Latin 3H – Groooooovvy! Nomen

Dr. McGaiusCh. 51 Worksheet – Gerundives

What’s in
Ch. 51? / I. GERUNDIVES (page 172) – which decline like any –us, -a, -um adjective
Gerundives are more commonly used, instead of a gerund when the there is an object – keep in mind the case needed 1st, then gender and number of the noun (page 172)
Use of the gerundive with ad to show purpose (page 172)
Use of the gerundive in the genitive case preceding causā to show purpose (p. 172, sentence # 2)
The gerundive in the ablative case usually expresses cause or means (p. 172, sentence # 7)
NB 1: The gerundive of deponent verbs is translated passively. (page 172)
P.S. Two epigrams (page 173)
 The Roman Empire (page 107)

The Short List for this chapter’s vocab:

incitō, incitāre, incitāvī, incitātus/a/um = to spur on, urge on, incite
doleō, dolēre, doluī, dolitus/a/um = to feel pain, suffer
recēdō, recēdere, recessī, recessus/a/um = to go back, retire
doctrīna, doctrīnae F. = teaching, learning
praeceptum, praeceptī N. = advice, precept; instruction
sōlācium, sōlāciī N. = comfort
precēs, precum F pl. = prayers
voluptās, voluptātisF. = pleasure
plausus, plausūsM = applause
quisquis, quicquid = whoever, whatever
hodiernus, hodierna, hodiernum = today’s
suprēmus, suprēma, suprēmum = last, highest
tūtus, tūta, tūtum = safe
mollis, molle = soft, gentle
nōnnumquam = sometimes
semel = once
bis = twice
ter = thrice, three times

Gerundives (-nd-)

I. They look like gerunds, but gerundives are more versatile than gerunds.

b. What are the two main uses for gerundives?

(Ch. 51)

(Ch. 52)

c. Are gerundives nouns like gerunds, or are gerundives adjectives? Noun / Adjective (Circle one)

d. What is the other name for the gerundive?

RULE: When the gerund takes an object, the Romans typically converted the gerund phrase into a gerundive phrase, by (1) putting the noun into the necessary case (so, if you have means, put noun into the ablative. If you are using causā, put noun into genitive), then (2) change the gerund to a gerundive to agree in case, number & gender with the noun

Gerundives (aka, Future Passive Participle): two uses…(1) Verbal Adjectives used like gerunds, but made to agree with nouns, (2) The Passive PeriphrasticGerundive + a form of verb “sum” to show necessity, obligation or duty – refer to chapter 52.

How to distinguish Gerunds from Gerundives
Ch. 51 / GERUNDS... ↓↓ / GERUNDIVES… ↓↓↓
Verbal NOUNS / Verbal ADJECTIVES
Don’t agree with anything / Agree with a noun in any case
Only singular / Can be singular or plural
Only neuter / Can be M, F, or N depending on the noun it agrees with
ACTIVE / PASSIVE

(1) The Forms of the Gerundive/Future Passive Participle- Declines like any regular 1st-2nd Declension Adjective like magnus, magna, magnum in agreement with a noun or pronoun in case, #, and gender. Here’s the singular:

Nom Sing: pugnanduspugnandapugnandum(x) to be fought

Gen Singpugnandīpugnandaepugnandīof (x) to be fought

Dat Singpugnandōpugnandaepugnandōto/for (x) to be fought,

Acc Singpugnandumpugnandampugnandum (x) to be fought

Abl Singpugnandōpugnandāpugnandōby/with(x) to be fought

Voc SingpugnandepugnandapugnandumO (x) to be fought!

Nom Plural: pugnandīpugnandaepugnanda(x) to be fought

Gen Pluralpugnandōrumpugnandārumpugnandōrum of (x) to be fought

Dat Pluralpugnandīspugnandīspugnandīsto/for (x) to be fought

Acc Pluralpugnandōspugnandāspugnanda (x) to be fought

Abl Pluralpugnandīspugnandīspugnandīs by/with(x) to be fought

Voc PluralpugnandīpugnandaepugnandaO (x) to be fought!

 Translation: (1a) “to beverbed” ,or (1b) “ing” if used like the gerund.

TRANSLATE into your composition books:

  1. Imperator urbiscapiendae causā milites suos promisit.
  2. Ille sapiens librīslegendīs plūra cognoscet.
  3. Ad rem pūblicamservandam Cicerō Catilinam petēbat.
  4. Hic est peritus pugnandī; ille (est peritus) carminum scrībendōrum.
  5. Mea uxor philosophiae legendae studet.
  6. Cicerōcausae loquendae causā in forō stetit. Cupidi erāmus multōrum audiendōrum.
  7. Puer miserande, bene vīxistī et mortuus es!
  8. Puella miseranda, bene vīxistī et mortua es!
  9. vaccārum vendendārum gratiā agricola ad Forum ēgit.
  10. Sapientiā ūtere ad vītam bene agendam. (vītam agere = to live)

How to distinguish Gerunds from Gerundives
Ch. 51 / GERUNDS... ↓↓ / GERUNDIVES… ↓↓↓
Verbal NOUNS / Verbal ADJECTIVES
Don’t agree with anything / Agree with a noun in any case
Only singular / Can be si
gular or plural
Only neuter / Can be M, F, or N depending on the noun it agrees with
ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Chapter 51 

What’s in Ch. 51?
Ch. 51 /
  • Gerundives, aka the Future Passive Participle
  • Literal meaning of the Future Passive Participle
  • Rules for turning Gerund Phrases into Gerundive Phrases
  • Deponent Gerundives
  • P.S. Two Epigrams

Gerundives – definition
Ch. 51 /
  • Gerundives are also called “Future Passive Participles”: “to be verbed”
  • Gerundives, therefore, work like –us/-a/-um adjectives (1st & 2nd Declension Adjectives)
  • Agree with a noun
  • Look like gerunds, because they have the “nd”

How to distinguish Gerunds from Gerundives
Ch. 51 / GERUNDS... ↓↓ / GERUNDIVES… ↓↓↓
Verbal NOUNS / Verbal ADJECTIVES
Don’t agree with anything / Agre
with a noun
Only singular / Can be singular or plural
Only neuter / Can be M, F, or N depending on the noun it agrees with
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Gerundives – how to translate them
Ch. 51 /
  • (1) mostly literally “to be verbed”: ager arandus = “the field to be plowed”; epistula mittenda = “the letter to be sent”
  • (2) “verbing” in a gerund clause that has been converted to a gerundive clause. (see below)
  • (3) Gerundive of Obligation: gerundive + form of the verb esse “to be” (see Chapter 52)
  • (4) Gerundives with special verbs showing purpose or intent (see Chapter 52)

Gerundives – declension (singular)
Ch. 51 / Masculine S. / Feminine S. / Neuter S.
Nom S / pugnandus / pugnanda / pugnandum
Gen S / pugnandī / pugnandae / pugnandī
Dat S / pugnandō / pugnandae / pugnandō
Acc S / pugnandum / pugnandam / pugnandum
Abl S / pugnandō / pugnandā / pugnandō
Voc S / pugnande / pugnanda / pugnandum
Gerundives – declension (plural)
Ch. 51 / Masculine PL / Feminine PL / Neuter PL
Nom Pl / pugnandī / pugnanda / pugnanda
Gen Pl / pugnandōrum / pugnandārum / pugnandōrum
Dat Pl / pugnandīs / pugnandīs / pugnandīs
Acc Pl / pugnandōs / pugnandās / pugnanda
Abl Pl / pugnandīs / pugnandīs / pugnandīs
Voc Pl / pugnandī / pugnandae / pugnanda
Gerundives – most literal translation only
Ch. 51 / x = noun (singular/plural)
Nom Sing/Pl / (x) to be verbed
Gen Sing/Pl / of (x) to be verbed
Dat Sing/Pl / to/for (x) to be verbed
Acc Sing/Pl / (x) to be verbed
Abl Sing/Pl / WFBI (x) to be verbed
Voc Sing/Pl / O (x) to be verbed!
Converting Gerund phrases into Gerundive phrases
Ch. 51 /
  • Whenever the gerund takes an object, the Romans more often turned it into a “gerundive phrase”
  • There is no difference in meaning between a gerund and a gerundive in this usage.
  • When translating a gerund or a gerundive phrase, always tranlsate the gerund/gerundive first

RULES for Converting Gerund phrases into Gerundive phrases
Ch. 51 /
  1. Figure out what case you need (causā governs the genitive; ad the accusative; means is ablative)
  2. Put the noun in that case.
  3. Make the gerundive agree with the noun in case, number and gender.

  1. Remember, when translating a gerund or a gerundive phrase, always tranlsate the gerund/gerundive first

2 Examples of Gerund/Gerundives phrases
Ch. 51 /
  • Horatius won fame by writing poems. = carmina scrībendō Horātius fāmam meruit. (gerund) = carminibus scrībendīs Horātius fāmam meruit. (gerundive)
  • The poet is sitting in his study to compose new poems. = Poēta in tablīnō nova carmina scrībendī causā sedet. (gerund) = Poēta in tablīnō novōrum carminum scrībendōrum causāsedet. (gerundive)

Gerundives of deponent verbs
Ch. 51 /
  • Deponent verbs have a gerundive
  • Deponent gerundive are passive in translation, like other gerundives:
  • Examples: cōnandus/a/um = to be tried
  • sequendus/a/um = to be followed
  • miserandus/a/um = to be pitied

Gerundives – an example using the vocative Ch. 51 /
  • Puer miserande, bene vīxistī et mortuus es! = O boy to be pitied, you lived and died well!

Two Epigrams
Ch. 51/P.S.

*(2) In ch. 52: Passive Periphrasticor the Gerundive of Obligation: the gerundive + a form of the verb “to be” (sum, esse) to show necessity, obligation or duty. (Remember the dative case is used to show agency, & not ablative)

 Translation: “ought to be X”, “must be X”, “should be X”, “has/have to be X”, “needs to be X”

Urbs videnda est. The city ought/must/should/has to be seen.

Now add a personal agent (dative) (mihi – “by me”)

Urbs mihi videnda est The city ought/must/should/has to be seen by me. Or: I must see the city.