Salvēte, omnēs!

I. Ch. 4 is important for understanding Latin. Notice that we have new friendings which end in –am, or –um, or –em. These endings will appear on nouns and adjectives.

Here are examples of how they are formed:

1st Pattern / 2nd Pattern / 3rd Pattern
Subject Ending Singular (ch. 1 & 3) / puella / lupus / puer / arbor
New Ending in ch. 4 / puellam / lupum / puerum / arborem
Subject Ending Plural (ch. 2) / puellae / lupī / puerī / arborēs
New Ending Plural (ch. 7) / puellās / lupōs / puerōs / arborēs
What do these new friendings –am, or –um, or –em mean, or how are they used?
1.
2.

II. Circle the nouns in the following sentences which would take one of these new endings (–am, or –um, or –em):

1. Perseus killed Medusa.

2. Theseus walked into the labyrinth and killed the minotaur.

3. Julius Caesar headed towards the Curia. (Curia = the Senate house)

4. Brutus sees Julius Caesar.

5. Julius sees Brutus and Cassius.

6. Brutus and Cassius kill Julius Caesar.

7. Perseus Jackson, just like Jason, sailed to an island to seek the golden fleece.

8. Perseus Jackson is a half-blood.

III. Choose the correct translations for these sentences:

1. Perseus killed Medusa. = (A) Perseus Medusā necavit.

(B) Perseum Medusa necavit. (C) Medusam Perseus necavit.

2. Theseus walks into the labyrinth and kills the minotaur. =

[A] In labyrinthum Theseus ambulat et minotaurum necat.

[B] In labyrinthus Theseum ambulat et minotaurus necat.

[C] In labyrinthum Theseō ambulat et minotaurus necat.

3. Julius Caesar is heading towards the Curia. (Curia = the Senate house) = [A] Julium Caesarem ad Cūriam petit.

[B] Julius Caesar ad Cūriam petit. [C] Julius Caesar ad Cūria petit.

4. Brutus sees Julius Caesar. = [A] Julium Caesarem Brutum videt. [B] Julium Caesarem Brutus videt. [C] Julius Caesar Brutum videt. [D] Julius Caesar Brutus videt.

5. Julius greets Brutus and Cassius. = [A] Brutum et Cassium Julius salutat. [B] Brutus et Cassius Julium salutant. [C] Brutum et Cassium Julium salutat.

6. Brutus and Cassius kill Julius Caesar. = [A] Brutum et Cassium Julius necat. [B] Brutus et Cassius Julium necant. [C] Brutus et Cassius Julium necat.

7. Perseus Jackson, just like Jason, sailed to an island= [A] Velut Iason, Perseus Jackson navigavit ad insulam. [B] Velut Iasonem, Perseum Jacksonem navigavit ad insulam. [C] Velut Iason, Perseus Jackson navigavit ad insula.

8. Perseus Jackson is a half-blood. = [A] Perseus Jackson est semisanguis. [B] Perseum Jacksonem est semisanguinem. [C] Perseus Jackson est semisanguinem.

IV. Circle the verbs which are transitive:

1. break 2. sit 3. seat 4. find 5. is 6. show

V. Give the easy definitions for transitive and intransitive verbs:

Let’s look more closely at NOUNS2:

…Organize these nouns into 3 groups[1]: on a separate piece of paper:

ager / amica / amicus / anulus / aper
aqua / fons / arena / Caesar / canis
circus / clamor / digitus / dens / gladiator
gladius / Julius / lupus / murmur / Philadelphia
iudex / puer / rivus / Roma / senator
servus / silva / columba / Sparta / toga
urbs / pizza / villa / vox / lapis
1st Declension Words – for example, words like puella / 2nd Declension Words – for example, words like hortus/puer / 3rd Declension Words – the rest left over

For the following endings tell whether each is (1) subject, or (2) direct object/motion towards. Also, identify the gender and number of the ending (number = singular/plural)

NOUN ENDING[2] / Use in the sentence[3] / GENDER[4] / Number[5]
-us
(example: servus)
-um
(example: servum)
-am
(example: puellam)
-em
(example: arborem) / can be masculine or feminine
-a
(example: puella)
-ae
(example: puellae)
-r
(example: vir, arbor) / usually masculine, but can be feminine
-er
(example: puer)
-ī
(example: puerī)
-ās
(example: puellās)
-ōs
(example: puerōs)
-ēs
(example: arborēs) / can be masculine or feminine

Here’s another way to look at it...Fill in the missing forms in the chart:

Use/Number / Type 1 / Type 2 / Type 3
Subject/Singular / pictūr . / rīv . / clamor
D.O. or O.M.T. / Singular / pictūr . / rīv . / clamor .
Subject/Plural / pictūr . / rīv . / (To be learned later)
D.O. or O.M.T. / Plural / pictūr . / rīv . / clamor .

[1] Noun patterns are called “declensions”

[2] Adjectives, in general, follow patterns for noun endings. There are exceptions, which we will learn later.

[3] Subject/D.O. or Object of Motion Towards (O. M.T.)

[4] masculine or feminine... We will learn the neuter gender later!

[5] Number = singular or plural