Socials 11: Exam Review Package revised May 2011 (Cullen)
World War 1:
- Who were the three members of the Triple Alliance in 1914? Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy
2. Who were the three members of the Triple Entente? Britain, France and Russia
3. What event that acted as the catalyst for World War ? The assassination of Franz Ferdinand in Bosnia
4. When Britain declared war on Germany, what did that mean for Canada? As a member of the British Empire, Canada was automatically at war as well
5. What was the CEF and how did its creation help strengthen Canada’s sense of identity? The CEF was the Canadian Expeditionary Force which stayed together as a Canadian unit instead of being integrated into the British army. Although they were still under British command, the soldiers identified themselves as Canadian rather than British
6. What were problems with Sam Hughes’ Shell Committee? Ross rifle jammed in rapid fire, boots were made of cardboard soles, shells exploded too soon while still in the gun, Macadam shovel was a poor design, the uniforms disintegrated in wet conditions, and many of the people hired for the Shell Committee were inexperienced and in some cases profiteers
7. What were the main components of the War Measures Act? The Canadian government had the power to do whatever was necessary in order to win the war. Farmers could be instructed what crops to grow and factory workers were told what goods to produce. Habeas corpus was suspended (people could be held in prison without being charged), mail could be censored, and telephones could be tapped.
8. What happened to the Royal Newfoundland Regiment at the Battle of the Somme? They were decimated within the first 30 minutes of battle when they were all ordered to go over the top of the trench towards the German line
9. Summarize the main events of the Battle of Vimy Ridge, including Arthur Currie’s role. Vimy Ridge was Canada’s best known military triumph of World War 1, as they captured more ground and took more prisoners than any previous battle. Arthur Currie was the Canadian commanding officer and worked under the command of Julian Byng, the British general. The Canadian soldiers were issued maps for the first time before battle and dug tunnels to get closer to the German position. They used a massive artillery barrage to support the soldiers who advanced using the Vimy Glide.
10. What type of chemical weapon was used for the first time by the Germans at the Second Battle of Ypres in Belgium? Chlorine gas
11. Describe the conditions at the Battle of Passchendaele, and what was the result of this battle? The battlefield was incredibly muddy as the combination of heavy rains, a huge number of shells, and a destroyed drainage system left the ground a quagmire. The Canadians, under the command of Arthur Currie, won this battle in Belgium, but with high casualties. Many men and horses drowned in the terrible conditions.
12. Why did Berlin, Ontario change its name to Kitchener? Berlin was the name of the German capital city and anti-German sentiment was running high in Canada during World War 1.
13. What disaster hit the city of Halifax in 1917? The French ship the Mont Blanc collided with the Norwegian ship the Imo, and there was a massive explosion. Thousands of Halifax civilians were killed, and many more injured.
14. What was the job of the merchant marine? Transporting food, weapons, fuel and other supplies across the Atlantic to Britain
16. What were contributions of women and ordinary Canadians to the war effort? Worked in factories, helped on the farms, worked as nurses and other medical positions, bought Victory bonds, rationed food and fuel to save supplies to send over to the soldiers
17. What are three ways the Canadian government raised money for the war? Victory bonds, income tax, business tax
18. Who were the Bluebirds? Canadian nurses
19. What as rationing, and why was it brought in? restricting the amount of food, fuel and other supplies each citizen could buy. This was brought in to save resources for the war effort and to prevent profiteering and inflation
20. What is conscription and why did Borden decide to bring it in? forced military service. Borden decided to enact it in 1917 because more soldiers were needed to replace the dead and injured men overseas
21. Which province was most upset about conscription? Quebec
22. How did the Military Voters Act and Wartime Elections Act help Borden’s Union govt win the 1917 election? The gave the vote to soldiers and women related to soldiers. These people were very likely to vote in favour of Borden and conscription, because more soldiers going overseas would help the chances of the one there already.
23. Which groups of Canadians were deemed “enemy aliens”? Germans, Austrians, Hungarians, Italians at first
24. What was the Hundred Day Campaign, and what was Canada’s role? The last three months of WW1. Arthur Currie commanded the Canadian troops who won many brutal battles and were a major factor in pressuring the Germans to surrender and sign the armistice in November, 1918
25. How did Robert Borden fight for Canadian independence at the Paris Peace Conference? He insisted that Canada have its own seat instead of being considered a colony of Britain
26. What were the main terms of the Treaty of Versailles? Germany had to sign the war guilt clause and pay $30 billion in reparations, Germany’s army was restricted to 100,000 men and they were not allowed an air force or submarine fleet, and the map of Europe was redrawn
27. Why was the League of Nations created, and did Canada join? This was an American-devised plan to help keep future world peace
28. What is a war of attrition? a war where one side tries to wear the other down and make them surrender because they run out of men and supplies
World War 2:
1. The invasion of what country caused the Allies declared war on Germany?Poland
2. How was the process by which Canada declared war in 1939 different as compared to WW1? Canada was not automatically at war just because Britain was. Mackenzie King called a session of Parliament and the MP's voted in favour of war. Canada declared war on Germany one week after Britain, showing our new independence
3. What were the main events of the Battle of Britain, and what role did Canadians play? Hitler hoped to take out the British air force and destroy ports and harbours to pave the way for a German invasion of Britain. Allied pilots, including Canadians, were able to hold off the German Luftwaffe. Canadian-made Hurricane airplanes were used in this air battle.
4. What event brought the Americans into World War 2? The Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbour in 1941
5. What happened to the Canadian troops at the Battle of Hong Kong? The day after Pearl Harbour, Japan attacked the British colony of Hong Kong, where some Canadians had recently been sent. All Canadians soldiers were either killed in battle or captured and held as POW's and endured very harsh conditions
6. What happened to Japanese Canadians after Pearl Harbour and Hong Kong?Japanese Canadians along the Pacific coast were unfairly rounded up and sent to internment camps in the interior, as the government worried some might help Japan in a possible attack on the Canadian west coast. In many cases, their homes, fishing boats, businesses and other belongings were sold at a fraction of their worth.
7. Explain the main points of the Battle of Dieppe.This was intended as a 1942 reconnaissance mission or trial invasion for the later D Day invasion. Canadian soldiers experienced a major defeat due to a number of factors: they lost the element of surprise, they landed in daylight, the Germans had the higher position up on the top of the cliffs, and the pebbly beach with a slight uphill slope was impossible for the tanks to move across. Many Canadians were killed, others were captured and taken prisoner, and some made it back safely to Britain. The one positive result of the Dieppe raid was that lessons were learned for D Day.
8. How were Canadians involved in the Italian Campaign, including the Battle of Ortona?Canadians joined British, American and other Allied troops in the invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky) in the 1943 attack on the "soft underbelly of Europe." The Allies successfully advanced up the Italian peninsula and Canadians won the battle of Ortona, a fierce house-to-house fight against German soldiers ordered not to retreat.
9. Describe the main events of the D Day invasion, focusing on Canada’s role. June 6, 1944 was the date of the largest invasion in history (Operation Overlord). Allied troops launched an all-out attack on the beaches of Normandy, backed up by artillery and air power. Canadians were assigned to take Juno Beach, and successfully advanced into German-held territory, but lost many men in the intense fighting.
10. What was the job of Canada’s merchant marine, and how did the Allies eventually win the Battle of the Atlantic? The merchant ships carried food, weapons, fuel, and other war supplies across the Atlantic to Britain. At first the German U boats had an easy time and sunk many Canadian and American ships, but later the tide turned. The Canadians travelled in convoys, protected by corvettes, small fast navy ships. The Allies captured the German Enigma coding machine which helped let them know where the German U boats were located, and they also developed long range Liberator bombers which could fly longer distances and offer air protection for the convoys. Better depth sounders helped them locate German submarines beneath the surface.
11. What country did Canadians liberate from the Germans after D Day? the Netherlands
12. Order these battles: Britain, D Day, Dieppe, Hong Kong, Ortona, Pearl Harbour. Britain, Pearl Harbour, Hong Kong, Dieppe, Ortona, D Day
13. What contributions did Canadians on the home frontmake to the war effort? bought Victory bonds, worked in factories and on the farms to produce war supplies, rationed food, fuel and other supplies
14. What was the National Resources Mobilization Act (NRMA)?the act that allowed for conscription for home defence only(if the Germans attacked onto Canadian soil)
15. What was Mackenzie King’s conscription slogan? What province was especially unhappy about the conscription plebescite and results? Not necessarily conscription, but conscription if necessary
16. Why was Canada sometimes called the “arsenal of democracy”? This was a propaganda slogan meaning that Canada supplied much of the war material necessary to fight the Germans. As our factories, along with those of the US, didn't face German bombing, they were able to operate very efficiently
17. What was the concept of total war and what role did C.D. Howeplay? total war allowed the Canadian government to take control of all business and industry as part of the war effort. CD Howe was the man in charge of the war effort at home
17. What was the role of propaganda during World War 2? Both sides used propaganda to try to keep morale high at home and to encourage people to totally support the war effort
The Cold War and Recent Conflicts:
1. What was Canada’s immigration and refugee policy like before World War 2? Very discriminatory and was based on ethnic background. Chinese head tax, Chinese Exclusion Act, quotas on Japanese immigrants, the Continuous Passage Bill and other legislation discriminated against immigrants from Asia. Many politicians just wanted white, European or American immigrants to come to Canada.
2. How did Canada;s immigration and refugee policy change after World War 2? (including role in assisting refugees from Hungary, Southeast Asia after the Vietnam War, Uganda, and Kosovo) became much less discriminatory and was no longer based on ethnic background, but on a point system relating to job training, family connections, education and other factors. Canada developed a reputation as a country that admitted refugees in need, and opened its doors to help people from a number of countries faced with civil war or oppression.
3. How were Canadian involved in the efforts to ban land mines? Prime Minister Jean Chretien lobbied international leaders to ban land mines and played a major role in the Montreal Protocol, where many countries agreed to stop using land mines. Canadians have also been trained to help other countries remove landmines that were planted during earlier wars in countries such as Afghanistan and Cambodia
4. Why was the United Nations created? to preserve world peace through the principle of collective security
5. What is the role of the UN Security Council and who are the Big Five countries with permanent membership? Security council deals with matters of international security and passes resolutions stating how to deal with aggressive nations. The Big Five permanent members are the USA, Britain, France, Russia and China, and each of these countries has the right to veto a UN resolution
6. What was Canada’s role in helping to resolve the Suez Crisis? Lester Pearson helped come up with a solution whereby United Nations peacekeepers would be sent to Egypt to patrol the Suez Canal. He was awarded the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts
7. What were some countries where Canadians have served as peacekeepers? Egypt, Rwanda, Cyprus, Bosnia, Kosovo, Persian Gulf
8. What was the original purpose of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund? to provide money and assistance to developing nations. They lent large sums of money for various megaprojects