Physiology Study Guide 9: Synapses 7

Steven A. Fink; Instructor

PHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE 9:

SYNAPSES

True/False

____ 1. Each neuron synthesizes and releases only 1 type of chemical transmitter at its numerous synaptic knobs.

____ 2. The Nervous System controls the secretion of glands.

____ 3. Synapses permit 2-way transmission of signals between two neurons.

____ 4. The cell bodies of efferent neurons originate in the CNS.

____ 5. The muscle's electrical response is turned on by an enzyme present in the motor end-plate which inactivates ACh.

____ 6. Serotonin is removed from the synaptic cleft by active reuptake back into the presynaptic neuron.

____ 7. An Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP) causes a local depolarization.

____ 8. Some of the neurotransmitters are amino acids.

____ 9. Some neurotransmitters are removed from the synaptic cleft by reuptake of the neurotransmitter into the presynaptic neuron.

____10. Any chemical that blocks the ACh Receptor Sites at the Neuro-muscular Junction, would cause spastic paralysis of the muscles.

____ 11. The interneurons found in the CNS typically have receptor sites for many different neurotransmitters.

____12. While some sensory neurons excite, others inhibit neurons in the CNS.

____13. Summation of IPSPs can lead to the generation of an Action Potential.

____14. Inhibition within the CNS permits an individual to concentrate on a particular task without being "swamped" by irrelevant sensory information.

____15. The catecholamine neurotransmitters act to stimulate adenyl cyclase which raises the c-AMP level in neurons & effector cells.

____16. Amphetamines mimic the action of endogenous (naturally present) catecholamines.

____17. Narcotic analgesics mimic the action of endogenous endorphins.

____18. All sensory neurons release only excitatory neurotransmitters.

____19. All somatic motorneurons release only excitatory neurotransmitters.

____20. Each neuron in the CNS has receptor sites for only 1 type of neurotransmitter.

____21. Poliomyelitis is a disease that causes flaccid paralysis of the skeletal muscles.

Multiple Choice

____22. Somatic motorneurons release what neurotransmitter chemical from their synaptic knobs?
(a) prostaglandins
(b) norepinephrine
(c) acetylcholine
(d) cyclic-AMP
(e) serotonin

____23. Sensory neurons usually synapse onto:
(a) sensory neurons
(b) motorneurons
(c) interneurons
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above

____24. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a(n):

(a) viral disease involving the somatic motorneurons

(b) auto-immune disease associated with demyelination of nerve fibers

(d) bacterial infection initially involving the dura mater enclosing the

CNS

(e) auto-immune disease associated with biochemical changes in the

skeletal muscle fibers

____25. Somatic motorneurons innervate the:

(a) heart

(b) stomach

(d) liver

(e) urinary bladder

____26. Which one of the following best describes a "unipolar-shaped" neuron?
(a) one neuronal process that becomes an axon
(b) many dendrites and a single axon
(c) two neuronal processes; one dendrite and one axon
(d) one neuronal process that becomes a dendrite
(e) one neuronal process that splits into one axon and one dendrite

____27. Most receptor sites are actually:
(a) proteins embedded on the surface of the cell membrane
(b) phospholipids embedded on the surace of the cell membrane
(c) steroids located on the inner surface of the cell membrane
(d) nucleic acids located with the nucleus
(e) polysaccharides located in the ER

____28. Catecholamines stimulate the production of ______in cells.
(a) ATP
(b) dopamine
(c) prostaglandins
(d) cyclic-AMP
(e) K+

____29. Which one of the following best describes the depolarization produced by many interneurons acting simultaneously?

(a) spatial summation of EPSPs

(b) spatial summation of IPSPs

(d) temporal summation of IPSPs

____30. A neurotransmitter involved in inducing sleep is:
(a) dopamine
(b) acetylcholinesterase
(c) prostaglandin
(d) acetylcholine
(e) serotonin

____31. Caffeine works by:
(a) stimulating the epinephrine receptor sites on cells
(b) interfering with the enzyme that breaks-down cyclic-AMP
(c) causing the release of cyclic-AMP from nerve endings
(d) blocking the epinephrine receptor sites on cells
(ab) activating adenyl cyclase a production of cyclic-AMP

____32. If an Inhibitory Interneuron is stimulated & generates an Action Potential, it will:
(a) first hyperpolarize, and then release a neurotransmitter
(b) release a neurotransmitter that depolarizes the postsynpatic cells
(c) release a neurotransmitter that hyperpolarizes the postsynpatic cells
(d) release an enzyme that hydrolyzes an excitatory neurotransmitter
(e) Inhibitory Interneurons can not depolarize and conduct action potentials

____33. Which type of muscle tissue, found in the walls of the intestines, is responsible for peristalsis?
(a) cardiac
(b) skeletal
(c) smooth
(d) extrinsic
(e) intrinsic

____34. Curare, a neuro-muscular blocking agent:
(a) increases the release of ACh by the motorneuron
(b) binds to the ACh Receptor sites on the skeletal muscle membrane
(c) binds to Cyclic-AMP in cells
(d) inhbitis the action of acetylcholinesterase
(e) blocks the release of acetylcholine by the motorneuron

____35. Which one of the following affects the release [secretion] of many neurotransmitters & hormones?
(a) Zn++
(b) Cl-
(c) Ca++
(d) Fe++
(e) niacin

____36. Poliovirus:
(a) causes an explosive release of norepinephrine at the neuromuscular

junction
(b) blocks the effect of ACh at adrenergic receptor sites
(c) irreversibly inhibits AChase
(d) destroys motorneuron cell bodies
(e) blocks the release of ACh at the neuromuscular junction

____37. All of the following usually act as excitatory neurotransmitters EXCEPT:

(a) norepineprhine

(b) acetylcholine

(d) dopamine

(e) epinephrine

____38. Which one of the following types of drugs produces a state of spastic paralysis in skeletal muscles?

(a) acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors

(b) corticosteroids

(d) neuro-muscular Blocking Agents

(e) a diuretic

____39. Botulinum toxin (“Botox®”):
(a) blocks the release of ACh at the neuromuscular junction
(b) prolongs the action of ACh at the neuromuscular junction
(c) blocks the effect of norepinephrine at adrenergic receptor sites
(d) reversibly binds with ACh receptor sites
(e) irreversibly inhibits AChase

____40. Organophosphate insecticides like malathion:
(a) block the effect of ACh at Adrenergic receptor sites
(b) activate ACh receptor sites
(c) activate cyclic-AMP in cells
(d) inhibit phosphodiesterase a h cyclic-AMP
(e) inhibit AChase
(ab) block Ach Recepor Sites

____41. When many different presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitters simultaneously onto the same postsynaptic neuron, this is called:
(a) spatial summation
(b) temporal summation
(c) synapsis
(d) unitization
(e) neural harmony

____42. 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is also called:
(a) epinephrine
(b) dopamine
(c) serotonin
(d) monamine oxidase
(e) cyclic-AMP

____43. Cyclic-AMP (c-AMP) is inactivated by:
(a) adenosine triphosphatase
(b) aconitase
(c) xanthine oxidase
(d) acetylcholinesterase
(e) creatine kinase
(ab) phosphodiesterase
(ac) phosphofructokinase

____44. Neurotransmitters are removed from the synaptic cleft by:
(a) inactivation by enzymes
(b) re-uptake back into the synaptic knobs from which it was released
(c) both (a) & (b) above
(d) none of the above

____45. Which one of the following would NOT cause flaccid paralysis?
(a) block somatic motorneurons from releasing ACh
(b) AChase at Neuromuscular Junctions
(c) block ACh Receptor Sites on skeletal muscle
(d) mimic the action of ACh on skeletal muscle Receptor Sites

____46. After a catecholamine neurotransmitter binds to a receptor site:
(a) phosphodiesterase is activated
(b) a protein kinase is activated
(c) a gene is activated in the nucleus
(d) adenyl (adenylate) cyclase is activated by a "G protein"
(e) voltage-gated ion channels open

____47. The Diaphragm muscle is innervated by:
(a) somatic motorneurons
(b) parasympathetic preganglionic motorneurons
(c) parasympathetic postganglionic motorneurons
(d) sympathetic postganglionic motorneurons
(e) both (c) & (d)

____48. Excitatory neurotransmitters _____ in postsynaptic cells.
(a) h PNa+
(b) h PK+
(c) i PNa+
(d) both (a) & (b) above
(e) none of the above

____49. Poliomyelitis is a(n):

(a) viral disease involving the somatic motorneurons

(b) auto-immune disease associated with demyelination of nerve fibers

(d) bacterial infection initially involving the dura mater enclosing the

CNS

(e) auto-immune disease associated with biochemical changes in the

skeletal muscle fibers

____50. Curare is used as a(n):
(a) analgesic
(b) local anesthetic
(c) muscle relaxant
(d) diuretic

____51. Nitric oxide (NO):
(a) causes local vasodilation
(b) causes local vasoconstriction
(c) activates noxiceptors
(d) inhibits the release of Substance P
(e) inhibits the release of endorphins