GCSE Study Materials
GCSE Assignment: Haig
1. Why is the Battle of the Somme regarded as such a great military tragedy?
(10 marks)
2. Study Source a. (page 9). Do you agree with this interpretation of the importance of the Battle of the Somme? Use the source and knowledge from your studies to explain your answer.
(5 marks)
3. John Keegan, a modern military historian, suggests that Haig was an ‘efficient and highly skilled soldier who did much to lead Britain to victory in the First World War’.
Is there sufficient evidence in Sources a. to h. (page 9–12) to support this interpretation? Use the sources and your knowledge to explain your answer.
(10 marks
The First World WarThe Western Front
On 3 August 1914, the German army invaded Belgium. Britain declared war the next day. The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) went to France.
For the first two months, the armies fought each other in a ‘war of movement’. The German army came within 30 miles of Paris, then it was defeated at the Battle of the Marne (6–10 September 1914) and pushed back.
Towards the end of September, the Germans dug the first trenches of the war. By November 1914 the line of trenches stretched from Switzerland to the English Channel. The advance of the British and French armies was stopped.
In 1915 the British government – at Winston Churchill’s suggestion – tried to open a ‘second front’ at Gallipoli, in Turkey. It was a bloody disaster. The Allies realised they would have to slog it out on the Western Front.
Conditions in the Trenches
For the soldiers, conditions were terrible. Rain and cold were constant problems. Artillery fire destroyed the drains, so the battlefields became quagmires of mud – often, men drowned in the mud. Sanitary arrangements were unsatisfactory, and disease killed as many men as the enemy. The hundreds of human corpses made disease (and flies) inevitable, and trench rats grew fat on human flesh. And thousands of casualties. Antibiotics had not yet been discovered, and – in the dirt – even a small wound often led to blood poisoning, gangrene and death. Perhaps worse was to recover, profoundly disabled or mutlilated.
The War of Attrition
Both sides realised that they would have to ‘wear down’ the enemy. The war became a deadly stalemate. Any attempt to break through the enemy’s line resulted in slaughter. Men defended with machine guns, and used trains to rush extra soldiers to trouble spots. They advanced on foot, with rifles. At the Second Battle of Ypres (the battle when the Germans first used poison gas) the French lost 70,000 men. In the Artois offensive (May to October 1915) the French lost 100,000 men.
Then, in February 1916, the Germans launched a huge attack on Verdun. The battle lasted 10 months. In all, 280,000 Germans and 315,000 French died in the fighting; the French called the road to Verdun the voie sacrée (holy way), because so many men went down it to their deaths.
Although horrific, British casualties were in comparison relatively light. French commanders, led by General Joffre, began to pressurise the British command to take a bigger part in the war, and particularly to do something to relieve the pressure on Verdun.
That 'something' was the Battle of the Somme. /
Tasks
1. Find FOUR reasons the British came to fight the Battle of the Somme.2. List the factors which made the First World War particularly unpleasant for the soldiers.
The film All Quiet on the Western Front, based on the book by Erich Maria Remarque. Although about German soldiers, it offers insights into how ordinary soldiers felt.
For the soldiers, the war was, in the words of one observer: ‘mud, sleet, ice, mud, noise, jagged steel, horror piled on reeking horror’.
The Battle of the Somme
Tragedy: ‘a sad, lamentable event; one causing or involving death and unhappiness’ (Webster’s Universal Dictionary)
Dawn on the Somme
... I, that on my familiar hill
Saw with uncomprehending eyes
A hundred of Thy sunsets spill
Their fresh and sanguine sacrifice,
Ere the sun swings his noonday sword
Must say good-bye to all of this;-
By all delights that I shall miss,
Help me to die, O Lord.
William Noel Hodgson (written the day before the battle of the Somme).
Hodgson volunteered for the Devonshires in Sept. 1914, aged 21. He was killed on 1 July 1916 by a German machine gun while taking ammunition to his men in newly captured trenches near Mametz.
Planning
On 1st July 1916, Haig and Joffre planned a joint attack on the German lines near Bapaume (although Haig would have preferred to fight further north). The action was designed to relieve some of the strain on Verdun. Haig was quite hopeful that it would break through the German lines and bring the Allies victory.
This 1916 cartoon from the Daily Mirror – entitled ‘The Somme Punch’ – shows the Somme as the Kaiser’s nose.
Artillery Bombardment
The attack was preceded by an eight-day artillery bombardment, in which 1537 British guns fired 1,723,873 rounds. The sound of the bombardment could be heard in England. The aim of the bombardment was two-fold: firstly to kill the German soldiers and reduce them to shell-shocked chaos, secondly to destroy the German barbed wire. But the shells were not powerful enough to break down into the German dug-outs (which were up to 9 metres deep), and the shrapnel shells, which consisted merely of cases filled with ball-bearings, did not destroy any of the wire, but simply made it more tangled and impassable.
1st July
Mines (tunnels) had been dug under the German trenches and packed with explosives. At 7.28 am these were detonated just before the British attack, giving the Germans 2 minutes warning.
Then, at 7.30 am, whistles were blown and the men went ‘over the top’. Each man carried a gas mask, groundsheet, field dressings, trench spade, 150 rounds of ammunition and extras such as sandbags or barbed wire – up to 80 pounds of equipment.
Thinking that the Germans had been destroyed by the bombardment, and fearing that their inexperienced soldiers would become disorganised in a rush attack, the generals had ordered the men to walk, in straight lines, across No Man’s Land.
They were slaughtered. ‘They went down in their hundreds. You didn’t have to aim, we just fired into them,’ wrote one German machine-gunner. One British battalion was unable to advance because it could not climb over the bodies of the dead and wounded blocking the way. The British officers, ordered to carry only a pistol, and leading their troops by example, were easily marked out and shot – the result was chaos.
At this point a British commander decided to detonate a mine which had failed to explode, burying his own men under a hail of rock and soil.
Some British units captured enemy positions, but in the afternoon the Germans counter-attacked and recaptured most of the land they had lost.
Casualties
British casualties on the first day were 20,000 dead and more than 35,000 wounded – ‘probably more than any army in any war on a single day’. The British soldiers at the Somme were not conscripts – they were volunteers, who had flocked to join up in response to Kitchener’s ‘Your country needs you’ poster. In the First World War, men from the same town served together in the same regiment; now they were killed together. Friends and brothers died side by side, and villages lost all their young men in the same battle.
Despite the setback of the first day, Haig – in his HQ in the château at Valvion, 50 miles behind the lines – was still confident. He continued the attacks for 4 more months. He made a major attack, following the same plan, and with the same results, in September.
Consequences
By August, questions were beginning to be asked – Lloyd George lost confidence in Haig. At home, there was grief and horror. A propaganda film – designed to encourage support for the war by showing the public what the men were going through – backfired alarmingly. One wounded soldier had to be led hysterical from the cinema, and one woman, after a stunned silence, shrieked out: ‘They’re dying!’ The film had to be hastily withdrawn.
At the front, also, morale began to fall. Soldiers were shot for ‘cowardice’. The British troops reached the limit of their endurance.
Only on 18 November, as winter set in, did the battle grind to a halt. Bapaume had not been captured. Only 6 miles of ground had been taken. The final casualties were: British 415,000, French 195,000, Germans perhaps 600,000. /
Tasks
1. Read ‘The Battle of the Somme’. List of all the things you might claim to be ‘tragic’ – ie:
· examples of bad leadership
· examples of human suffering
· examples of failure.
You should be able to find at least a dozen.
2. ‘Generalise’ your points, to distinguish between the general point and the specific evidence. Draw up a two-column table, listing ‘Tragedies’ in one column, and ‘Evidence’ in the other.
This map shows Haig’s plan – the army would break through the enemy lines, then the cavalry would sweep on past Bapaume.
The historian JM Bourne writes: ‘Rarely can so much effort have been expended to such little effect… Once the artillery failed, the infantry was doomed.’
Blackadder Goes Forth: Goodbyee gives a vivid impression of the slaughter involved in going ‘over the top’. The phrase is still used today to describe something excessively stupid.
Tanks were used for the first time at the battle of the Somme. However, they had serious problems, and did not bring the hoped-for breakthrough.
Did You Know?
Lloyd George called the battle of the Somme: ‘The most gigantic, tenacious, grim, futile and bloody fight ever waged in the history or war’.
Task
Do the assignment:Why is the Battle of the Somme regarded as such a great military tragedy?
This is a simple ‘why’ essay.
Write the essay as a series of paragraphs, assigning a point to each paragraph. For each point, give evidence of the tragedy. Don’t forget to explain why this was a tragedy, remembering to say how great a tragedy it was, and linking it to other points.
Source Documents on the Battle of the Somme
1. High Hopes
i) Friday, June 30: The weather report is favourable for tomorrow. With God’s help, I feel hopeful. The men are in splendid spirits. The wire has never been so well cut, nor the Artillery preparation so thorough.
Haig, Diary
ii) If the success of any operation were entirely dependent on the preparations made before Zero Hour, then the Somme should have been a complete success.
Memories of Captain RJ Trounshell, Princess Victoria’s Fusiliers
2. The Futility of the Bombardment
i) [Lt. George is in the trench, peering through a pair of binoculars across No Man's Land. There is a deafening noise from the artillery bombardment.]
Blackadder: Oh, God, why do they bother?
George: Well, it's to kill Jerry, isn't it, Sir?
Blackadder: Yes, but Jerry is safe underground in concrete bunkers. We've shot off over a million cannon shells and what's the result? One dachshund with a slight limp!
Black-Adder, Series 4, Episode 4
ii) Our artillery hadn’t made any impact on those barbed-wire entanglements. The result was we never got anywhere near the Germans. Our lads were mown down. They were just simply slaughtered. You were either tied down by the shelling or the machine-guns and yet we kept at it, making no impact on the Germans at all. And those young officers, going ahead, they were picked off like flies. We tried to go over and it was just impossible. We were mown down.
Memories of Corporal WH Shaw, Royal Welsh Fusiliers
3. Blackadder on the Insanity of ‘Going over the Top’
i) In Blackadder Goes Forth: Captain Cook, Edmund Blackadder spends the entire episode trying to avoid taking part in an attack.
Blackadder: My instincts lead me to deduce that we are at last about to go over the top. [peers over the top of the trench with a periscope]
George: Great Scott sir, you mean, you mean the moment's finally arrived for us to give Harry Hun a darned good British style thrashing, six of the best, trousers down?
Blackadder: If you mean, "Are we all going to get killed?" Yes. Clearly, Field Marshal Haig is about to make yet another gargantuan effort to move his drinks cabinet six inches closer to Berlin.
George: Right! Bravo-issimo! Well let's make a start eh, up and over to glory, last one in Berlin's a rotten egg.
Blackadder: Give me your helmet, lieutenant.
[George hands his helmet to Blackadder, who throws it up into the sky. Immediately heavy machine-gun fire is heard. He catches the helmet, which now has over 20 holes in it, and gives it back to George.]
Black-Adder- Series 4, Episode 1
ii) And in the final episode of the series, Blackadder tries to avoid the ‘Big Push’ by feigning madness.
Blackadder: Hello; the Somme Public Baths -- no running, shouting, or piddling in the shallow end. Ah, Captain Darling. Tomorrow at dawn. Oh, excellent. See you later, then. Bye. (hangs up) Gentlemen, our long wait is nearly at an end. Tomorrow morning, General Insanity Melchett invites you to a mass slaughter. We're going over the top.
George: (follows Edmund in) Oh, now, come on, Cap! It may be a bit risky (tries to speak in a rousing Cockney dialect, but fails miserably), but it sure is bloomin'ell worth it, gov'nor!
Blackadder: How could it possibly be worth it? We've been sitting here since Christmas 1914, during which millions of men have died, and we've advanced no further than an asthmatic ant with some heavy shopping…
iii) The men are lined up waiting to go over the top. Everyone puts a foot forward)