Table 1 Intra- and inter-observer mismatch percentages obtained from the Italian operators A and B based on the descriptions of the facial features of 270 (inter-observer) and 60 (intra-observer) Italian males by using the DMV atlas [19]

Features / Intra-observer mismatch percentage / Inter-observer
mismatch percentage
Operator A / Operator B
1 Head shape (Frontal) / 32% / 32% / 45%
2 Frontal height (Frontal) / 35% / 22% / 30%
3 Frontal Breadth (Frontal) / 35% / 17% / 37%
4 Frontal hairline (Frontal) / 37% / 47% / 47%
5 Forehead bias (Lateral) / 17% / 22% / 31%
6 Eyebrow height (Frontal) / 37% / 35% / 33%
7 Eyebrow density (Frontal) / 20% / 32% / 30%
8 Eyebrow shape (Frontal) / 50% / 68% / 45%
9 Mono-brow (Frontal) / 15% / 13% / 14%
10 Distance upper eyelid-eyebrow (Frontal) / 30% / 15% / 31%
11 Fold above upper eyelid (Frontal) / 2% / 13% / 8%
12 Lid axis (neutral expression) (Frontal) / 35% / 40% / 27%
13 Lower eyelid fold (Frontal) / 38% / 60% / 60%
14 Nasal root (Frontal) / 28% / 13% / 51%
15 Nose bridge length (Frontal) / 37% / 22% / 39%
16 Nose bridge breadth (Frontal) / 33% / 27% / 35%
17 Nose bridge process (Frontal) / 20% / 25% / 64%
18 Nose profile (Lateral) / 13% / 10% / 12%
19 Orientation of nose tip (Lateral & frontal) / 28% / 23% / 27%
20 Nose tip shape (Frontal) / 32% / 40% / 45%
21 Nose tip incisure (Frontal) / 2% / 8% / 15%
22 Nose protrusion (Lateral) / 33% / 48% / 65%
23 Nasal breadth (Frontal) / 22% / 25% / 39%
24 Alar wing length (Lateral) / 53% / 32% / 52%
25 Alar wing height (Lateral) / 38% / 35% / 38%
26 Nostrils (Lateral) / 33% / 33% / 44%
27 Philtrum height (Frontal) / 17% / 38% / 30%
28 Philtrum depth (Frontal) / 33% / 17% / 28%
29 Philtrum shape (Frontal) / 30% / 15% / 37%
30 Upper lip notch (Frontal) / 27% / 27% / 60%
31 Labial breadth (neutral expression) (Frontal) / 47% / 28% / 50%
32 Orientation of mouth corner (neutral expression) (Frontal) / 15% / 18% / 29%
33 Chin shape (Frontal) / 25% / 27% / 55%
34 Chin transition (Frontal) / 27% / 18% / 28%
35 Chin protrusion (Lateral) / 35% / 18% / 49%
36 Chin dimple (Frontal) / 18% / 23% / 21%
37 Ear height (Lateral) / 43% / 42% / 44%
38 Ear breadth (Lateral) / 53% / 38% / 55%
39 Ear lobe size (Lateral) / 30% / 37% / 40%
40 Lobe attachment (Lateral) / 38% / 28% / 42%
41 Ear Protrusion (Frontal) / 17% / 25% / 32%
42 Transition head/neck (Frontal) / 37% / 35% / 50%
43 Protrusion of the cheekbones (Frontal) / 30% / 27% / 60%