M.Sc. in Chemistry Syllabus
INTRODUCTION
This syllabus is prepared to give the sound knowledge and understanding of chemistry to postgraduate students at first year of the M. Sc. degree course. The goal of the syllabus is to make the study of chemistry as stimulating, interesting and relevant as possible.
The syllabus is prepared by keeping in mind the aim to make students capable of studying chemistry in academic and industrial courses. Also to expose the students and to develop interest in them in various fields of chemistry. The new and updated syllabus is based on disciplinary approach with vigour and depth taking care the syllabus is not heavy at the same time it is comparable to the syllabi of other universities at the same level.
The syllabus is prepared after discussions of number of faculty members of the subject and by considering the existing syllabi of M. Sc. First Year, new syllabi of B. Sc., syllabi of NET and SET examination, U.G.C. model curriculum, syllabi of different entrance examination and syllabi of other Universities.
The units of the syllabus are well defined, question paper format and weightage of marks is given in detail. The periods required for units are given. The lists of reference books are given in detail.
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OBJECTIVES
To enable the students-
?To promote understanding of basic facts and concepts in Chemistry while retaining the excitement of Chemistry.
?To make students capable of studying Chemistry in academic and Industrial courses.
?To expose the students to various emerging new areas of Chemistry and apprise them with there prevalent in their future studies and their applications in various spheres of chemical sciences.
?To develop problem solving skills in students.
?To expose the students to different processes used in Industries and their applications.
?To developed ability and to acquire the knowledge of terms, facts, concepts, processes, techniques and principles of subjects.
?To develop ability to apply the knowledge of contents of principles of chemistry.
?To inquire of new knowledge of chemistry and developments therein.
?To expose and to develop interest in the fields of chemistry.
?To develop proper aptitude towards the subjects.
?To develop the power of appreciations, the achievements in Chemistry and role in nature and society.
?To develop interest in students to study chemistry as a discipline.
?To develop skills required in chemistry such as the proper handling of apparatus and chemicals.
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M. Sc. Syllabus of Subject Chemistry
M. Sc. Chemistry
(Four-semester course)
Semester Paper Course No. Course Periods/ Total Marks
Week periods
1st I CH-411 Inorganic Chemistry-I 4 45 100
II CH-412 Organic Chemistry-I 4 45 100
III CH-413 Physical Chemistry-I 4 45 100
IV CH-414 Physical methods in Chemistry-I 4 45 100
2nd IX CH-421 Inorganic Chemistry-II 4 45 100
X CH-422 Organic Chemistry-II 4 45 100
XI CH-423 Physical Chemistry-II 4 45 100
XII CH-424 Principles of Spectroscopy-II 4 45 100
V CH-401 Laboratory Course-I 6 132 100 VI CH-402 Laboratory Course- II 6 132 100 V11 CH-403 Laboratory Course- III 6 132 100 V111 CH-404 Laboratory Course- IV 6 132 100
Instructions
1. M.Sc. I semester 4 Theory papers of 400 marks and 2 Laboratory Course of 200 marks.
2. M.Sc. II semester 4 Theory papers of 400 marks and 2 Laboratory Course of 200 marks.
Note:
I] Each Laboratory Course of 6 Hrs duration should be completed in 6 Hrs per day.
II] Each student have to give one Seminar in each semester [5 marks]. The marks to be given in fourth semester [Internal marks 20].
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M. Sc. First Year, Semester-I
Paper: I, Inorganic Chemistry - I (CH-411)
Marks: 100 45P
1. Stereochemistry and Bonding in Main Group Compounds 12P
a) VSEPR Theory, Postulates, Stereochemistry of following molecules; SF4 (C2v), BrF3 (C2v), ICl2- (D∞h), TeF5- (C4v), ICl4- (D4h), NO2, NO2-, NO2+, Phosphorustrihalide, IF7.
b) Walsh diagrams for tri and penta atomic molecules.
c) dπ- pπ bonds (With reference to phosphagene).
d) Bent rule and energetics of hybridisation (Bent bonds, bent angles, bond angles
and its experimental determination).
e) Simple reaction of covalently bonded molecules: Atomic inversion, Berry pseudorotation, free radical mechanism and nucleophilic displacement.
2. Reaction Mechanism of Transition Metal Complexes 15P
a) Introduction.
b) Kinetic aspects of complexes: Labile and inert complexes, Kinetics and reaction rates of octahedral substitution.
c) Types of substitution reaction: Mechanism of nucleophilic substitution reaction in octahedral complexes, Dissociation SN1 Mechanism, Associative SN2 mechanism. Comparison between SN1 and SN2 mechanism.
d) Hydrolysis reactions: Acid hydrolysis reaction of cobalt complexes, effect of chelation, charge substitution, leaving group, steric factor, inductive and solvent on acid hydrolysis reaction.
e) Base Hydrolysis reactions: SN2 associative mechanism, SN1 CB dissociation mechanism, evidences in favour, lone-pair mechanism.
f) Anation reaction: Introduction and Mechanism.
g) Trans effect: Definition, trans effect series, Theories of trans effect: Electrostatic polarisation theory, π-bonding theory. Application of trans effect: synthesis of
Pt(II) complexes.
h) Mechanism of substitution reaction in square planer complexes.
i) Electron transfer reactions: Outer-sphere reactions and inner-sphere reaction with mechanism.
3. Bioinorganic Chemistry: 10P
a) Biological importance of essential and non essential elements.
b) Na/K pump.
c) Metalloporphyrins: Structure of porphyrin molecule. Hemoglobin: Structure, function of hemoglobin. Myglobin: Structure and function. Difference between hemoglobin and myoglobin. Chlorophyll: Structure and function. Photosynthesis PS-I and PS-II.
d) Electron carrier proteins in biological system: i) Iron-sulphur proteins: Rubredoxin, Ferrodoxin ii) Cytochromes: Structure and function, iii) Iron storage protein: Ferritin., iv) Iron transporting biomolecule: Transferrin.
e) Biological enzymes: Nitrogenase and superoxide dismutases.
f) Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamine), Structure and function.
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4. Catalysis: 08P
a) Introduction, role of catalyst in chemical industries, catalytic activity and action.
b) Catalysis by organometallic compounds; alkene hydrogenation, synthesis gas, hydroformulation, Monsanto acetic acid process, the wacker process, synthetic gasoline, Ziegler-Natta catalysis. Preparation of catalyst; alumino silicate, barium alum. Vanadate, Fe-Cr, V2O, Zn-Cr, for methanol, Zeolite.
Reference Books:
1. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, F.A. Cotton and Wilkinson, John Wiley.
2. Inorganic Chemistry, J. E. Huhey, Harpes and Row.
3. Chemistry of the Elements, N.N. Greenwood and A. Earnshow, Pergamon.
4. Inorganic Electronic Spectroscopy, A. B. P. Lever, Elsevier.
5. Magnetochemistry, R. L. Carlin, Springer Verlag.
6. Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry eds, G. Wilkinson, R. D. Gillars and
J. A. McCleverty, Pergamon.
7. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry: Satyaprakash, J. D. Tuli, Version I S. K. Basu and R. D. Madan.
8. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry: Vol. I and II Gurudeep Raj.
9. Concise Inorganic Chemistry: J. D. Lee.
10. Principles of Inorganic Chemistry: Puri, Sharma, and Kalia.
11. Inorganic Chemistry (Principles, strctures and reactivity) (4th Edition): J. E. Hubeey, E. A. Keitler and R. L. Keitler.
12. Inorganic Chemistry 3rd Edition: G. Y. Miessler and D. A. Tarr.
13. Selected topics in Inorganic Chemistry: W. U. Malik, J> D. Tuli and R. D. Madan.
14. Chemistry of the elements: N. N. Greenwood and A. Earnshaw.
15. Symmetry and spectroscopy of molecules: K. Veera Reddy.
16. Physical chemistry through Problems: Dogra and Dogra.
17. Inorganic Chemistry: Attkin and Shriver.
18. Elements of Magnetochemistry: A. Samal and R. L. Datta.
19. Some aspects of crystal field theory: T. M. Dunn, D. S. Mcclure and R. G. Person.
20. Introduction to Magnetochemistry: Alan Earnshaw.
21. Introduction to Ligand field: B. N. Figgis.
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M. Sc. I Semester
Paper: II, Organic Chemistry-I (CH - 412)
Marks: 100 45P
1. Reaction Mechanisms and Nature of Bonding. 10P
a) Types of mechanism, types of reaction, Thermodynamic and kinetic requirements, Kinetic and thermodynamic control, Hammond’s postulate. Potential energy diagrams, Transition state and intermediates.
b) Effect of structure on reactivity–Resonance and field effect, Steric effect, Quantitative treatment. The Hammett equation and linear free energy relationship, Substituents and reaction constants. Taft equation.
c) Delocalised chemical bonding–conjugation, Cross-conjugation, Resonance, Hyperconjugation, Tautomerism. Aromaticity in benzenoid and non-benzenoid compounds, Alternant and non-alternant hydrocarbons, Huckel’s rule, Energy level of π-molecular orbitals, Annulenes, Antiaromaticity, Homoaromaticity.
d) Generation, Structure and stability of carbocations, Carbanions, Free radicals, Carbenes and nitrenes.
2. Nucleophilic Substitution: 12P
a) Aliphatic Nucleophilic Substitution:
1. The SN 2, SN 1, mixed SN 1 and SN 2 and SET mechanism. The neighbouring group mechanism, Neighbouring group participation by π and σ-bonds, Anchimeric assistance. The SN i mechanism.
2. Nucleophilic substitutions at an allylic, Aliphatic and a vinylic carbon.
3. Reactivity effects of substrate structure, Attacking nucleophile, Leaving group and reaction medium.
b) Aromatic nucleophilic Substitution:
SNAr , SN1, Benzyne and SNR1 mechanism. Reactivity: Effect of substrate, Leaving group and attacking nucleophile. The Von Richter, Sommelet-Hauser and Smiles rearrangements.
3. Electrophilic Substitution: 11P
a) Aliphatic Electrophilic Substitution
Bimolecular mechanism–SE2 and SEi . The SE1 mechanism, Electrophilic substitution accompanied by double bond shift. Effect of substrates, Leaving group and the solvent polarity on the reactivity.
b) Aromatic Electrophilic Substitution:
The arenium ion mechanism, Orientation and reactivity, Energy profile diagrams. The ortho/para ratio, ipso attack. Quantitative treatment of reactivity in substrates and electrophiles. Diazonium coupling, Vilsmeir reaction, Gattermann-Koch reaction.
4. Stereochemistry: 12P
a) Stereo chemical principles: Enantiometric relationships, Distereomeric relationships, R and S, E and Z nomenclature, Dynamic stereochemistry, Prochiral relationships, Stereo-specific and stereo-selctive reactions.
b) Introduction of optical activity in absence of chiral carbon (Biphenyls, Spiranes, Allenes).
c) Conformational Analysis: Mono and dimethyl cyclohexane, Conformation of Glucose.
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Reference Books:
1. Advanced Organic Chemistry-Reaction Mechanism and structure, Jerry March, John Wiley.
2. Advanced Organic Chemistry, F.A. Carey and R.J. Sundberg, Plenum.
3. A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Peter Sykes, Longman.
4. Structure and Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, C.K. Ingold, CornellUniversity Press.
5. Organic Chemistry, R.T. Morrison Boyd, Prentice-Hall.
6. Modern Organic Reactions, H.O. House, Benjamin.
7. Principles of Organic Synthesis, R.O.C. Norman and J.M. Coxon, Blackie Academic and Professional.
8. Reaction Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, S. M. Mukherji and S.P. Singh, Macmillan.
9. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, D. Nasipuri, New Age International.
10. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, P. S. Kalsi, New Age International.
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M. Sc. First Year, Semester-I
Paper: III, Physical Chemistry-I (CH – 413)
Marks: 100 45P
1. Quantum Chemistry: 13P
A. Introduction to Exact Quantum Mechanical Results:
The Schrödinger equation and the postulates of quantum mechanics. Discussion of solutions of the Schrödinger equation to particle in one dimensional box, and numericals. Harmonic oscillator, the rigid rotor.
Home assignment for students: Application of Schrödinger equation to hydrogen atom.
B. Approximate Methods:
The variation theorem, linear variation principle. Perturbation theory (first order and non degenerate).
Home assignment for students: Applications of variation method and perturbation theory to the Helium atom.
C. Angular Momentum:
Ordinary angular momentum, generalized angular momentum, eigen functions for angular momentum, eigen values of angular momentum. Spin, anti-symmetry and Pauli’s exclusion principle, commutation relation, zeeman splitting, Spin orbital coupling.
Home assignment for students: Operator using ladder operators, addition of angular momentum.
2. Phase Rule: 4P
Recapitulation of phase rule and terms involved in it. Three component system: representation of ternary systems. Partially miscible three liquid systems:-1) system composed of three liquid components, one partially miscible pairs, two partially miscible , three partially miscible pairs. 2) System composed of two solid and a liquid components:- formation of eutectic systems, crystallisation of pure components only, formation of binary compounds, one double salt formation .
Home assignment for students: formation of binary compounds hydrate formation, formation of ternary compounds, formation of solid solutions, partially miscibility of phases.
3. Thermodynamics: 20P
A. Classical Thermodynamics:
Brief resume of concepts of laws of thermodynamics. Free energy and entropies. Partial molar, partial molar free energy chemical potential, partial molar volume and partial molar heat content and their significances. Determinations of these quantities. Concept of fugacity and determination of fugacity by graphical method and from equation of state. Non-ideal systems : a) Excess functions for non-ideal solutions. Activity, activity coefficient. Debye-Huckel theory for activity coefficient of electrolytic solutions determination of activity and activity coefficients by 1) solubility 2) E.M.F. method.3) vapour pressure method, Ionic strength.
B. Statistical Thermodynamics :
Concept of distribution, thermodynamics probability, ensemble averaging, postulates of ensemble avaranging. Canonical, grand canonical and micro-canonical ensembles. Partition functions: Translational, rotational, vibrational and electronic partition
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functions. calculation of thermodynamic properties in terms of partition functions. Applications of partition functions.
Home assignment for students: a) Corresponding distribution laws ( Max well-Boltzaman distribution law b) Heat capacity behaviour of solids –chemical equilibria constant in terms of partition functions.
C. Crystallography 8P
Brief review of unit cell and crystal lattice, classification of crystals, laws of crystallography, miller’s indices. Co-ordination number, radius ratio rule, solid state defects, semiconductors, N and P type, packing of uniform spears, octahedral and tetrahedral voids(holes), close packing of spear, isomorphism, lattice energy, born haber cycle.
4. Electrochemistry-I: 8P
Anomaly of strong electrolytes, Deby-Huckel theory, Onsager equation and its verification wine effect, Deby falkenhagen effect, ion solvent, intractions.
Thermodynamics of electrified interface equation, Derivation of electro capillary, Lippmann equation (surface excess). Structure of electrified interfaces equation, Electrical double layer, Theories of structure of Electrical double layer. Helmoholtz-perrin. Gouy-Chapman theory, Stern’s theory.
Reference books:
1. Physical Chemistry -P.W. Atkins, ELBS.
2. Introduction to Quantum Chemistry -A.K.Chandra,Tata McGraw Hill.
3. Quantum Chemistry - Ira N.Levine, Prentice Hall.
4. Coulson’s Valence -R. McWeeny ELBS.
5. Chemical Kinetics -K.J.Laidler, McGraw Hill.
6. Kinetics and Mechanism of Chemical Transformations -J.Rajaraman and J.Kuriacose, Macmillan.
7. Micelles, Theoretical and Applied Aspects - V.Moroi, Plenum
8. Modern Electrochemistry Vol.I & II, J.O.M. Bockris & A.K.N. Reddy, Plenum
9. Introduction to Polymer Science - V.R.Gowarikar, N,V.Vishwanathan & J.Sridhar, Wiley Eastern.
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M. Sc. I Semester
Paper: IV, Physical Method in Chemistry-I (CH - 414)
Marks: 100 45P
1. Symmetry and Group Theory in Chemistry: 12P
Symmetry elements and symmetry operation, definitions of group, subgroup, relation between orders of a finite group and its subgroup. Conjugacy relation and classes. Point symmetry group. Schonefiles symbols, representations of groups by matrices (representation of the Cn, Cnv, Cnh, Dnh etc. groups to be worked out clearly.) Character of a representation. The great orthogonality theorem (without proof) and its importance. Character tables C1h, C2v, C3v and their use.
2. Computer for Chemist: 20P
A. Introduction to computers and computing:
Basic structure and functioning of computers with a PC as an illustrative example. Memory, I/O devices. Secondary storage. Computer languages. Operating system with DOS as an example. Introduction to UNIX and WINDOWS. Data processing, principles of programming. Algorithms and flow-charts for chemical concepts.
B. Programming in Chemistry:
Development of small computer codes involving simple formulae in chemistry, such as Vander Waal’s equation, pH titration, kinetics, radioactive decay. Evaluation of lattice energy from experimental data. Linear simultaneous equation to solve secular equation within the HÜckle theory. Elementary structural features such as bond lengths, bond angles of molecules extracted from data base such as Cambridge data base.
3. X-ray Diffraction 9P
Bragg condition. Miller indices, Laue method, Bragg method, Debye-Scherrer method of X-ray structural analysis of crystals, index reflections, identification of unit cells from systematic absences in diffraction pattern. Structure of simple lattices and X-ray intensities, structure factor and its relation to intensity and electron density, phase problem. Description of the procedure for an X-ray structure analysis, absolute configuration of molecules, Ramachandran diagram. Numerical on Braggs equation. nλ=2dSinθ
4. Electron Diffraction: 2P
Scattering intensity vs. Scattering angle,Wierl equation, measurement technique, elucidation of structure of simple gas phase molecules with suitable examples.
Home assignment for students: Low energy electron diffraction and structure of surfaces.
5. Neutron Diffraction: 2P
Scattering of neutrons by solids and liquids, magnetic scattering, measurement techniques. Home assignment for students: Elucidation of structure of magnetically ordered unit cell, applications.
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Reference books:
1. Physical Methods in Chemistry - R.S. Drago, SaundersCollege.
2. Chemical Applications of Group Theory - F.A. Cotton.
3. Basic Principles of Spectroscopy - R.Chang, McGraw Hill.
4. Computers and common Sense, R. Hunt and J. Shelly, Prentice Hall.
5. Computational Chemistry, A. C. Norris.
6. An introduction to digital computer design, V.Rajaram and T. Radhakrishnan, Prentice Hall.
7. Microcomputer Quantum Mechanics, J.P. Killngbeck, Adam Hilger.
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M. Sc. II Semester
Paper: IX, Inorganic Chemistry-II (CH - 421)
Marks: 100 45P
1. Symmetry and group theory in chemistry: 12P
a) Introduction to symmetry operations, symmetry elements, point group, Schoneflies symbols.
b) Determination of point group of H2O, NH3, CO2, BF3, C2H4, PCl3, PCl5, C6H6, [PtCl4]- ion, HCl, CO, [FeF6], O, M, and P substituted benzene molecule.
c) Group multiplication table, matrix representation of symmetry elements.
d) Reducible and irreducible representation, character of representation, character of matrix, conjugate matrix, properties of irreducible representations.
e) Great orthogonality theorem (without proof) and its importance, construction of character table of C2V and C3V point group.
2. Electronic Spectra of Complexes and Magnetic Properties of Transition Metal Complexes: 12P
a) Introduction.
b) Term symbol, rules for determining the ground state term symbol for dn configuration according to L-S coupling.
c) Microstates. Calculation of the number of microstates.
d) Correlation diagram of d1 and d9, d2 and d8 in octahedral and tetraheadral field.
e) Orgel diagram for d1 to d9 transition metal complexes.
f) Tanabe-Sugano diagram of d2 and d3 configuration of an octahedral environments.
Calculation of Dq, B and β parameter.
g) Charge transfer spectra; types of transitions, molecular orbital diagram for tetraheadral complex (ML4) showing possible ligand-metal charge transfer transition. ML6 octahedral complex showing metal to ligand charge transfer transitions.
h) Magnetic moment of transition metal ions having d1 to d9 configuration. Spin cross over.
2. Metal π – Complexes: 12P
a) Introduction, classification.
b) Metal carbonyl: Preparation, properties, structure and bonding of Ni (CO)4, and Fe2(CO)9.
c) Nature of metal-ligand bond in metal carbonyl.
d) EAN rules for mononuclear carbonyl and poly nuclear carbonyl. 18 Electron rule.
e) Vibrational spectra of metal carbonyl for bonding and structural elucidation.
f) Preparation, properties and structure of metal nitrosyl, dinitrogen compounds of transition metal and dioxygen complexes.
3. Structure of solids: 09P
a) Introduction, classification of solids, unit cell, relation between limiting radius ratio, co-ordination number and shape.
b) Structure of ionic compounds of following types: i) AB type-ZnS, NaCl, CsCl, Wurtzite. ii) AB2 type: CaF2, Rutile, CaC2, CdI2.
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c) Imperfection in solid: Atomic imperfection, point defects: Schottky defects, Frankel defects, Consequences of defects, method to determine the defects, line defects (Dislocation), Edge dislocation, Screw dislocation, Plane defects, Stacking faults, Grain boundary, Shear structure. Methods of introduction of defects.
Reference Books:
1. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, F.A. Cotton and Wilkinson, John Wiley.
2. Inorganic Chemistry, J. E. Huhey, Harpes and Row.
3. Inorganic Electronic Spectroscopy, A. B. P. Lever, Elsevier.
4. Magnetochemistry, R. L. Carlin, Springer Verlag.
5. Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry eds, G. Wilkinson, R. D. Gillars and
J. A. McCleverty, Pergamon.
6. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry: Satyaprakash, J. D. Tuli, Version I S. K. Basu and R. D. Madan.
7. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry: Vol. I and II Gurudeep Raj.
8. Concise Inorganic Chemistry: J. D. Lee.
9. Principles of Inorganic Chemistry: Puri, Sharma, and Kalia.
10. Inorganic Chemistry (Principles, strctures and reactivity) (4th Edition): J. E. Hubeey, E. A. Keitler and R. L. Keitler.
11. Inorganic Chemistry 3rd Edition: G. Y. Miessler and D. A. Tarr.