Supplementary Table 1. Survey sites in the Pacific Northwest where bumble bees were collected. NOCA = North Cascades National Park, OLYM = Olympic National Park, SAJI = San Juan Islands National Historical Park, MORA = Mt. Rainier National Park. Some sites are not found in a national park, but are grouped with a National Park by Region. Pre = total available specimens for analysis, Post = total available specimens after accounting for deviations in HWE, LD, and full-sibship in Colony v2.0 (Jones and Wang 2010). See methods section for a complete description.
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Supplementary Table 2. Estimated mistyping rates of each microsatellite locus across species and sites estimated with Colony v2.0 (Jones and Wang 2010).
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Supplementary Table 3.Sibship reconstruction across species and sites estimated with Colony v2.0 (Jones and Wang 2010).
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Supplementary Table 4. Microsatellite loci amplified for each species and used in the final analysis.
B. flavifrons / B. melanopygus / B. mixtus / B. sylvicolaB124 / x / x
BT28 / x
BT10 / x / x
BT30 / x / x / x
B96 / x / x / x / x
BTMS0066 / x / x / x / x
BTMS0062 / x / x / x
BTMS0044 / x / x
BTERN01 / x / x
BTERN02 / x
BL13 / x / x / x / x
BTMS0059 / x / x / x
BTMS0081 / x
Supplementary Table 5. Results from linear regression models that test for the effects of geographic distance and log geographic distance on two genetic differentiation measures, FST/(1-FST) and Dest, in four different bumble bee species in the Pacific Northwest. Values in parenthesis after the F-statistic are the degrees of freedom associated with each model.Test is significant at P < 0.05 (*).
B. sylvicolaModel / r / F-statistic / P value
FST/(1-FST) ~ / distance / 0.17290 / 11.08(1, 53) / <0.001*
FST/(1-FST) ~ / log(distance) / 0.15070 / 9.407(1,53) / 0.003*
Dest~ / distance / 0.25360 / 18.01(1,53) / <0.001*
Dest~ / log(distance) / 0.14340 / 8.874(1,53) / 0.004*
B. mixtus
Model / r / F -statistic / P value
FST/(1-FST) ~ / distance / 0.22590 / 5.545(1,19) / 0.029*
FST/(1-FST) ~ / log(distance) / 0.18580 / 4.363(1,19) / 0.050*
Dest ~ / distance / 0.02367 / 0.4606(1, 19) / 0.506
Dest ~ / log(distance) / 0.09017 / 1.883(1, 19) / 0.186
B. melanopygus
Model / r / F -statistic / P value
FST/(1-FST) ~ / distance / 0.00399 / 0.07608(1, 19) / 0.786
FST/(1-FST) ~ / log(distance) / 0.01311 / 0.2525(1, 19) / 0.621
Dest ~ / distance / 0.00438 / 0.08348(1, 19) / 0.776
Dest~ / log(distance) / 0.04066 / 0.8053(1, 19) / 0.381
B. flavifrons
Model / r / F -statistic / P value
FST/(1-FST) ~ / distance / 0.00305 / 0.5172(1, 169) / 0.473
FST/(1-FST) ~ / log(distance) / 0.00003 / 0.0066(1, 169) / 0.935
Dest ~ / distance / 0.00040 / 0.6993(1, 151) / 0.792
Dest ~ / log(distance) / 0.00094 / 0.1423(1, 151) / 0.707
Supplementary Table 6. Pairwise population estimates of FST and Destfor A) B. sylvicola, B) B. mixtus, C) B. melanopygus, and D) B. flavifrons. Values above shaded diagonal are FST estimates and values below shaded diagonal are Dest estimates.
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Supplementary Table 7. Log probability for different K clusters (K = 1 - 10) based on different iteration burin values using the Geneland v4.05 algorithm (Guillot et al., 2012). Only the burn-in by iteration combinations with the highest log probability are presented here.
Species / Burn-in / Iteration / Log Probability / K100 / 6 / -5949.213 / 2
200 / 8 / -5951.839 / 2
B. sylvicola / 300 / 4 / -5950.591 / 2
400 / 2 / -5946.687 / 2
500 / 10 / -5970.672 / 2
100 / 10 / -2766.841 / 2
200 / 8 / -2770.121 / 2
B. mixtus / 300 / 2 / -2769.523 / 2
400 / 10 / -2767.173 / 2
500 / 5 / -2767.048 / 2
100 / 2 / -2111.651 / 1
200 / 3 / -2111.507 / 1
B. melanopygus / 300 / 4 / -2110.721 / 1
400 / 2 / -2110.689 / 1
500 / 2 / -2110.839 / 1
100 / 10 / -6146.125 / 2
200 / 3 / -6159.261 / 2
B. flavifrons / 300 / 5 / -6149.943 / 2
400 / 8 / -6149.063 / 2
500 / 1 / -6156.125 / 2
Supplementary Table 8. Results of Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) for B. sylvicola populations in the Olympic and Cascade Mountains.
Source of Variation / df / Sum of Squares / Mean Squares / Variance Components / % VariationAmong Regions / 1 / 26.280 / 26.280 / 0.144 / 5%
Among Pops / 9 / 36.717 / 4.080 / 0.043 / 1%
Among Indiv / 160 / 486.918 / 3.043 / 0.277 / 9%
Within Indiv / 171 / 425.500 / 2.488 / 2.488 / 84%
Total / 975.415 / 2.953
FST= 0.06; FIS= 0.10; FIT = 0.00. (all P = 0.001)
Supplementary Table 9. Results of Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) for B. mixtus populationsin the Olympic Mountains, Cascade Mountains, and San Juan Islands.
Source of Variation / df / Sum of Squares / Mean Squares / Variance Components / % VariationAmong Regions / 2 / 25.363 / 12.681 / 0.141 / 5%
Among Pops / 4 / 18.555 / 4.639 / 0.107 / 4%
Among Indiv / 80 / 252.967 / 3.162 / 0.357 / 12%
Within Indiv / 87 / 213.000 / 2.448 / 2.448 / 80%
Total / 509.885 / 3.053
FST= 0.08; FIS= 0.13; FIT = 0.20; (all P = 0.001)
Supplementary Table 10. Results of Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) for B. melanopygus populations in the Olympic and Cascade Mountains.
Source of Variation / df / Sum of Squares / Mean Squares / Variance Components / % VariationAmong Regions / 1 / 4.031 / 4.031 / 0.005 / 0%
Among Pops / 5 / 17.966 / 3.593 / 0.022 / 1%
Among Indiv / 58 / 188.650 / 3.253 / 0.403 / 14%
Within Indiv / 65 / 159.000 / 2.446 / 2.446 / 85%
Total / 369.646 / 2.876
FST= 0.01(P = 0.09); FIS= 0.14 (P = 0.001); FIT = 0.15 (P = 0.001)
Supplementary Table 11. Results of Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) for B. flavifrons populationsin the Olympic Mountains, Cascade Mountains, and San Juan Islands.
Source of Variation / df / Sum of Squares / Mean Squares / Variance Components / % VariationAmong Regions / 2 / 11.851 / 5.926 / 0.000 / 0%
Among Pops / 16 / 90.286 / 5.643 / 0.140 / 5%
Among Indiv / 177 / 553.417 / 3.127 / 0.385 / 13%
Within Indiv / 196 / 462.000 / 2.357 / 2.357 / 82%
Total / 1117.554 / 2.882
FST= 0.05; FIS= 0.14; FIT = 0.18; (all P = 0.001)
Supplementary Table 12. Average allele richness (AR), effective allelic diversity (AD), observed heterozygosity (Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He).
Species / Locus / AR / AD / Ho / HeB124 / 8 / 2.72 / 0.64 / 0.63
BTERN01 / 10 / 3.84 / 0.66 / 0.74
BT30 / 8 / 2.14 / 0.43 / 0.53
B. sylvicola / B96 / 4 / 2.60 / 0.51 / 0.62
BTMS0066 / 8 / 2.50 / 0.60 / 0.60
BTMS0062 / 24 / 15.63 / 0.93 / 0.94
BL13 / 14 / 5.71 / 0.77 / 0.82
BTMS0044 / 10 / 2.90 / 0.62 / 0.65
BTERN01 / 10 / 2.90 / 0.62 / 0.65
BT10 / 8 / 4.15 / 0.67 / 0.76
BT30 / 7 / 2.38 / 0.55 / 0.58
B. mixtus / B96 / 13 / 7.71 / 0.89 / 0.87
BTMS0066 / 12 / 3.03 / 0.51 / 0.67
BTMS0062 / 18 / 10.79 / 0.82 / 0.91
BL13 / 11 / 5.05 / 0.78 / 0.80
BTMS0059 / 11 / 5.05 / 0.78 / 0.80
BT30 / 6 / 1.92 / 0.52 / 0.48
B96 / 8 / 4.23 / 0.76 / 0.76
BTMS81 / 4 / 1.83 / 0.38 / 0.45
B. melanopygus / BTMS0066 / 13 / 5.10 / 0.72 / 0.80
BTMS0062 / 9 / 4.46 / 0.71 / 0.78
BL13 / 15 / 6.07 / 0.71 / 0.84
BTMS0044 / 7 / 3.09 / 0.63 / 0.68
BTMS0059 / 6 / 3.48 / 0.64 / 0.71
B124 / 19 / 6.84 / 0.86 / 0.85
BT28 / 4 / 1.31 / 0.24 / 0.23
BT10 / 24 / 8.97 / 0.87 / 0.89
B. flavifrons / B96 / 15 / 7.36 / 0.86 / 0.86
BTMS0066 / 23 / 10.02 / 0.83 / 0.90
BTERN02 / 4 / 1.98 / 0.44 / 0.49
BL13 / 20 / 6.63 / 0.81 / 0.85
BTMS0059 / 5 / 1.34 / 0.23 / 0.25