62) / (0.685) / (0.706) / (0.026) / (0.722) / (0.711) / (0.035) / (0.693) / (0.716) / (0.696)
Fruits and vegetables consumption / -0.122* / -0.009 / -0.117 / -0.003 / -0.12 / -0.01 / 0 / -0.01 / -0.115* / -0.017
(0.072) / (0.081) / (0.071) / (0.003) / (0.072) / (0.089) / (0.004) / (0.088) / (0.066) / (0.084)
Physical activity
Moderately active / -0.608 / -0.627 / -0.581 / -0.013 / -0.594 / -0.66 / 0.011 / -0.65 / -0.624 / -0.701
(0.751) / (0.757) / (0.72) / (0.02) / (0.736) / (0.759) / (0.042) / (0.751) / (0.666) / (0.728)
Inactive / 1.431** / 1.114* / 1.463** / 0.038 / 1.501** / 1.002 / -0.019 / 0.982* / 1.422** / 1.076*
(0.585) / (0.65) / (0.559) / (0.027) / (0.576) / (0.602) / (0.049) / (0.59) / (0.581) / (0.641)
Drinking habits
Rarely / 0.017 / 0.165 / -0.055 / -0.001 / -0.056 / 0.058 / 0.002 / 0.059 / 0.069 / 0.136
(0.736) / (0.784) / (0.716) / (0.018) / (0.731) / (0.741) / (0.028) / (0.734) / (0.737) / (0.813)
Occasional / -2.87*** / -1.095 / -2.73*** / -0.067* / -2.797*** / -1.086 / 0.019 / -1.067 / -2.697*** / -1.126
(0.713) / (0.817) / (0.79) / (0.039) / (0.802) / (0.766) / (0.051) / (0.76) / (0.867) / (0.884)
Regular / -4.789*** / -2.136** / -4.657*** / -0.116* / -4.773*** / -2.129** / 0.043 / -2.086** / -4.643*** / -2.212**
(0.647) / (0.85) / (0.858) / (0.064) / (0.871) / (0.976) / (0.092) / (0.971) / (0.817) / (0.962)
Smoking habits
Former / 0.685 / 0.435 / 0.7 / 0.018 / 0.718 / 0.439 / -0.014 / 0.426 / 0.727 / 0.469
(0.573) / (0.594) / (0.552) / (0.018) / (0.566) / (0.62) / (0.032) / (0.612) / (0.557) / (0.598)
Occasional / 5.528*** / 4.006*** / 5.654*** / 0.146 / 5.8*** / 3.936** / -0.067 / 3.869** / 5.5*** / 4.136**
(1.47) / (1.468) / (2.074) / (0.1) / (2.132) / (1.848) / (0.17) / (1.85) / (2.013) / (1.802)
Daily / -0.012 / -1.488** / -0.126 / -0.002 / -0.128 / -1.489** / 0.027 / -1.461** / -0.117 / -1.438**
(0.699) / (0.755) / (0.718) / (0.021) / (0.737) / (0.635) / (0.069) / (0.634) / (0.719) / (0.672)
Year 2 / 0.133 / 0.186* / 0.125 / 0.003 / 0.128 / 0.17* / -0.004 / 0.166* / 0.136 / 0.181**
(0.109) / (0.11) / (0.086) / (0.003) / (0.088) / (0.089) / (0.009) / (0.087) / (0.083) / (0.086)
Year 3 / 0.294** / 0.342*** / 0.272** / 0.007 / 0.279** / 0.312** / -0.008 / 0.304** / 0.296** / 0.334**
(0.118) / (0.127) / (0.122) / (0.005) / (0.125) / (0.135) / (0.015) / (0.13) / (0.118) / (0.128)
Year 4 / 0.468*** / 0.476*** / 0.456*** / 0.011 / 0.467*** / 0.447*** / -0.011 / 0.436*** / 0.479*** / 0.468***
(0.132) / (0.156) / (0.122) / (0.007) / (0.125) / (0.166) / (0.021) / (0.156) / (0.12) / (0.148)
Year 5 / 0.477*** / 0.471*** / 0.468*** / 0.012* / 0.48*** / 0.442** / -0.011 / 0.431** / 0.489*** / 0.462***
(0.143) / (0.176) / (0.125) / (0.007) / (0.127) / (0.173) / (0.02) / (0.165) / (0.131) / (0.172)
Constant / 18.62*** / 23.322*** / 18.116***
(3.271) / (3.596) / (3.576)
Number of observations / 570 / 570 / 570 / 570 / 570 / 570
Number of panel / 114 / 114 / 114 / 114 / 114 / 114
Housman Test / 105.13 /
P-value=0.000
/ 0.026
P-value= 0.073 / -0.030
P-value= 0.505
/ -0.040
P-value= 0.545 / -0.061
P-value= 0.314
Log Likelihood / -599.685 / -452.6498 / -601.007 / -452.341

Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses, *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1

Table A.8: Estimated coefficients of non-spatial and spatial panel-data regression models using obesity rate as the dependent variable: Female 45-65

Non-spatial Panel / Spatial Panel
SAR / SEM
Random Effects / Fixed
Effects / Random Effects / FixedEffects / Random Effects / Fixed
Effects
Variables / Direct / Indirect / Total / Direct / Indirect / Total
Age / 0.006 / 0.003 / 0.006 / 0.001 / 0.006 / 0.003 / 0 / 0.003 / 0.006 / 0.003
(0.004) / (0.005) / (0.004) / (0.001) / (0.004) / (0.004) / (0) / (0.004) / (0.004) / (0.005)
Marital status
Married / 0.292*** / 0.199 / 0.313** / 0.049** / 0.362** / 0.209 / 0.009 / 0.218 / 0.291*** / 0.199
(0.111) / (0.122) / (0.12) / (0.024) / (0.139) / (0.139) / (0.012) / (0.144) / (0.107) / (0.125)
Divorced or widowed / 0.281** / 0.142 / 0.307** / 0.048* / 0.355** / 0.156 / 0.006 / 0.163 / 0.279** / 0.141
(0.111) / (0.123) / (0.132) / (0.025) / (0.152) / (0.162) / (0.012) / (0.168) / (0.107) / (0.144)
Immigration status
> 10 years / -0.129*** / 0.002 / -0.114*** / -0.018 / -0.131*** / 0.006 / 0.001 / 0.007 / -0.128*** / 0.002
(0.039) / (0.071) / (0.04) / (0.008) / (0.046) / (0.073) / (0.004) / (0.076) / (0.038) / (0.075)
≤ 10 years / -0.196* / 0.288* / -0.178 / -0.028 / -0.206 / 0.282** / 0.012 / 0.295** / -0.197 / 0.285**
(0.116) / (0.15) / (0.121) / (0.021) / (0.14) / (0.122) / (0.015) / (0.129) / (0.115) / (0.119)
Household income
$20000 / -0.139* / -0.116 / -0.143** / -0.023 / -0.166** / -0.114 / -0.006 / -0.119 / -0.135* / -0.114
(0.078) / (0.091) / (0.071) / (0.014) / (0.083) / (0.097) / (0.009) / (0.104) / (0.075) / (0.102)
$20000-$49999 / -0.063 / -0.056 / -0.052 / -0.008 / -0.059 / -0.043 / -0.002 / -0.046 / -0.065 / -0.056
(0.059) / (0.064) / (0.066) / (0.01) / (0.075) / (0.073) / (0.005) / (0.077) / (0.057) / (0.079)
≥ $80000 / 0.06 / 0.023 / 0.063 / 0.01 / 0.074 / 0.038 / 0.001 / 0.039 / 0.056 / 0.022
(0.052) / (0.059) / (0.048) / (0.009) / (0.056) / (0.058) / (0.004) / (0.061) / (0.05) / (0.058)
Missing / -0.138** / -0.061 / -0.136** / -0.021* / -0.157** / -0.054 / -0.002 / -0.056 / -0.147** / -0.063
(0.06) / (0.068) / (0.062) / (0.011) / (0.071) / (0.069) / (0.006) / (0.073) / (0.059) / (0.069)
Household arrangements
Size / -0.021 / -0.004 / -0.019 / -0.003 / -0.022 / -0.007 / 0 / -0.007 / -0.018 / -0.004
(0.028) / (0.031) / (0.032) / (0.005) / (0.037) / (0.034) / (0.003) / (0.035) / (0.027) / (0.032)
Couple without a child / 0.268*** / 0.011 / 0.229** / 0.036* / 0.265** / 0.003 / -0.001 / 0.001 / 0.249*** / 0.007
(0.096) / (0.111) / (0.101) / (0.02) / (0.118) / (0.108) / (0.006) / (0.111) / (0.094) / (0.107)
With child(ren) less than 6 / 0.265 / 0.071 / 0.199 / 0.031 / 0.23 / 0.068 / 0.001 / 0.068 / 0.234 / 0.063
(0.207) / (0.216) / (0.222) / (0.037) / (0.257) / (0.211) / (0.011) / (0.218) / (0.202) / (0.206)
With child(ren) between 6 and 12 / 0.455*** / 0.231 / 0.429** / 0.069* / 0.498** / 0.25 / 0.009 / 0.259 / 0.431*** / 0.228
(0.15) / (0.167) / (0.167) / (0.035) / (0.196) / (0.177) / (0.015) / (0.184) / (0.145) / (0.173)
With children aged under 6 and 12 / 0.666** / 0.218 / 0.604* / 0.095 / 0.7* / 0.205 / 0.005 / 0.21 / 0.65** / 0.215
(0.318) / (0.333) / (0.32) / (0.059) / (0.372) / (0.274) / (0.018) / (0.281) / (0.309) / (0.286)
Other / 0.147 / -0.05 / 0.116 / 0.019 / 0.134 / -0.049 / -0.003 / -0.052 / 0.128 / -0.053
(0.102) / (0.114) / (0.1) / (0.017) / (0.116) / (0.103) / (0.007) / (0.108) / (0.098) / (0.113)
Home ownership / -0.08 / -0.134** / -0.106** / -0.017* / -0.123** / -0.154** / -0.007 / -0.16** / -0.078 / -0.134*
(0.052) / (0.066) / (0.046) / (0.01) / (0.054) / (0.064) / (0.008) / (0.067) / (0.05) / (0.069)
Education level
Secondary school / -0.071 / -0.104 / -0.062 / -0.01 / -0.072 / -0.093 / -0.004 / -0.096 / -0.071 / -0.105*
(0.056) / (0.067) / (0.047) / (0.009) / (0.055) / (0.056) / (0.005) / (0.058) / (0.055) / (0.061)
Some post-secondary / 0.086 / 0.042 / 0.076 / 0.012 / 0.088 / 0.038 / 0.002 / 0.04 / 0.088 / 0.042
(0.079) / (0.088) / (0.083) / (0.015) / (0.097) / (0.091) / (0.006) / (0.095) / (0.077) / (0.093)
Post-secondary degree/diploma / 0.037 / 0.011 / 0.031 / 0.005 / 0.036 / 0.013 / 0.001 / 0.014 / 0.037 / 0.01
(0.048) / (0.058) / (0.044) / (0.008) / (0.051) / (0.053) / (0.003) / (0.054) / (0.046) / (0.054)
Occupation status
Blue-collar / 0.077 / 0.129 / 0.11* / 0.018 / 0.129* / 0.135 / 0.005 / 0.14 / 0.082 / 0.13
(0.071) / (0.093) / (0.062) / (0.013) / (0.074) / (0.085) / (0.007) / (0.089) / (0.068) / (0.084)
Sales and services / 0.043 / 0.089 / 0.058 / 0.009 / 0.066 / 0.088 / 0.004 / 0.091 / 0.048 / 0.089
(0.056) / (0.064) / (0.056) / (0.009) / (0.065) / (0.065) / (0.006) / (0.068) / (0.054) / (0.069)
Other / 0.061 / 0.197 / 0.086 / 0.014 / 0.1 / 0.202 / 0.008 / 0.21 / 0.062 / 0.198
(0.116) / (0.124) / (0.109) / (0.018) / (0.126) / (0.127) / (0.011) / (0.131) / (0.113) / (0.128)
Unable to work / 0.27*** / 0.227* / 0.254*** / 0.041** / 0.294*** / 0.216* / 0.008 / 0.224** / 0.248*** / 0.219*
(0.092) / (0.121) / (0.078) / (0.019) / (0.093) / (0.109) / (0.011) / (0.113) / (0.09) / (0.126)
Student / -0.012 / -0.132 / 0.065 / 0.01 / 0.075 / -0.095 / -0.003 / -0.098 / -0.018 / -0.134
(0.346) / (0.371) / (0.334) / (0.053) / (0.385) / (0.336) / (0.023) / (0.351) / (0.336) / (0.351)
Unemployed / -0.103** / -0.015 / -0.078 / -0.012 / -0.091 / -0.016 / -0.001 / -0.017 / -0.098** / -0.014
(0.048) / (0.056) / (0.051) / (0.009) / (0.059) / (0.054) / (0.003) / (0.056) / (0.047) / (0.053)
Fruits and vegetables consumption / -0.007 / 0.003 / -0.007 / -0.001 / -0.009 / 0.004 / 0 / 0.004 / -0.007 / 0.004
(0.005) / (0.007) / (0.006) / (0.001) / (0.007) / (0.008) / (0) / (0.009) / (0.005) / (0.008)
Physical activity
Moderately active / -0.054 / -0.056 / -0.05 / -0.007 / -0.058 / -0.059 / -0.002 / -0.061 / -0.047 / -0.054
(0.058) / (0.062) / (0.057) / (0.01) / (0.066) / (0.062) / (0.005) / (0.064) / (0.056) / (0.059)
Inactive / 0.064 / 0.044 / 0.055 / 0.009 / 0.064 / 0.033 / 0.002 / 0.035 / 0.067 / 0.045
(0.045) / (0.053) / (0.046) / (0.009) / (0.055) / (0.054) / (0.003) / (0.056) / (0.044) / (0.056)
Drinking habits
Rarely / 0.015 / 0.006 / -0.001 / 0 / -0.001 / -0.001 / 0 / 0 / 0.007 / 0.005
(0.057) / (0.064) / (0.055) / (0.009) / (0.063) / (0.064) / (0.004) / (0.068) / (0.055) / (0.071)
Occasional / -0.238*** / -0.146** / -0.231*** / -0.037** / -0.268*** / -0.14** / -0.006 / -0.145** / -0.244*** / -0.147*
(0.055) / (0.067) / (0.059) / (0.014) / (0.069) / (0.066) / (0.007) / (0.07) / (0.053) / (0.077)
Regular / -0.346*** / -0.198*** / -0.328*** / -0.052*** / -0.38*** / -0.191** / -0.007 / -0.198** / -0.35*** / -0.199***
(0.049) / (0.069) / (0.057) / (0.017) / (0.065) / (0.073) / (0.01) / (0.076) / (0.048) / (0.074)
Smoking habits
Former / 0.022 / 0.008 / 0.024 / 0.004 / 0.027 / 0.007 / 0 / 0.007 / 0.022 / 0.007
(0.044) / (0.049) / (0.043) / (0.007) / (0.05) / (0.048) / (0.003) / (0.05) / (0.043) / (0.049)
Occasional / 0.27** / 0.203* / 0.256* / 0.042 / 0.298* / 0.177 / 0.008 / 0.184 / 0.266** / 0.199
(0.115) / (0.12) / (0.133) / (0.027) / (0.157) / (0.14) / (0.012) / (0.148) / (0.111) / (0.131)
Daily / 0.021 / -0.081 / 0.021 / 0.004 / 0.025 / -0.078* / -0.003 / -0.081* / 0.018 / -0.083
(0.054) / (0.062) / (0.058) / (0.01) / (0.067) / (0.044) / (0.005) / (0.046) / (0.052) / (0.051)
Year 2 / 0.019** / 0.021** / 0.018** / 0.003* / 0.02** / 0.019** / 0.001 / 0.02** / 0.019** / 0.021***
(0.009) / (0.009) / (0.008) / (0.001) / (0.009) / (0.008) / (0.001) / (0.008) / (0.009) / (0.008)
Year 3 / 0.017* / 0.019* / 0.015 / 0.002 / 0.017 / 0.016 / 0.001 / 0.017 / 0.017* / 0.019
(0.009) / (0.01) / (0.011) / (0.002) / (0.012) / (0.011) / (0.001) / (0.012) / (0.009) / (0.012)
Year 4 / 0.035*** / 0.036*** / 0.032*** / 0.005** / 0.037*** / 0.033** / 0.001 / 0.034** / 0.036*** / 0.036***
(0.01) / (0.013) / (0.011) / (0.002) / (0.012) / (0.013) / (0.001) / (0.014) / (0.01) / (0.013)
Year 5 / 0.038*** / 0.037*** / 0.034*** / 0.005*** / 0.039*** / 0.034** / 0.001 / 0.035** / 0.039*** / 0.038**
(0.011) / (0.014) / (0.011) / (0.002) / (0.012) / (0.015) / (0.001) / (0.015) / (0.011) / (0.016)
Constant / -0.205 / 0.131 / -0.21
(0.252) / (0.294) / (0.243)
Number of observations / 570 / 570 / 570 / 570 / 570 / 570
Number of panel / 114 / 114 / 114 / 114 / 114 / 114
Housman Test / 79.42 /
P-value=0.000
/ 0.143
P-value= 0.000 / 0.0312
P-value= 0.503
/ 0.0957
P-value= 0.151 / 0.0240
P-value=0.650
Log Likelihood / 863.291 / 975.466 / 858.902 / 975.390

Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses, *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1

1