Kingdom Animalia Notes

What are Animals? Animals are…

Ø ______

Ø Evolved ways of ______ to feed, reproduce, and protect themselves

Ø Specialized cells that form ______ like nerves and muscles

Ø Cells do ______ have cell walls

Ø Likely evolved from animal-like ______during the Cambrian period.

Essential Functions. All animals carry out the following:

______: obtain food from the environment
______: exchange O2 and CO2
______: move materials around body
______: get rid of wastes
______: process information with nerves
______: all animals are motile at some point
______: most sexually, some asexually

What is a Coelom? Coelom – fluid filled cavity that supports internal organs.

______ – have no internal cavity. Example: Flatworms

______ – a body cavity develops between endoderm and mesoderm. Example: Roundworms

______ – internal organs suspended in a body cavity surrounded by mesoderm. Example: Humans

Reproduction and Development

Animals mainly reproduce sexually: external fertilization (in ______) and internal fertilization (on ______)

Steps of Development: Most animals develop from a single fertilized egg (zygote), Fertilization – sperm meets egg, either within or outside the body, The Unicellular zygote divides by mitosis = cleavage, A hollow ball of cells forms a blastula (fluid filled ball of cells.), Gastrulation (folding inward) occurs to form 2 cells layers: ectoderm and endoderm. The Mesoderm forms which will form the muscles, circulatory system, excretory system and respiratory system.

Symmetry: Animals can be described in terms of their symmetry.

______ – irregular in shape. Example: Sponge only!

______symmetry – can be divided through along any plane into halves from the mouth. Example: Hydra

______symmetry – can be divided lengthwise into 2 mirror images. Example: Humans

Ø Cephalization: concentration of sense organs at the front (top) of the body

Body Positioning: Bisymmetrical animals have 4 parts:

Ø ______: the head end, where sensory organs are located

Ø ______: the tail end (anus)

Ø ______: Back surface where the spine is located

Ø ______: The belly side

Other: ______: Cross section straight through.

Types of Skeletons

Ø ______ – hard, waxy covering on the exterior of the body. Prevent water loss, protect soft tissues

Ø ______ – internal skeleton for support made of Calcium Carbonate (starfish), cartilage (sharks) or bone (humans) Protects internal organs and an internal brace for muscles to pull against

Ø Invertebrates – an animal without a backbone; usually has exoskeleton. Echinoderms have endoskeletons.

Ø Vertebrates – an animal with a backbone; bilaterally symmetry; exoskeleton.

Invertebrates

Ø Make up 95% of all animals, Have no ______, or vertebral column, mostly have exoskeletons.

Ø Ruled the Earth during the early Paleozoic Era/Cambrian Period (540-500 mya) Called the “Age of Invertebrates”

Ø Open circulatory systems (with a one chambered “heart”) Cannot process ______very well, restricts their size and survival on land.

First: Phylum Porifera – Sponges, Sixth: Phylum Annelida - Segmented Worms,

Second: Phylum Cnidaria – Corals, Hydra & Jellyfish, Seventh: Phylum Arthropoda – Insects, spiders, lobsters,

Third: Phylum Platyhelminthes - Flatworms , Eighth: Phylum Enchinodermata – Starfish,

Fourth: Phylum Nematoda – Roundworms, Ninth: Invertebrate chordates – Sea squirts, Lancelets

Fifth: Phylum Mollusca – Snails, squid & Clams

Vertebrates: A vertebrate is an animal with a ______

Ø Classification: Kingdom – Animalia / Phylum – Chordata / Subphylum - Vertebrata

Ø Characteristics: Have an endoskeleton. The backbone gives support to the body and protection to the spinal cord. Cephalization = means the sensory organs and well developed brain located in a skull . Also possess a Closed circulatory system w/a multichambered heart .

The major difference between vertebrates is whether or not they can regulate their own body temperature.

Ø ______ – regulated by the environment . Example: fish, frogs, snakes

Ø ______ – regulated by their own body. Example: mammals, humans

The Human Vertebrate Skeleton

Ø There are 206 bones in the human body. Muscles aid in skeletal movement. There are 100 joints in the human body and 639 different muscles. Muscles and bones attach by tendons and ligaments. Tendons: Muscle to Bone and Ligaments: Bone to Bone

Ø Bones…make blood, store minerals, protect internal organs, and allow movement.

Ø There are two sections to the vertebrate skeleton:

1) ______skeleton that includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. Protects internal organs!

2) ______skeleton that includes the arm, leg bones, pelvis and shoulder. Allows for Locomotion!

There are four major Joints in the skeleton:

1) ______– allows for a wide range of motion (shoulder, hip)

2) ______– back and forth motion (elbow, knee)

3) ______– bones rotate around one another (base of skull)

4) ______– bones slide over one another (wrist, ankle)

Vertebrate Comparison Chart: Complete the Chart of the 5 major Classes of Vertebrates.

Type of Vertebrate / When they dominated the Earth / Respiration
(Gills, Lungs, Skin?) / Reproduction
(External, Internal?) / Circulation
(Number of chambers in the heart?) / Body Heat
(Ectothermic or Endothermic?) / Unique Feature to this particular Class? / Examples?
(What type of species belong to this group?)
Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Avians
Mammals

Mammal Subclasses – based on type of reproduction

l ______(95%) – young fully develops in uterus before birth. Ex: Humans

l ______– short period of development inside the moth followed by a second period of development inside pouch. Examples: Kangaroos and Opossums

l ______(3 species) – lay eggs. Examples: platypus and 2 echidnas