Supplemental Tables (Online Supplementary Materials)
PREDICTORS OF CLINICIAN BEHAVIORS IN MANAGING DIABETES1
Supplemental Tables (Online Supplementary Materials)
Supplemental File 1: Flowchart of full study
Supplemental File 2: Example of items for each theoretical construct
Supplemental File 3: Bivariate associations within theories for each behavior
Supplemental File 4: Multilevel models predicting intention and behavior, accounting for clustering within practices
Supplemental File 5: Detailed results of standard multiple regression analyses
Supplemental File 1 – Flowchart of full study
This was originally published by BioMed Central in the following paper:Eccles, M.P., Hrisos, S., Francis, J.J, Stamp, E., Johnston, M., Hawthorne, G., Steen, N., Grimshaw, J.M., Elovainio, M., Presseau, J., and Hunter, M. (2011). Instrument development, data collection and characteristics of practices, staff and measures in the Improving Quality of Care in Diabetes (iQuaD) Study. Implementation Science, 6: 61.
PREDICTORS OF CLINICIAN BEHAVIORS IN MANAGING DIABETES1
Supplemental File 2 – Example of items for each theoretical constructTheory / Construct / Example item and internal consistency
Theory of Planned Behavior / Intention (Strength of agreement) / I intend to (Action) (3 items; α range 0.87 to 0.97)
Intention (direct estimation) / Over the next 12 months, given 10 patients (Target), for how many to do intend to (Action) (single item per behavior)
Attitude / I think it is good practice to (Action) (3 items; α range 0.70 to 0.93)
Subjective norm / Most people whose opinion I value would approve if I (Action) (2 items; r range 0.42 to 0.69)
Perceived behavioral control / I am confident that I can (Action) (2 items; r range 0.32 to 0.50)
Social Cognitive Theory / Self-efficacy / I am confident that I can (Action) to (Target), even when (potential obstacle, e.g., the patient is on seven other drugs) (4-11 items; α range 0.90 to 0.92)
Outcome expectations / I think it is beneficial to them to (Action) (3 items; α range 0.74 to 0.92)
Proximal goals / I intend to (Action) (3 items; α range 0.87 to 0.87)
Learning Theory / Anticipated consequences / On balance, the consequences for me as a GP/Nurse (e.g., stress, time, future consultations, etc) will be worse in the long run if I (Action) (2 items; r range 0.37 to 0.57)
Habit (evidence of habit) / I always consider (doing Action) and It is my usual practice to (Action) (2 items; r range 0.50 to 0.81)
Planning / Action planning / I have a clear plan of how I will (Action) (3-4 items; α range 0.92 to 0.97)
Coping planning / I have made a clear plan regarding how to (Action) if (potential obstacle, e.g., the patient is on seven other drugs) (4-11 items; α range 0.95 to 0.97)
Habit Habit (self-
reported
habit index) / (Action) is something I do frequently (12 items; α range 0.93 to 0.96)
n/a / 12-month self-reported behavior / Over the past 12 months, for approximately how many of the last 10 patients (Target) did you (Action)
Note. Internal consistency was computed using Cronbach’s alpha for measures with at least 3 items, and Pearson correlations (r) were used for 2-item measures. Items for proximal goals (SCT) and intention strength (TPB) were the same.
Supplemental File 3 - Bivariate associations within theories for each behavior
Supplemental Table 3.1Theory of Planned Behavior Bivariate Associations by Behavior
Behavior / Variable / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6
Providing weight advice / 1. Behavior (12 month self-report)
2. Behavior (baseline simulation) / .14**
3. Intention (strength) / .28** / .17**
4. Intention (direct estimation) / .37** / .15** / .43**
5. Attitude / .19** / .24** / .62** / .35**
6. Subjective Norm / .19** / .14** / .60** / .28** / .56**
7. Perceived Behavioral Control / .25** / .13** / .48** / .21** / .42** / .35**
Prescribing additional antihypertensive drugs / 1. Behavior (12 month self-report)
2. Behavior (baseline simulation) / .14**
3. Intention (strength) / .33** / .22**
4. Intention (direct estimation) / .39** / .12* / .64**
5. Attitude / .29** / .18** / .82** / .63**
6. Subjective Norm / .20** / .18** / .76** / .50** / .72**
7. Perceived Behavioral Control / .18** / .13** / .45** / .29** / .36** / .35**
Examining feet (circulation) / 1. Behavior (12 month self-report)
2. Behavior (baseline simulation) / .32**
3. Intention (strength) / .69** / .37**
4. Intention (direct estimation) / .67** / .33** / .85**
5. Attitude / .42** / .27** / .70** / .56**
6. Subjective Norm / .53** / .26** / .83** / .70** / .69**
7. Perceived Behavioral Control / .41** / .20** / .43** / .31** / .41** / .35**
Providing self-management advice / 1. Behavior (12 month self-report)
2. Behavior (baseline simulation) / .22**
3. Intention (strength) / .41** / .24**
4. Intention (direct estimation) / .42** / .30** / .70**
5. Attitude / .27** / .15** / .71** / .51**
6. Subjective Norm / .30** / .17** / .74** / .51** / .69**
7. Perceived Behavioral Control / .33** / .20** / .69** / .52** / .52** / .50**
Prescribing additional therapy for managing glycemic control / 1. Behavior (12 month self-report)
2. Behavior (baseline simulation) / -.05
3. Intention (strength) / .30** / .10
4. Intention (direct estimation) / .44** / .02 / .53**
5. Attitude / .24** / .07 / .72** / .47**
6. Subjective Norm / .22** / .13* / .71** / .41** / .66**
7. Perceived Behavioral Control / .23** / .01 / .47** / .31** / .42** / .33**
Providing general education / 1. Behavior (12 month self-report)
2. Behavior (baseline simulation) / .24**
3. Intention (strength) / .43** / .24**
4. Intention (direct estimation) / .54** / .25** / .63**
5. Attitude / .29** / .14** / .67** / .52**
6. Subjective Norm / .25** / .19** / .70** / .45** / .62**
7. Perceived Behavioral Control / .37** / .20** / .67** / .44** / .45** / .41**
**p<.01; *p<.05
Supplemental Table 3.2
Social Cognitive Theory Bivariate Associations by Behavior
Behavior / Variable / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
Providing weight advice / 1. Behavior (12 month self-report)
2. Behavior (baseline simulation) / .14**
3. Proximal Goals / .28** / .17**
4. Proximal Goals (direct estimation) / .37** / .15** / .43**
5. Outcome Expectations / .21** / .22** / .66** / .35**
6. Self-efficacy / .26** / .25** / .51** / .35** / .47**
Prescribing additional anti-hypertensive drugs / 1. Behavior (12 month self-report)
2. Behavior (baseline simulation) / .14**
3. Proximal Goals / .33** / .22**
4. Proximal Goals (direct estimation) / .39** / .12* / .64**
5. Outcome Expectations / .28** / .19** / .85** / .62**
6. Self-efficacy / .28** / .18** / .46** / .41** / .40**
Examining feet (circulation) / 1. Behavior (12 month self-report)
2. Behavior (baseline simulation) / .32**
3. Proximal Goals (strength) / .69** / .37**
4. Proximal Goals (direct estimation) / .67** / .33** / .85**
5. Outcome Expectations / .45** / .26** / .75** / .59**
6. Self-efficacy / .51** / .31** / .50** / .42** / .47**
Providing self-management advice / 1. Behavior (12 month self-report)
2. Behavior (baseline simulation) / .22**
3. Proximal Goals / .41** / .24**
4. Proximal Goals (direct estimation) / .42** / .30** / .70**
5. Outcome Expectations / .30** / .15** / .74** / .50**
6. Self-efficacy / .36** / .26** / .61** / .52** / .50**
Prescribing additional therapy for managing glycemic control / 1. Behavior (12 month self-report)
2. Behavior (baseline simulation) / -.05
3. Proximal Goals / .30** / .10
4. Proximal Goals (direct estimation) / .44** / .02 / .53**
5. Outcome Expectations / .24** / .10 / .77** / .47**
6. Self-efficacy / .27** / .03 / .42** / .39** / .43**
Providing general education / 1. Behavior (12 month self-report)
2. Behavior (baseline simulation) / .24**
3. Proximal Goals / .43** / .24**
4. Proximal Goals (direct estimation) / .54** / .25** / .63**
5. Outcome Expectations / .30** / .16** / .72** / .53**
6. Self-efficacy / .31** / .21* / .55** / .36** / .42**
**p<.01; *p<.05
Supplemental Table 3.3
Learning Theory Bivariate Associations by Behavior
Behavior / Variable / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
Providing weight advice / 1. Behavior (12 month self-report)
2. Behavior (baseline simulation) / .14**
3. Intention (strength) / .28** / .17**
4. Intention (direct estimation) / .37** / .15** / .43**
5. Anticipated Consequences / .15** / .10* / .31** / .24**
6. Habit / .33** / .17** / .79** / .47** / .27**
Prescribing additional antihypertensive drugs / 1. Behavior (12 month self-report)
2. Behavior (baseline simulation) / .14**
3. Intention (strength) / .33** / .22**
4. Intention (direct estimation) / .39** / .12* / .64**
5. Anticipated Consequences / .16** / .06 / .42** / .40**
6. Habit / .26** / .14** / .81** / .51** / .29**
Examining feet (circulation) / 1. Behavior (12 month self-report)
2. Behavior (baseline simulation) / .32**
3. Intention (strength) / .69** / .37**
4. Intention (direct estimation) / .67** / .33** / .85**
5. Anticipated Consequences / .15* / .04 / .18** / .14*
6. Habit / .66** / .37** / .92** / .79** / .20**
Providing self-management advice / 1. Behavior (12 month self-report)
2. Behavior (baseline simulation) / .22**
3. Intention (strength) / .41** / .24**
4. Intention (direct estimation) / .42** / .30** / .70**
5. Anticipated Consequences / .22** / .04 / .25** / .16**
6. Habit / .43** / .21** / .92** / .66** / .24**
Prescribing additional therapy for managing glycemic control / 1. Behavior (12 month self-report)
2. Behavior (baseline simulation) / -.05
3. Intention (strength) / .30** / .10
4. Intention (direct estimation) / .44** / .02 / .53**
5. Anticipated Consequences / .16** / -.06 / .24** / .15**
6. Habit / .33** / .09 / .84** / .47** / .25**
Providing general education / 1. Behavior (12 month self-report)
2. Behavior (baseline simulation) / .24**
3. Intention (strength) / .43** / .24**
4. Intention (direct estimation) / .54** / .25** / .63**
5. Anticipated Consequences / .13* / .08 / .18** / .16**
6. Habit / .47** / .23** / .90** / .61** / .18**
**p<.01; *p<.05
Note. Habit measured with 2-item evidence of habit measure
Supplemental Table 3.4
Planning Bivariate Associations by Behavior
Behavior / Variable / 1 / 2 / 3
Providing weight advice / 1. Behavior (12 month self-report)
2. Behavior (baseline simulation) / .14**
3. Action Planning / .14** / .16**
4. Coping Planning / .28** / .19** / .31**
Prescribing additional antihypertensive drugs / 1. Behavior (12 month self-report)
2. Behavior (baseline simulation) / .14**
3. Action Planning / .24** / .07
4. Coping Planning / .19** / .09 / .48**
Examining feet (circulation) / 1. Behavior (12 month self-report)
2. Behavior (baseline simulation) / .32**
3. Action Planning / .47** / .20**
4. Coping Planning / .55** / .22** / .64**
Providing self-management advice / 1. Behavior (12 month self-report)
2. Behavior (baseline simulation) / .22**
3. Action Planning / .29** / .17**
4. Coping Planning / .37** / .17** / .61**
Prescribing additional therapy for managing glycemic control / 1. Behavior (12 month self-report)
2. Behavior (baseline simulation) / -.05
3. Action Planning / .26** / -.01
4. Coping Planning / .26** / -.08 / .67**
Providing general education / 1. Behavior (12 month self-report)
2. Behavior (baseline simulation) / .24**
3. Action Planning / .43** / .20**
4. Coping Planning / .34** / .20** / .64**
**p<.01; *p<.05
Supplemental Table 3.5
Habit Bivariate Associations by Behavior
Behavior / Variable / Habita
Providing weight advice / Behavior (12 month self-report) / .38**
Behavior (baseline simulation) / .13**
Intention (strength) / .57**
Intention (direct estimation) / .37**
Prescribing additional antihypertensive drugs / Behavior (12 month self-report) / .37**
Behavior (baseline simulation) / .16**
Intention (strength) / .66**
Intention (direct estimation) / .50**
Examining feet (circulation) / Behavior (12 month self-report) / .68**
Behavior (baseline simulation) / .36**
Intention (strength) / .81**
Intention (direct estimation) / .74**
Providing self-management advice / Behavior (12 month self-report) / .42**
Behavior (baseline simulation) / .22**
Intention (strength) / .76**
Intention (direct estimation) / .63**
Prescribing additional therapy for managing glycemic control / Behavior (12 month self-report) / .34**
Behavior (baseline simulation) / .02
Intention (strength) / .55**
Intention (direct estimation) / .44**
Providing general education / Behavior (12 month self-report) / .37**
Behavior (baseline simulation) / .19**
Intention (strength) / .73**
Intention (direct estimation) / .53**
**p<.01; *p<.05; a Self-reported habit index (Verplanken & Orbell, 2003)
PREDICTORS OF CLINICIAN BEHAVIORS IN MANAGING DIABETES1
Supplemental File 4 – Multilevel models predicting intention and behavior, accounting for clustering within practices
SupplementalTable 4.1Random Intercept models of TPB Predicting Intention Strength, Direct Estimation of Intention, Simulated Behavior, and 12 Month Self-Reported Behavior
Weight Advice / Prescribing (BP) / Examining Feet / Self-management advice / Prescribing (HbA1c) / Providing patient education
Null / Fixed model / Null / Fixed model / Null / Fixed model / Null / Fixed model / Null / Fixed model / Null / Fixed model
Dependent variable: Intention (strength)
Fixed effects
Attitude [B (SE)] / -- / .38 (.04)** / -- / .57 (.04)** / -- / .31 (.07)** / -- / .38 (.05)** / -- / .48 (.05)** / -- / .36 (.05)**
Subjective Norm [B (SE)] / -- / .29 (.03)** / -- / .33 (.04)** / -- / .73 (.05)** / -- / .42 (.04)** / -- / .38 (.04)** / -- / .35 (.03)**
PBC [B (SE)] / -- / .17 (.03)** / -- / .14 (.03)** / -- / .18 (.05)** / -- / .37 (.03)** / -- / .15 (.03)** / -- / .37 (.03)**
Variance components
Level 2 (σ2u0; SE) / .00 (.00) / .00 (.00) / .00 (.00) / .00 (.00) / 0.09 (.13) / .03 (.04) / .00 (.00) / .00 (.01) / .04 (.04) / .00 (.00) / .00 (.00) / .01 (.01)
Level 1 (σ2e0; SE) / .73 (.05) / .35 (.02) / 1.19 (.09) / .30 (.02) / 2.70 (.25) / .72 (.07) / 1.36 (.10) / .38 (.03) / .84 (.07) / .30 (.02) / 1.05 (.07) / .30 (.02)
Model fit
Deviance (-2 log likelihood) / 1233.48 / 874.61 / 1171.05 / 633.48 / 1201.13 / 792.63 / 1280.13 / 763.41 / 898.80 / 545.95 / 1194.54 / 689.56
Δ null model / 358.87** / 537.58** / 408.50** / 516.72** / 352.85** / 504.98**
Dependent variable: Intention (direct estimation)
Fixed effects
Attitude [B (SE)] / -- / .59 (.13)** / -- / 1.09 (.12)** / -- / .43 (.20)* / -- / .56 (.17)** / -- / .73 (.17)** / -- / .88 (.15)**
Subjective Norm [B (SE)] / -- / .20 (.10)* / -- / .16 (.11) / -- / 1.34 (.13)** / -- / .50 (.13)** / -- / .34 (.13)* / -- / .32 (.10)**
PBC [B (SE)] / -- / .11 (.08) / -- / .12 (.09) / -- / .18 (.14) / -- / .62 (.10)** / -- / .23 (.10)* / -- / .41 (.09)**
Variance components
Level 2 (σ2u0; SE) / .36 (.15) / .16 (.11) / .13 (.18) / .12 (.11) / .19 (.59) / .00(.28) / .00 (.00) / .00 (.00) / .61 (.25) / .17 (.14) / .12 (.16) / .08 (.11)
Level 1 (σ2e0; SE) / 2.95 (.22) / 2.70 (.20) / 4.30 (.36) / 2.53 (.21) / 11.65 (1.14) / 5.81 (.57) / 5.50 (.40) / 3.45 (.25) / 3.30 (.30) / 2.67 (.24) / 3.98 (.31) / 2.64 (.21)
Model fit
Deviance (-2 log likelihood) / 1792.87 / 1733.38 / 1573.84 / 1386.86 / 1470.54 / 1269.04 / 1703.34 / 1528.41 / 1353.60 / 1248.26 / 1698.56 / 1516.52
Δ null model / 59.49** / 186.98** / 201.50** / 174.93** / 105.34** / 182.04**
Dependent variable: Simulated Behavior
Fixed effects
Intention [B (SE)] / -- / .39 (.15)** / -- / .42 (.11)** / -- / .58 (.10)** / -- / .42 (.15)** / -- / .17 (.08)* / -- / .47 (.16)**
PBC [B (SE)] / -- / .15 (.11) / -- / .09 (.12) / -- / .09 (.14) / -- / .17 (.15) / -- / -.05 (.07) / -- / .15 (.15)
Variance components
Level 2 (σ2u0; SE) / .48 (.24) / .34 (.22) / .33 (.18) / .24 (.20) / .11 (.21) / .00 (.00) / .00 (.00) / .00 (.00) / .06 (.05) / .06 (.07) / .00 (.00) / .28 (.25)
Level 1 (σ2e0; SE) / 5.85 (.41) / 5.72 (.41) / 4.58 (.32) / 4.52 (.36) / 6.11 (.47) / 5.62 (.47) / 5.91 (.41) / 5.73 (.43) / 1.50 (.10) / 1.53 (.13) / 6.15 (.40) / 5.63 (.45)
Model fit
Deviance (-2 log likelihood) / 2320.88 / 2182.10 / 2187.34 / 1700.07 / 1949.39 / 1328.03 / 1951.83 / 1650.30 / 1632.21 / 1098.65 / 2163.92 / 1806.92
Δ null model / 138.78** / 487.27** / 621.36** / 301.53** / 533.56** / 357.00**
Dependent variable: 12 month self-report
Fixed effects
Intention [B (SE)] / -- / .52 (.14)** / -- / .73 (.13)** / -- / 1.53 (.13)** / -- / .66 (.13)** / -- / .61 (.16)** / -- / .76 (.15)**
PBC [B (SE)] / -- / .30 (.11)** / -- / .09 (.13) / -- / .24 (.16) / -- / .23 (.13) / -- / .23 (.15) / -- / .35 (.13)**
Variance components
Level 2 (σ2u0; SE) / .19 (.18) / .05 (.14) / .46 (.28) / .24 (.23) / .77 (.68) / .11 (.29) / .18 (.23) / .61 (.25) / .27 (.31) / .30 (.27) / .17 (.22) / .03 (.16)
Level 1 (σ2e0; SE) / 5.62 (.38) / 4.38 (.33) / 6.23 (.48) / 5.02 (.43) / 11.29 (1.11) / 4.62 (.51) / 6.33 (.48) / 3.65 (.32) / 6.77 (.58) / 4.79 (.46) / 6.55 (.47) / 3.94 (.33)
Model fit
Deviance (-2 log likelihood) / 2362.02 / 1842.33 / 1986.11 / 1559.27 / 1495.34 / 979.34 / 2001.34 / 1438.71 / 1665.70 / 1302.24 / 2232.83 / 1487.87
Δ null model / 519.69** / 426.84** / 516.00** / 562.63** / 363.46** / 744.96**
Note. BP= prescribing additional antihypertensive drugs; Feet=examining foot circulation and sensation; PBC = perceived behavioral control.
TPB MLM (combined Level 1 and Level 2) equations:
Intention Strength ij = B0 + B1(Attitude)ij + B2(Subjective Norm)ij + B3(Perceived Behavioral Control)ij + u0j + e0ij
Direct Estimation of Intention ij = B0 + B1(Attitude)ij + B2(Subjective Norm)ij + B3(Perceived Behavioral Control)ij + u0j + e0ij
Simulated Behavior ij = B0 + B1(Intention Strength)ij + B2(Perceived Behavioral Control)ij + u0j + e0ij
12 month self-reported behavior ij = B0 + B1(Intention Strength)ij + B2(Perceived Behavioral Control)ij + u0j + e0ij
SupplementalTable 4.2Random Intercept Models of SCT Predicting Intention Strength, Direct Estimation of Intention, Simulated Behavior, and 12 Month Self-Reported Behavior
Weight Advice / Prescribing (BP) / Examining Feet / Self-management advice / Prescribing (HbA1c) / Providing patient education
Null / Fixed model / Null / Fixed model / Null / Fixed model / Null / Fixed model / Null / Fixed model / Null / Fixed model
Dependent variable: Intention (strength)
Fixed effects
Outcome expectancies [B (SE)] / -- / .60 (.04)** / -- / .85 (.03)** / -- / 1.06 (.07)** / -- / .81 (.05)** / -- / .87 (.05)** / -- / .80 (.05)**
Self-efficacy [B (SE)] / -- / .21 (.03)** / -- / .14 (.03)** / -- / .23 (.05)** / -- / .36 (.04)** / -- / .10 (.03)** / -- / .30 (.03)**
Variance components
Level 2 (σ2u0; SE) / .00 (.00) / .00 (.00) / .00 (.00) / .00 (.00) / 0.09 (.13) / .07 (.06) / .00 (.00) / .01 (.02) / .04 (.04) / .00 (.00) / .00 (.00) / .02 (.02)
Level 1 (σ2e0; SE) / .73 (.05) / .37 (.02) / 1.19 (.09) / .32 (.02) / 2.70 (.25) / 1.10 (.10) / 1.36 (.10) / .51 (.04) / .84 (.07) / .34 (.03) / 1.05 (.07) / .40 (.03)
Model fit
Deviance (-2 log likelihood) / 1233.48 / 900.29 / 1171.05 / 651.78 / 1204.80 / 927.86 / 1280.13 / 889.34 / 898.80 / 592.77 / 1194.54 / 817.25
Δ null model / 333.19** / 519.27** / 276.94** / 390.79** / 306.03** / 377.29**
Dependent variable: Intention (direct estimation)
Fixed effects
Outcome expectancies [B (SE)] / -- / .54 (.12)** / -- / 1.12 (.09)** / -- / 1.68 (.18)** / -- / .90 (.14)** / -- / .90 (.14)** / -- / 1.27 (.13)**
Self-efficacy [B (SE)] / -- / .38 (.08)** / -- / .37 (.08)** / -- / .44 (.14)** / -- / .79 (.11)** / -- / .39 (.09)** / -- / .31 (.09)**
Variance components
Level 2 (σ2u0; SE) / .36 (.15) / .15 (.11) / .13 (.18) / .11 (.11) / .16 (.58) / .10 (.37) / .00 (.00) / .00 (.13) / .61 (.25) / .14 (.13) / .12 (.16) / .09 (.11)
Level 1 (σ2e0; SE) / 2.95 (.22) / 2.61 (.19) / 4.30 (.36) / 2.46 (.21) / 11.67 (1.14) / 7.26 (.71) / 5.50 (.40) / 3.60 (.29) / 3.30 (.30) / 2.67 (.24) / 3.98 (.31) / 2.75 (.22)
Model fit
Deviance (-2 log likelihood) / 1792.87 / 1711.83 / 1573.84 / 1364.15 / 1475.48 / 1333.88 / 1703.34 / 1544.70 / 1353.60 / 1252.71 / 1698.56 / 1529.44
Δ null model / 81.04** / 209.69** / 141.60** / 158.64** / 100.89** / 169.12**
Dependent variable: Simulated Behavior
Fixed effects
Outcome expectancies [B (SE)] / -- / .46 (.19)** / -- / -.01 (.20) / -- / -.16 (.21) / -- / -.22 (.22) / -- / .08 (.14) / -- / -.11 (.23)
Self-efficacy [B (SE)] / -- / .48 (.12)** / -- / .17 (.11) / -- / .37 (.13)** / -- / .42 (.15)** / -- / -.02 (.07) / -- / .22 (.13)
Proximal goals [B (SE)] / -- / -.12 (.18) / -- / .34 (.19) / -- / .51 (.13)** / -- / .42 (.17)* / -- / .10 (.12) / -- / .52 (.19)**
Variance components
Level 2 (σ2u0; SE) / .48 (.24) / .33 (.21) / .33 (.18) / .22 (.19) / .12 (.22) / .00 (.00) / .00 (.00) / .03 (.21) / .06 (.05) / .06 (.07) / .00 (.00) / .29 (.25)
Level 1 (σ2e0; SE) / 5.85 (.41) / 5.38 (.39) / 4.58 (.32) / 4.47 (.36) / 6.14(.47) / 5.58 (.46) / 5.91 (.41) / 5.60 (.47) / 1.50 (.10) / 1.53 (.13) / 6.15 (.40) / 5.51 (.44)
Model fit
Deviance (-2 log likelihood) / 2320.88 / 2144.55 / 2187.34 / 1677.14 / 1956.95 / 1325.83 / 1951.83 / 1643.37 / 1632.21 / 1098.77 / 2163.92 / 1795.80
Δ null model / 176.33** / 510.20** / 631.12** / 308.46** / 533.44** / 368.12**
Dependent variable: 12 month self-report
Fixed effects
Outcome expectancies [B (SE)] / -- / .03 (.18) / -- / .06 (.24) / -- / -.50 (.24)* / -- / -.09 (.20) / -- / -.06 (.27) / -- / -.09 (.21)
Self-efficacy [B (SE)] / -- / .34 (.11)** / -- / .36 (.13)** / -- / .53 (.15)** / -- / .40 (.14)** / -- / .36 (.14)* / -- / .24 (.12)*
Proximal goals [B (SE)] / -- / .47 (.17)** / -- / .54 (.23)* / -- / 1.59 (.16)** / -- / .63 (.16)** / -- / .59 (.22)** / -- / .94 (.18)**
Variance components
Level 2 (σ2u0; SE) / .19 (.18) / .01 (.14) / .46 (.28) / .26 (.23) / .71 (.67) / .10 (.27) / .18 (.23) / .61 (.25) / .27 (.31) / .17 (.25) / .17 (.22) / .00 (.00)
Level 1 (σ2e0; SE) / 5.62 (.38) / 4.41 (.33) / 6.23 (.48) / 4.92 (.42) / 11.34 (1.11) / 4.39 (.49) / 6.33 (.48) / 3.58 (.32) / 6.77 (.58) / 4.84 (.46) / 6.55 (.47) / 3.96 (.30)
Model fit
Deviance (-2 log likelihood) / 2362.02 / 1833.13 / 1986.11 / 1544.86 / 1500.71 / 971.89 / 2001.34 / 1433.11 / 1665.70 / 1298.63 / 2232.83 / 1483.07
Δ null model / 528.89** / 441.25 / 441.25** / 528.82** / 568.23** / 367.07** / 749.76**
Note. BP= prescribing additional antihypertensive drugs; Feet=examining foot circulation and sensation
SCT MLM (combined Level 1 and Level 2) equations:
Intention Strength ij = B0 + B1(Outcome Expectancies)ij + B2(Self-efficacy)ij + u0j + e0ij
Direct estimation of intention ij = B0 + B1(Outcome Expectancies)ij + B2(Self-efficacy)ij + u0j + e0ij
Simulated Behavior ij = B0 + B1(Proximal Goals)ij + B2(Outcome Expectancies)ij + B3(Self-efficacy)ij + u0j + e0ij
12 month self-reported behavior ij = B0 + B1(Proximal Goals)ij + B2(Outcome Expectancies)ij + B3(Self-efficacy)ij + u0j + e0ij
Supplemental Table 4.3Random Intercept Models of LT Predicting Simulated Behavior and 12 Month Self-Reported Behavior
Weight Advice / Prescribing (BP) / Examining Feet / Self-management advice / Prescribing (HbA1c) / Providing patient education
Null / Fixed model / Null / Fixed model / Null / Fixed model / Null / Fixed model / Null / Fixed model / Null / Fixed model
Dependent variable: Simulated Behavior
Fixed effects
Anticipated Consequences [B (SE)] / -- / .16 (.12) / -- / .03 (.10) / -- / -.14 (.17) / -- / -.02 (.13) / -- / -.08 (.07) / -- / .06 (.11)
Evidence of Habit [B (SE)] / -- / .40 (.12)** / -- / .26 (.10)** / -- / .63 (.09)** / -- / .47 (.11)** / -- / .12 (.07) / -- / .51 (.11)**
Variance components
Level 2 (σ2u0; SE) / .48 (.24) / .44 (.24) / .33 (.18) / .29 (.210) / .11 (.21) / .00 (.00) / .00 (.00) / .11 (.23) / .06 (.05) / .06 (.07) / .00 (.00) / .34 (.26)
Level 1 (σ2e0; SE) / 5.85 (.41) / 5.68 (.41) / 4.58 (.32) / 4.60 (.37) / 6.11 (.47) / 5.68 (.47) / 5.91 (.41) / 5.76 (.48) / 1.50 (.10) / 1.50 (.13) / 6.15 (.40) / 5.62 (.45)
Model fit
Deviance (-2 log likelihood) / 2320.88 / 2189.12 / 2187.34 / 1692.44 / 1949.39 / 1326.59 / 1951.83 / 1658.11 / 1632.21 / 1081.31 / 2163.92 / 1804.89
Δ null model / 131.76** / 494.90** / 622.80** / 293.72** / 550.90** / 359.03**
Dependent variable: 12 month self-report
Fixed effects
Anticipated Consequences [B (SE)] / -- / .15 (.11) / -- / .20 (.11) / -- / -.07 (.20) / -- / .18 (.11) / -- / .18 (.13) / -- / .05 (.10)
Evidence of Habit [B (SE)] / -- / .69 (.11)** / -- / .50 (.12)** / -- / 1.48 (.12)** / -- / .79 (.10)** / -- / .72 (.14)** / -- / .98 (.10)**
Variance components
Level 2 (σ2u0; SE) / .19 (.18) / .06 (.14) / .46 (.28) / .17 (.23) / .77 (.68) / .22 (.34) / .18 (.23) / .56 (.24) / .27 (.31) / .25 (.26) / .17 (.22) / .13 (.17)
Level 1 (σ2e0; SE) / 5.62 (.38) / 4.27 (.32) / 6.23 (.48) / 5.29 (.45) / 11.29 (1.11) / 5.01 (.56) / 6.33 (.48) / 3.57 (.31) / 6.77 (.58) / 4.76 (.45) / 6.55 (.47) / 3.72 (.32)
Model fit
Deviance (-2 log likelihood) / 2362.02 / 1836.77 / 1986.11 / 1555.21 / 1495.34 / 1005.73 / 2001.34 / 1433.48 / 1665.70 / 1284.38 / 2232.83 / 1472.56
Δ null model / 525.25** / 430.90** / 489.61** / 567.86** / 381.32** / 760.27**
Note. BP= prescribing additional antihypertensive drugs; Feet=examining foot circulation and sensation
Learning Theory MLM (combined Level 1 and Level 2) equations:
Simulated Behavior ij = B0 + B1(Anticipated Consequences)ij + B2(Evidence of Habit)ij + u0j + e0ij
12 month self-reported behavior ij = B0 + B1(Anticipated Consequences)ij + B2(Evidence of Habit)ij + u0j + e0ij
Supplemental Table 4.4Random Intercept Models of Habit (SRHI) Predicting Simulated Behavior and 12 Month Self-Reported Behavior
Weight Advice / Prescribing (BP) / Examining Feet / Self-management advice / Prescribing (HbA1c) / Providing patient education
Null / Fixed model / Null / Fixed model / Null / Fixed model / Null / Fixed model / Null / Fixed model / Null / Fixed model
Dependent variable: Simulated Behavior
Fixed effects
Habit [B (SE)] / -- / .27 (.10)** / -- / .29 (.09)** / -- / .62 (.09)** / -- / .42 (.10)** / -- / .02 (.06) / -- / .37 (.10)**
Variance components
Level 2 (σ2u0; SE) / .48 (.24) / .29 (.22) / .33 (.18) / .28 (.21) / .11 (.21) / .00 (.00) / .00 (.00) / .00 (.00) / .06 (.05) / .04 (.07) / .00 (.00) / .23 (.24)
Level 1 (σ2e0; SE) / 5.85 (.41) / 5.87 (.42) / 4.58 (.32) / 4.51 (.37) / 6.11 (.47) / 5.66 (.47) / 5.91 (.41) / 5.82 (.43) / 1.50 (.10) / 1.52 (.13) / 6.15 (.40) / 5.80 (.46)
Model fit
Deviance (-2 log likelihood) / 2320.88 / 2195.69 / 2187.34 / 1679.95 / 1949.39 / 1329.98 / 1951.83 / 1655.85 / 1632.21 / 1087.75 / 2163.92 / 1820.43
Δ null model / 125.19** / 507.39** / 619.41** / 295.98** / 544.46** / 343.49**
Dependent variable: 12 month self-report
Fixed effects
Habit [B (SE)] / -- / .77 (.09)** / -- / .77 (.10)** / -- / 1.49 (.11)** / -- / 0.71 (.09)** / -- / .64 (.11)** / -- / .66 (.09)**
Variance components
Level 2 (σ2u0; SE) / .19 (.18) / .06 (.14) / .46 (.28) / .07 (.20) / .77 (.68) / .24 (.32) / .18 (.23) / .62 (.26) / .27 (.31) / .15 (.24) / .17 (.22) / .08 (.18)
Level 1 (σ2e0; SE) / 5.62 (.38) / 4.13 (.31) / 6.23 (.48) / 5.06 (.43) / 11.29 (1.11) / 4.66 (.52) / 6.33 (.48) / 3.66 (.32) / 6.77 (.58) / 4.82 (.45) / 6.55 (.47) / 4.21 (.36)
Model fit
Deviance (-2 log likelihood) / 2362.02 / 1823.36 / 1986.11 / 1534.10 / 1495.34 / 986.60 / 2001.34 / 1439.74 / 1665.70 / 1300.52 / 2232.83 / 1515.05
Δ null model / 538.66** / 452.01** / 508.74** / 561.60** / 365.18** / 717.78**
Note. BP= prescribing additional antihypertensive drugs; Feet=examining foot circulation and sensation
Habit MLM (combined Level 1 and Level 2) equations:
Simulated Behavior ij = B0 + B1(Habit)ij + u0j + e0ij
12 month self-reported behavior ij = B0 + B1(Habit)ij + u0j + e0ij
Supplemental Table 4.5Random Intercept Models of Planning Predicting Simulated Behavior and 12 Month Self-Reported Behavior
Weight Advice / Prescribing (BP) / Examining Feet / Self-management advice / Prescribing (HbA1c) / Providing patient education
Null / Fixed model / Null / Fixed model / Null / Fixed model / Null / Fixed model / Null / Fixed model / Null / Fixed model
Dependent variable: Simulated Behavior
Fixed effects
Action Planning [B (SE)] / -- / .31 (.13)* / -- / .13 (.15) / -- / .27 (.20) / -- / .24 (.14) / -- / -.16 (.09) / -- / .24 (.14)
Coping Planning [B (SE)] / -- / .30 (.10)** / -- / .11 (.11) / -- / .30 (.14)* / -- / .21 (.12) / -- / .08 (.07) / -- / .26 (.13)*
Variance components
Level 2 (σ2u0; SE) / .48 (.24) / .34 (.22) / .33 (.18) / .29 (.22) / .11 (.21) / .00 (.00) / .00 (.00) / .00 (.00) / .06 (.05) / .05 (.07) / .00 (.00) / .19 (.24)
Level 1 (σ2e0; SE) / 5.85 (.41) / 5.66 (.41) / 4.58 (.32) / 4.64 (.38) / 6.11 (.47) / 6.27 (.52) / 5.91 (.41) / 5.90 (.44) / 1.50 (.10) / 1.50 (.13) / 6.15 (.40) / 5.86 (.47)
Model fit
Deviance (-2 log likelihood) / 2320.88 / 2153.89 / 2187.34 / 1664.63 / 1949.39 / 1355.52 / 1951.83 / 1646.52 / 1632.21 / 1076.92 / 2163.92 / 1808.18
Δ null model / 166.99** / 522.71** / 593.87** / 305.31** / 555.29** / 355.74**
Dependent variable: 12 month self-report
Fixed effects
Action Planning [B (SE)] / -- / .10 (.12) / -- / .57 (.17)** / -- / .71 (.27)** / -- / .22 (.12) / -- / .38 (.17)* / -- / .71 (.12)**
Coping Planning [B (SE)] / -- / .45 (.09)** / -- / .19 (.12) / -- / 1.03 (.17)** / -- / .47 (.10)** / -- / .29 (.14)* / -- / .22 (.11)*
Variance components
Level 2 (σ2u0; SE) / .19 (.18) / .01 (.14) / .46 (.28) / .11 (.23) / .77 (.68) / .39 (.42) / .18 (.23) / .64 (.27) / .27 (.31) / .01 (.23) / .17 (.22) / .00 (.00)
Level 1 (σ2e0; SE) / 5.62 (.38) / 4.34 (.33) / 6.23 (.48) / 5.47 (.47) / 11.29 (1.11) / 3.85 (.66) / 6.33 (.48) / 3.82 (.34) / 6.77 (.58) / 5.17 (.48) / 6.55 (.47) / 3.98 (.30)
Model fit
Deviance (-2 log likelihood) / 2362.02 / 1822.8 / 1986.11 / 1540.25 / 1495.34 / 1044.64 / 2001.34 / 1445.24 / 1665.70 / 1299.57 / 2232.83 / 1485.01
Δ null model / 539.22** / 445.86** / 450.70** / 556.10** / 366.13** / 747.82**
Note. BP= prescribing additional antihypertensive drugs; Feet=examining foot circulation and sensation
Planning MLM (combined Level 1 and Level 2) equations:
Simulated Behavior ij = B0 + B1(Action Planning)ij + B2(Coping Planning)ij + u0j + e0ij
12 month self-reported behavior ij = B0 + B1(Action Planning)ij + B2(Coping Planning)ij + u0j + e0ij
Supplemental File 5 – Detailed results of standard multiple regression analyses
Supplemental Table 5.1Predicting intention and reported provision of advice about weight management
Model / Process (explanatory) variables / Intention Strength / Direct Estimation of Intention / Simulated Behavior / Self-reported Behavior (12m)
B / β / R2(adj) / B / β / R2(adj) / B / β / R2(adj) / B / β / R2(adj)
TPB / Attitude / 0.38** / 0.35 / 0.52 / 0.63** / 0.27 / 0.13 / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / --
Subjective Norm / 0.29** / 0.33 / 0.21* / 0.11 / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / --
PBC / 0.17** / 0.22 / 0.10 / 0.06 / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / --
TPB / PBC / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.16 / 0.07 / 0.03 / 0.30** / 0.15 / 0.09
Intention Strength / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.39* / 0.13 / 0.52** / 0.20
TPB / PBC / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.23* / 0.10 / 0.03 / 0.40** / 0.20 / 0.17
Direct Estimation of Intention / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.18** / 0.13 / 0.42** / 0.33
SCT / Outcome Expectations / 0.60** / 0.54 / 0.49 / 0.58** / 0.24 / 0.16 / 0.50* / 0.15 / 0.07 / 0.03 / 0.01 / 0.09
Self-Efficacy / 0.20** / 0.26 / 0.39** / 0.24 / 0.45** / 0.20 / 0.33** / 0.17
Proximal Goals / -0.11 / -0.04 / 0.48** / 0.18
LT v1 / Anticipated Consequences / 0.09** / 0.10 / 0.63 / 0.22** / 0.12 / 0.23 / 0.16 / 0.06 / 0.03 / 0.15 / 0.07
Evidence of Habit / 0.65** / 0.76 / 0.78** / 0.43 / 0.39** / 0.15 / 0.70** / 0.31 / 0.11
LT v2 / Anticipated Consequences / 0.20** / 0.23 / 0.37 / 0.34** / 0.18 / 0.17 / 0.22 / 0.09 / 0.02 / 0.21* / 0.09 / 0.15
Self-reported Habit Index / 0.41** / 0.53 / 0.55** / 0.34 / 0.24* / 0.11 / 0.73** / 0.36
n/a / Self-reported Habit Index / 0.44** / 0.57 / 0.32 / 0.60** / 0.37 / 0.14 / 0.28** / 0.13 / 0.01 / 0.77** / 0.38 / 0.14
Planning / Action Planning / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.30* / 0.11 / 0.04 / 0.10 / 0.04 / 0.07
Coping Planning / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.30** / 0.15 / 0.45** / 0.26
**p<0.01; *p<0.05; PBC = perceived behavioral control
Supplemental Table 5.2
Predicting intention and reported prescription of additional antihypertensive drugs
Model / Process (explanatory) variables / Intention Strength / Direct Estimation of Intention / Simulated Behaviora / Self-reported Behavior (12m)
B / β / R2adj / B / β / R2adj / B / β / R2adj / B / β / R2adj
TPB / Attitude / 0.57** / 0.54 / 0.75 / 1.09** / 0.54 / 0.40 / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / --
Subjective Norm / 0.33** / 0.33 / 0.15 / 0.08 / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / --
PBC / 0.14** / 0.14 / 0.14 / 0.07 / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / --
TPB / PBC / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.10 / 0.05 / 0.05 / 0.11 / 0.04 / 0.10
Intention Strength / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.42** / 0.20 / 0.72** / 0.31
TPB / PBC / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.20 / 0.09 / 0.02 / 0.18 / 0.08 / 0.15
Direct Estimation of Intention / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.11 / 0.10 / 0.44** / 0.37
SCT / Outcome Expectations / 0.85** / 0.79 / 0.73 / 1.13** / 0.55 / 0.42 / 0.01 / 0.01 / 0.05 / 0.03 / 0.01 / 0.12
Self-Efficacy / 0.14** / 0.15 / 0.38** / 0.20 / 0.20 / 0.10 / 0.35** / 0.16
Proximal Goals / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.34 / 0.16 / 0.57* / 0.24
LT v1 / Anticipated Consequences / 0.19** / 0.20 / 0.69 / 0.48** / 0.28 / 0.33 / 0.04 / 0.02 / 0.02 / 0.20 / 0.10 / 0.07
Evidence of Habit / 0.70** / 0.75 / 0.78** / 0.43 / 0.26* / 0.14 / 0.51* / 0.24
LT v2 / Anticipated Consequences / 0.47** / 0.27 / 0.32 / 0.47** / 0.27 / 0.32 / 0.02 / 0.01 / 0.02 / 0.16 / 0.08 / 0.14
Self-reported Habit Index / 0.76** / 0.43 / 0.76** / 0.43 / 0.29** / 0.16 / 0.74** / 0.35
n/a / Self-reported Habit Index / 0.59** / 0.66 / 0.43 / 0.89** / 0.50 / 0.25 / 0.30** / 0.16 / 0.02 / 0.77** / 0.37 / 0.14
Planning / Action Planning / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.11 / 0.04 / 0.00 / 0.57** / 0.19 / 0.06
Coping Planning / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.12 / 0.07 / 0.20 / 0.10
**p<0.01; *p<0.05; PBC = perceived behavioral control
a only a subset (N=46) of nurses completed this portion of the behavior simulation and predictive constructs
Supplemental Table 5.3
Predicting intention and reported foot examination
Model / Process (explanatory) variables / Intention Strength / Direct Estimation of Intention / Simulated Behaviora / Self-reported Behavior (12m)
B / β / R2(adj) / B / β / R2(adj) / B / β / R2(adj) / B / β / R2(adj)
TPB / Attitude / 0.30** / 0.18 / 0.73 / 0.43* / 0.13 / 0.50 / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / --
Subjective Norm / 0.73** / 0.66 / 1.34** / 0.59 / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / --
PBC / 0.18** / 0.12 / 0.18 / 0.06 / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / --
TPB / PBC / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.10 / 0.05 / 0.13 / 0.23 / 0.08 / 0.48
Intention Strength / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.57** / 0.35 / 1.54** / 0.65
TPB / PBC / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.23 / 0.10 / 0.11 / 0.67** / 0.23 / 0.49
Direct Estimation of Intention / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.23** / 0.30 / 0.65** / 0.59
SCT / Outcome Expectations / 1.07** / 0.66 / 0.58 / 1.70** / 0.52 / 0.37 / -0.15 / -0.06 / 0.15 / -0.52* / -0.15 / 0.50
Self-Efficacy - circulation / 0.23** / 0.18 / 0.44** / 0.16 / 0.37** / 0.18 / 0.53** / 0.20
Proximal Goals / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.52** / 0.33 / 1.60** / 0.68
SCT / Outcome Expectations / 1.06** / 0.65 / 0.58 / 1.66** / 0.51 / 0.37 / -0.16 / -0.06 / 0.15 / -0.50* / -0.14 / 0.50
Self-Efficacy - sensation / 0.24** / 0.19 / 0.48** / 0.19 / 0.38** / 0.19 / 0.53** / 0.21
Proximal Goals / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.52** / 0.32 / 1.58** / 0.67
LT v1 / Anticipated Consequences / -0.01 / -0.01 / -0.08 / -0.02 / 0.62 / -0.15 / -0.05 / 0.14 / -0.07 / -0.02 / 0.43
Evidence of Habit / 0.90** / 0.92 / 0.85 / 1.59** / 0.80 / 0.62** / 0.39 / 1.48** / 0.67
LT v2 / Anticipated Consequences / 0.10 / 0.66 / 0.05 / 0.01 / 0.55 / -0.07 / -0.02 / 0.13 / 0.08 / 0.02 / 0.46
Self-reported Habit Index / 0.86** / 0.81 / 1.60** / 0.74 / 0.64** / 0.37 / 1.48** / 0.68
n/a / Self-reported Habit Index / 0.87** / 0.82 / 0.67 / 1.61** / 0.74 / 0.55 / 0.61** / 0.36 / 0.13 / 1.49** / 0.68 / 0.46
Planning / Action Planning / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.25 / 0.09 / 0.05 / 0.69* / 0.18 / 0.32
Coping Planning / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.31* / 0.17 / 1.03** / 0.44
**p<0.01; *p<0.05; PBC = perceived behavioral control
a only a subset (N=165) of GPs completed this portion of the behavior simulation and predictive constructs
Note. Two self-efficacy scales were tested for foot examination (one focusing on circulation and the other on sensation). Results for circulation are presented in the main manuscript, and are consistent with results for sensation.
Supplemental Table 5.4
Predicting intention and reported provision of self-management advice
Model / Process (explanatory) variables / Intention Strength / Direct Estimation of Intention / Simulated Behavior / Self-reported Behavior (12m)
B / β / R2(adj) / B / β / R2(adj) / B / β / R2(adj) / B / β / R2(adj)
TPB / Attitude / 0.38** / 0.26 / 0.72 / 0.56** / 0.19 / 0.37 / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / --
Subjective Norm / 0.42** / 0.38 / 0.50** / 0.28 / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / --
PBC / 0.37** / 0.36 / 0.62** / 0.30 / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / --
TPB / PBC / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.17 / 0.08 / 0.06 / 0.25 / 0.12 / 0.17
Intention Strength / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.42** / 0.19 / 0.67** / 0.33
TPB / PBC / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.18 / 0.09 / 0.09 / 0.34** / 0.17 / 0.19
Direct Estimation of Intention / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.29** / 0.25 / 0.36** / 0.34
SCT / Outcome Expectations / 0.82** / 0.57 / 0.62 / 0.90** / 0.31 / 0.34 / -0.22 / -0.07 / 0.07 / -0.09 / -0.03 / 0.18
Self-Efficacy / 0.36** / 0.32 / 0.79** / 0.36 / 0.42** / 0.18 / 0.40** / 0.18
Proximal Goals / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.42* / 0.19 / 0.66** / 0.32
LT v1 / Anticipated Consequences / 0.03 / 0.03 / 0.85 / -.01 / <-.01 / 0.44 / -.01 / <-.01 / 0.04 / 0.24* / 0.11 / 0.19
Evidence of Habit / 0.88** / 0.91 / 1.27** / 0.67 / 0.47** / 0.22 / 0.80** / 0.41
LT v2 / Anticipated Consequences / 0.13** / 0.11 / 0.58 / 0.09 / 0.04 / 0.39 / 0.03 / 0.01 / 0.05 / 0.32* / 0.14 / 0.19
Self-reported Habit Index / 0.64** / 0.74 / 1.09** / 0.62 / 0.42** / 0.22 / 0.69** / 0.39
n/a / Self-reported Habit Index / 0.66** / 0.76 / 0.57 / 1.10** / 0.63 / 0.39 / 0.42** / 0.22 / 0.05 / 0.74** / 0.41 / 0.17
Planning / Action Planning / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.24 / 0.11 / 0.03 / 0.21 / 0.11 / 0.14
Coping Planning / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.21 / 0.11 / 0.51** / 0.30
**p<0.01; *p<0.05; PBC = perceived behavioral control
Supplemental Table 5.5
Predicting intention and reported prescription of additional therapy for management of glycemic control
Model / Process (explanatory) variables / Intention Strength / Direct Estimation of Intention / Simulated Behaviora / Self-reported Behavior (12m)
B / β / R2adj / B / β / R2adj / B / β / R2adj / B / β / R2adj
TPB / Attitude / 0.48** / 0.4 / 0.65 / 0.76** / 0.3 / 0.24 / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / --
Subjective Norm / 0.38** / 0.4 / 0.34* / 0.2 / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / --
PBC / 0.15** / 0.2 / 0.23* / 0.1 / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / --
TPB / PBC / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -0.05 / -0.04 / 0.01 / 0.25 / 0.11 / 0.09
Intention Strength / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.16 / 0.12 / 0.60** / 0.24
TPB / PBC / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -0.01 / -0.01 / -0.01 / 0.22 / 0.09 / 0.19
Direct Estimation of Intention / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.02 / 0.03 / 0.51** / 0.40
SCT / Outcome Expectations / 0.87** / 0.72 / 0.60 / 0.92** / 0.37 / 0.25 / 0.08 / 0.05 / 0.00 / -0.06 / -0.02 / 0.10
Self-Efficacy / 0.10** / 0.12 / 0.40** / 0.23 / -0.02 / -0.02 / 0.38** / 0.17
Proximal Goals / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.09 / 0.07 / 0.58* / 0.23
LT v1 / Anticipated Consequences / 0.03 / 0 / 0.71 / 0.07 / 0 / 0.23 / -0.09 / -0.07 / 0.00 / 0.18 / 0.08 / 0.11
Evidence of Habit / 0.78** / 0.8 / 0.91** / 0.5 / 0.11 / 0.09 / 0.74** / 0.31
LT v2 / Anticipated Consequences / 0.11* / 0.1 / 0.32 / 0.09 / 0.1 / 0.19 / -0.06 / -0.05 / 0.00 / 0.20 / 0.09 / 0.12
Self-reported Habit Index / 0.40** / 0.53 / 0.66** / 0.43 / 0.03 / 0.03 / 0.61** / 0.32
n/a / Self-reported Habit Index / 0.42** / 0.6 / 0.30 / 0.68** / 0.4 / 0.19 / 0.02 / 0.02 / 0.00 / 0.65** / 0.34 / 0.11
Planning / Action Planning / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -0.15 / -0.13 / 0.00 / 0.38* / 0.16 / 0.08
Coping Planning / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.08 / 0.08 / 0.29* / 0.16
**p<0.01; *p<0.05; PBC = perceived behavioral control
a only a subset (N=52) of nurses completed this portion of the simulated behavior and predictive constructs
Supplemental Table 5.6
Predicting intention and reported provision of general education
Model / Process (explanatory) variables / Intention Strength / Direct Estimation of Intention / Simulated Behavior / Self-reported Behavior (12m)
B / β / R2(adj) / B / β / R2(adj) / B / β / R2(adj) / B / β / R2(adj)
TPB / Attitude / 0.36** / 0.26 / 0.70 / 0.88** / 0.31 / 0.33 / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / --
Subjective Norm / 0.35** / 0.37 / 0.31** / 0.17 / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / --
PBC / 0.37** / 0.40 / 0.42** / 0.23 / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / --
TPB / PBC / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.18** / 0.08 / 0.06 / 0.35** / 0.17 / 0.19
Intention Strength / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.45 / 0.18 / 0.76** / 0.32
TPB / PBC / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.26 / 0.12 / 0.07 / 0.41** / 0.20 / 0.32
Direct Estimation of Intention / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.24 / 0.20 / 0.52** / 0.46
SCT / Outcome Expectations / 0.80** / 0.59 / 0.59 / 1.26** / 0.46 / 0.30 / -0.07 / -0.02 / 0.06 / -0.05 / -0.02 / 0.19
Self-Efficacy / 0.28** / 0.30 / 0.32** / 0.17 / 0.26 / 0.11 / 0.26* / 0.13
Proximal Goals / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.46* / 0.19 / 0.89** / 0.38
LT v1 / Anticipated Consequences / 0.02 / 0.02 / 0.81 / 0.08 / 0.04 / 0.37 / 0.08 / 0.04 / 0.05 / 0.05 / 0.03 / 0.22
Evidence of Habit / 0.81** / 0.90 / 1.07** / 0.60 / 0.50** / 0.22 / 0.98** / 0.47
LT v2 / Anticipated Consequences / 0.10** / 0.11 / 0.54 / 0.19* / 0.10 / 0.29 / 0.13 / 0.06 / 0.04 / 0.16 / 0.08 / 0.14
Self-reported Habit Index / 0.56** / 0.71 / 0.82** / 0.52 / 0.36** / 0.19 / 0.64** / 0.36
n/a / Self-reported Habit Index / 0.57** / 0.73 / 0.52 / 0.84** / 0.53 / 0.28 / 0.37** / 0.19 / 0.04 / 0.65** / 0.37 / 0.13
Planning / Action Planning / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.25 / 0.12 / 0.04 / 0.71** / 0.36 / 0.19
Coping Planning / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / 0.26* / 0.13 / 0.21* / 0.12
**p<0.01; *p<0.05; PBC = perceived behavioral control
Running head: PREDICTORS OF CLINICIAN BEHAVIORS IN MANAGING DIABETES