World HistoryPRIMARY SOURCE EXERCISEName:Hr: Date:
Directions: Using your All-Stars of the Enlightenment Sheet that you carefully filled out, determine which of the following passages were written by each Enlightenment thinker. Link the main views of that All-Star with the views presented in each passage. Although I have changed some of the original words to make it easier to read, some of the words used may be unknown and the phrasing may seem awkward. Good readers will movebeyond that word and continue to read the whole passage. If you do that, you will be able to get a decent understanding of the view presented.
Of Suggestive Interrogations
The laws forbid suggestive interrogations; that is, according to the civilians, questions which, with regard to the circumstances of the crime, are special when they should be general; or, in other words, those questions which, having an immediate reference to the crime, suggests to the criminal an immediate answer. Interrogations, according to the law, ought to lead to the fact indirectly and obliquely, but never directly or immediately. The intent of this injunction is, either that they should not suggest to the accused an immediate answer that might acquit him, or that they think it contrary to nature that a man should accuse himself. But whatever be the motive, the laws have fallen into a palpable contradiction, in condemning suggestive interrogations, whilst they authorise torture. Can there be an interrogation more suggestive than pain? Torture will suggest to a robust villain an obstinate silence, that he may exchange a greater punishment for a less; and to a feeble man confession, to relieve him from the present pain, which affects him more than the apprehension of the future. If a special interrogation be contrary to the right of nature, as it obliges a man to accuse himself, torture will certainly do it more effectually. But men are influenced more by the names than the nature of things.
What “All-Star” wrote this? ______
Underline one key point in the above selection and explain why this part of the reading specifically fits this All-Star:
- Explanation of selection underlined :
- Sum up the main message of this passage in one sentence:
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Chapter 13: Man in the State of Nature
“So that in the nature of man, we find three principal causes of quarrel.First, competition; secondly, shyness and being meek; thirdly, glory.
Whatever therefore is present in a time of war, where every man is enemy to every man, the same consequence is there in the time wherein men live without other security than what their own strength and their own invention shall furnish them with. In such condition there is no place for doing work (industry), because the fruit of that work is uncertain: and consequently there is no culture of the earth; no knowledge of the face of the earth (ie. exploration); no arts; no letters (ie. education); no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death. In this state of nature, the life of man is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. “
What “All-Star” wrote this? ______
Underline one key point in the above selection and explain why this part of the reading specifically fits this All-Star:
- Explanation of selection underlined :
- Sum up the main message of this passage in one sentence:
On laws . . .
“In every government there are three sorts of power; the legislative; the executive, in respect to things dependent on the law of nations; the executive, in regard to things that depend on the civil law; and the judiciary power, which punishes criminals, or determines the disputes that arise between individuals.
When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person, or in the same body of magistrates, there can be no liberty; because apprehensions may arise, lest the same monarch or senate should enact tyrannical laws, to execute them in a tyrannical manner.Again, there is no liberty, if the power of judging be not separated from the legislative and executive powers. Were it joined with the legislative, the life and liberty of the subject would be exposed to arbitrary control, for the judge would then be the legislator. Were it joined to the executive power, the judge might behave with all the violence of an oppressor.”
What “All-Star” wrote this? ______
Underline one key point in the above selection and explain why this part of the reading specifically fits this All-Star:
- Explanation of selection underlined :
- Sum up the main message of this passage in one sentence:
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Chapter IV: Of Slavery
The natural liberty of man is to be free from any superior power on earth, and not to be under the will or legislative authority of man, but to have only the law of Nature for his rule. The liberty of man in society is to be under no other legislative power but that established by consent in the commonwealth, nor under the dominion of any will, or restraint of any law, but what that legislative shall enact according to the trust put in it. Freedom, then, is not what Sir Robert Filmer tells us: "A liberty for every one to do what he lists, to live as he pleases, and not to be tied by any laws"; but freedom of men under government is to have a standing rule to live by, common to every one of that society, and made by the legislative power erected in it. A liberty to follow one’s own will in all things where that rule prescribes not, not to be subject to the inconstant, uncertain, unknown, arbitrary will of another man, as freedom of nature is to be under no other restraint but the law of Nature.
What “All-Star” wrote this? ______
Underline one key point in the above selection and explain why this part of the reading specifically fits this All-Star:
- Explanation of selection underlined :
- Sum up the main message of this passage in one sentence: