Joint EUCAR/JRC/CONCAWE Programme On
ANNEX 1
Joint EUCAR/JRC/CONCAWE Programme on:
Effects of gasoline vapour pressure and ethanol content on evaporative emissions from modern cars
File: ANNEX_1_Biofuels_EVAP_Programme.pdf
ANNEX 2Effects of biodiesel on exhaust emissions and engine performance
SAE Paper / Fuel / HD/LD / Cycle / HC / CO / NOx / PM / PAH, Aldehyde, ketone, sulphate, nitrate, VOC, biological test / Number/size distribution / Materials compatibility / Performance / Drive ability
950053 / 100% RME / Bus,
trucks / ECE 49, AQA*F21 / From 0.6 to 0.5 g/kWh
(-17%),
from 2.2 to 1.9 g/km (-14%) / From 2.5 to 1.9 g/kWh (-24%),
from 5.9 to 5.3 g/km
(-10%) / From 17.9 to 19.6 g/kWh (+9%),
from 21.8 to 20.4 g/km
(-6%) / From 0.8 to 0.5 g/kWh (-37%),
from 1.2 to 1.1 g/km
(-8%) / = amount of wear metals (except lead, → avoid lead-coated tanks); attacks paint. Original elastomers unsuitable→fluorinated elastomers. Some (few) deposits.
< lubricant viscosity (but same or better TBN, carbon index & dispersive power). No early oil change. / Power: - 6/7%.
Efficiency =. Consumption: + 7/11% (theo), +10.1 (calc)
30% RME / Bus,
trucks / Ald & Ket =.
BTX: from 214 to 164.5 mg (-23%).
∑10 gas PAH: from 354785 to 259921 µg (-27%).
∑12 part PAH: from 481.3 to 342.89 µg (-29%) / = amount of wear metals in lubricant with durability test.
= lubricant viscosity.
Few swelling tank plug seals.
No early oil change. / consumption: + 2/3% (theo)
50% RME / Bus,
trucks / Ald/Ket slight +.
BTX: from 214 to 142 mg (-34%).
∑10 gas PAH: from 354785 to 3256µg (-99%).
∑12 part PAH: from 481.3 to 529.3 µg(+10%). / = amount of wear metals in lubricant with durability test.
=/- lubricant viscosity.
Few swelling tank plug seals.
No early oil change.
SAE / Fuel / HD/LD / cycle / HC / CO / NOx / PM / PAH, ALD…. / N/size dist / Mat compat. / Perform.
971689 / 100% RME / Bus engine / ECE R49 / From .55 to .32 g/kWh
(-42%)
(might be misleading because RME can condensate at 190ºC) / From .79 to .69 g/kWh
(-13%) / From 5.54 to 6.81 g/kWh (+23%) / From .24 to .27 g/kWh (+13%)
(+SOF) / ∑ 15 PAH:Mode1:from 2998 to 232 µg/kg fuel (-92%). Mode4:from 1099 to 62 (-94%). Mode9: from 761 to 56 (-93%).
No sulphate, no nitrate.
BTX= (mode 1/4/9).
∑5 aldehydes +25/35% (mode4).
Bio: - potencial health risk. / Mean diameter, mode4: from .13 to 1.5 µm. / + 14% fuel consumption
962096 / R oil / vehicle / FTP-75 / + 130% / + 85% / - 3% / + 167% / B(a)P:+ 41%,
∑ PAH: +89%,
∑ ald: +282%
ECE 15 / + 62% / + 114% / - 6 % / + 220% / B(a)P:+69%,
∑ PAH: +171%,
∑ ald: +236%
Comparative measurements / Tendency increase sharply / Tendency increase sharply / = / +/- depends on test / PAH:- in steady state tests, + in ECE15 and FTP75.
Ald, Ket:drastic +. BTX +.
100% RME / Comparative measurements / From -10% to -40% / -15% average / Almost + 10% / From = to -40% / Significantly – PAH.
Ald and Ket: + (~ +40%).
BTX -.
- mutagenic pot.
+ ethene,ethyne
SAE / Fuel / HD/LD / cycle / HC / CO / NOx / PM / PAH, ALD…. / N/size dist / Mat compat. / Perform.
961114 / 100% REE / Pickup trucks / EPA HD cycle, modified arterial cycle. / From 1.254 to .592 g/mile
(- 53%,’94).
From .854 to .324(-62%, ’95). * / From 4.497 to 2.107 g/mile (-53%,1994).
From 3.683 to 2.403 (-35%, 1995).
* / From 6.85 to 6.013 g/mile (-12%,1994).
From 6.747 to 5.913 (-12%, 1995).
* / From .411 to .48 g/mile (+17%, 1994).
From .184 to .264 (+43%, 1995).* / Catalytic converter reduced HC & PM both for diesel & biodiesel. / Lit review:ethyl &methyl esters: -HC as much as 50%. – CO as much as 10%. PM, NOx trade off: ±10/15%.
*EPA HD cycle. With arterial cycle:- absolute values of regulated emissions, but = trends
50% REE / -33%, 1994.
-43%, 1995
* / -50%, 1994.
-35%, 1995.
* / -8%, 1994.
-3%, 1995.
* / +4%, 1994.
+35%, 1995
*
20% REE / -19%, ’94
-17%, ’95
* / -35%, ’94.
-18%, ’95
* / -6%, 1994.
-8%, 1995.
* / -6%, 1994.
+6%, 1995.
*
100% RME / EPA HD cycle
(‘94) / -48% / -54% / -8% / +24%
20% RME / -20% / -32% / -4% / -14%
961086 / 50% SME / HD engine / -28% / = / + (~ +15%) / -27% (soot: -45%, SOF: +64%) / Lit review:100% soybean based biodiesel: -5/7% power; = efficiency, = wearing.
= CO; -48% HC; +13% NOx.
10/40% biodiesel: -NOx. / = thermal efficiency; -5.5% full load torque;+ consumption
20% Fatty esters / Peak torque speed / < emission with > % ester / = or - / = / From = to -10% / torque
50% Fatty esters / < emission with > % ester / = or - / = / From = to -30% (methyl palmitate)
SAE / Fuel / HD/LD / cycle / HC / CO / NOx / PM / PAH, ALD…. / N/size dist / Mat compat. / Perform.
1999-01-3598 / Used frying oil / 1 cylinder DI engine / At 0% and 100% =.
Min at 50% / BSFC > with increasing used fried oil %.
Emuls W/D/oil (D and oil =%) / Decrease remarkably from 0% to 40% W. / = BSFC with 0% e 40% W, min with 20% water.
100% ME oil / = / - / +
(better with 30/50% W) / = BSFC
(better with 30% water)
1999-01-3603 / 100% RME / van / Between -10% and -20% / = / + SOF / - PAH (∑7) / consumption ~ =
Biodiesel (RME based) / = / + (+ SOF) / - PAH (∑7) / consumption ~ =
950054 / 100% SME / Truck engine / 13 mode / -75% / - 14% / + 28% (Increase linearly with% SME) / -33%.
Not in low load conditions (> with %SME), +SOF / Biodegradable, non toxic.
Pure vegetable oil: difficulties with injectors,pistons,rings deposit formation and lubricating oil incompatibility / + 12% consumption (> with >%SME).
Similar chemical,thermodynamic properties (vegetable oil esters)
50%
SME / - 50% / - 7% / + 16% / -26%
30%
SME / - 53% / - 18% / + 7% (possible –, see 20%) / -37%
SAE / Fuel / HD/LD / cycle / HC / CO / NOx / PM / PAH, ALD…. / N/size dist / Mat compat.
20%
SME / - 32% / - 8% / + 5%
(possible – with optimized engine calibration. Also – PM). / - 24% / With oxidation catalyst no benefit.
With EGR: – NOx, without other penalties.
10%
SME / - 28% / - 10% / + 3% (possible –, as for 20%SME) / - 32%
952757 / 20% RME / 2 pickups / Road (80000 km). EPA HD cycle, modified arterial cycle. / -20% / -25% / -3% / -10% / Lit review: 100% veget oil:deposits, ring sticking, injector coking…
100% soydiesel: engine power -6/+3%; = wear.
-1% CO; -48% HC; +13% PM.
100% SME: = wear; +6% consumption;
-40% CO; +3% NOx.
PME, RME: = wear.
50% fried oil ME: = consumption;
-10% power. / Biodegradable (vegetable oils).
Esters may deteriorate rubber components.
>specific weight and viscosity (1.8 times for 100 RME; 15.7 times for 100% rapeseed oil). Heat combustion <.
> flash point→safer to use,store.
20%RME: rust in steel tanks→necessary stainless steel; fuel filter plugging in winter; low injectors coking; no excess amount of carbon buidup on pistons, cylinders.
R oil: carbon on injectors.
No abnormal wear or performance. / -1% power.
No differences for drivers
20%
R oil / -1% power.
No differences for drivers
100% RME / -56% / -42% / -9% / +7% / -5% power
100%
R oil
50% RME / -37% / -39% / -5% / +8%
SAE / Fuel / HD/LD / cycle / HC / CO / NOx / PM / PAH, ALD…. / N/size dist / Mat compat. / Perform.
2004-01-0097 / 30% RME / 1 cylinder engine (DI) / -6/-17% (because of better combustion efficiency) / Between
-19% and
-26% / Between +7% and +15% / Between
-10% and
-15% soot / < ignition delay; accelerated combustion; slight > consumption
2003-01-0767 / Vegetable oils / +290% (R oil) / +100% (R oil) / -25% (R oil) / -30/50% (R oil, IDI).
+90/140% (R oil, DI). / +30/+330% ald & ket (R oil).
- 1/3 PAH (R oil, IDI);
+ PAH (R oil, DI). / > viscosity.
Carbon deposits, sticking piston rings, lube oil dilution.
Not suitable for DI engines. / < heating values (-10%~).Torque,power -2% (R oil).
<comb noise.
= perform.
biodiesel / -56% / -43% / +10% / -55% / - 90% cancer risk (Ames mutagenic test).+ aldehyes.
No SO2. / + lubricating than diesel (> engine life).
Biodeg, non toxic.
flashpoint→safer.
Neat biodiesel: alter viscosity lube oil; higher pour point→ additives necessary.
No engine modifications required. / Slight < heating values.
< power.
No engine problems. Consumption +2/5%.
> CN.
20% SME / -16% / -8% / +6% / +5%
30% SME / -26% / -16% / +8% / =
40% SME / -33% / -22% / +10% / =
10% SME / engine / 13 mode / -28% / -11% / +4% / -34%
20% SME / -32% / -8% / +5% / -24%
30% SME / -53% / -19% / +7% / -38%
50% SME / -51% / -7% / +16% / -27%
100% SME / -76% / -14% / +28% / -34%
SAE / Fuel / HD/LD / cycle / HC / CO / NOx / PM / PAH, ALD…. / N/size dist / Mat compat. / Perform.
2000-01-0691 / 100% SME
(also 30/40/50/75%) / DI engine, 1900 cm3 / Slight - / Considerably + (due to higher temperature in combustion chamber) / - / Advanced start injection / > viscosity, density.
- 20/25% performance (= equivalence ratio).
= perform if relative equival.ratio
2002-01-1658 / 20% SME / HD engine / -35% / -8% / +3% / -20% / consumption
20% YGME / -55% / -8% / +1% / -20%
100% SME / -40% / -41% / +12% / -73%
100%
YGME / -80% / -39% / +4% / -69%
982527 / 20% SME / engine / Steady state / -11% / = efficiency
50% SI / -29% / -34%
10/100% SME / 13 mode / -28% (10%) / -7% (30%) / Between
-24% and
-38%
30/100% biodiesel / 8 m. test / Between
-18% and
-24%
20/35/65/100% SME / EPA test / -44% / -47% / -66%
20/50/100%SME / engine / Steady state / 100SME5020Diesel / 100SME50<20<Diesel
But > SOF
SAE / Fuel / HD/LD / cycle / HC / CO / NOx / PM / PAH, ALD…. / N/size dist / Mat compat. / Perform.
2002-01-0865 / 50 & 100%Bio (70%SME 30% WO) / Automotive engine, 1.9 L / Steady state / 100Bio <50Bio <Diesel / 100Bio <50Bio <Diesel / 100Bio > 50Bio > Diesel / -soot, +SOF / > consumption; slight > efficiency;
< heat value.
2003-01-3285 / 30% RME / Medium Duty engine / steady state / = at 23ºC,
+ at -7 ºC / = ald (11) / Slight > number at low temperature
LD / Eur cycle / > number at low temperature, < at > temp. Peak shift at < size class at < temp.
E85 / LD / Eur cycle / > at < T (diesel, only > for gasoline) / > at < T
(diesel, only > for gasoline) / < (diesel)
< (gasoline) / < (diesel) / + acetaldehyde,
= BTEX (gasoline)
2003-01-1866 / 30/100% RME, 30/100% SME, 30%UVME / LD engine, MD engine / Steady state, AVL8- mode / (AVL8, 100%RME) / in most engine conditions.
(= in the case of AVL8, 100%RME). / for most engine conditions.
(> in the case of AVL8, 100%RME). / Slight < ald.
1,3butadiene = / = torque
30/100%RME 30/100% SME, 30%UVME / LD / FTP 75 / - / = / -15/-25% / + formaldehyde (without catalyst)
HD engine / steady state, ECE R49 / = with 30%,
with 100% / = with 30%,
with 100% / = or slight + (+13% with 100% biodiesel) / -10/-50% with 30%.
-60/-80% with 100% / = formaldehyde.
PAH (14).
= mutagenic activity with 30%, < with 100%
SAE / Fuel / HD/LD / cycle / HC / CO / NOx / PM / PAH, ALD…. / N/size dist / Mat compat. / Perform.
2001-01-1124 / 25%RME (+water,metals) / Test on FVMQ: = aggressiveness.
Long-term exposure: small changes.
100%RME / Test on various FVMQ: = aggressiveness.
2005-01-1728 / 10% RME / engine, 6.11 L / Steady state / ~ = / ~ = / + / ~ = / ~ = PAH. / - large particles, + finer (below 80 nm) / consumption
20% RME / ~ = / ~ = / + / ~ = / ~ = PAH.
opacity / = DPF efficiency
50% RME / ~ = / + / + / ~ = / ~ = PAH
100% RME / - / + / + / ~ = / + PAH.
opacity
15% RME / bus / Steady state / + / ~ = opacity / - large particles, + finer (below 80 nm) / = DPF efficiency,
< CRT conversion, compatible / Lit review:
-HC,-CO,+NOx, - PM, -benzene.
mutagenic activity.
+ fine particles(10/40nm)
50% RME / + / ~ = opacity
In house data / 30% RME / 2 LD / 2 base fuels / NEDC / +29%
+21%
-2% / +30%
+36%
+5% / +1%
+6%
+1% / -23% (but + SOF), +1%
-9% / +/- PAH
+TEQ
+ VOC→ + O3 / - large particles, + finer
30% (SME+SuME) / +37%
+53%
+10% / +36%
+56%
+18% / -3%
+2%
+2% / -32%
-8%
-1%
30% PME / +16%
+6%
-11% / +3%
+22%
-6% / -2%
0%
0% / -27%
-10%
-10%
100% RME / +237%
+32%
+2% / +186%
+107%
+53% / +4%
+16%
+15% / -66%
-2%
-14%
100% (SME+SuME) / +271%
+45%
+12% / +200%
+126%
+67% / +16%
+19%
+18% / -70%
-3%
-15%
SAE / Fuel / HD/LD / cycle / HC / CO / NOx / PM / PAH, ALD…. / N/size dist / Mat compat. / Perform.
971682 / SME / Higher cloud point & pour point→filter plugging, worse cold flow properties. solution: winterization +cold flow improver. / Lit review: < HC; < PAH; slight < CO; = performance; safer to store/handle.
1999-01-1497 / 30% RME, 100% RME / Sigle cylinder engine with common rail / (> density;
> viscosity→ > droplet size;
-13% heating value.) / Improvement in emissions (CO,smoke,NOx) if air temperature at SOI is above 700°C.
Possible further improvements if engine parameters optimised for RME.
1999-01-3520
SAE / Fuel / HD/LD / cycle / HC / CO / NOx / PM / PAH, ALD…. / N/size dist / Mat compat. / Perform.
2000-01-1480 / biodiesel / Impact assessment: for CO, NOx, VOC, particles the most important impact is on public health
2000-01-2976 / biodiesel / Fuel-cycle energy use & emissions:feedstock & fuel transportation: = energy consumption and CO2 emissions; slight > VOC and NOx emissions.
Auto-Oil II Programme / 100% biodiesel / HD
(Euro 2) / EF: 0.4
Calculated for
Euro3: 0.3 ; Euro4: 0.2 / EF: 0.7
Calculated for
Euro3: 0.4 ; Euro4: 0.3 / EF: 1.1
(generally > , adjustment of injection timing & autoignition required.
Can also be reduced by using high EGR rates).
Calculated for
Euro3: 0.9 ; Euro4: 0.6 / EF: 1.0
< soot, but > SOF (under some conditions).
Calculated for
Euro3: 0.7 ; Euro4: 0.2 / < PAH.
High aldheydes / Renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic. Hygroscopic. Attention required for the storage.
< life cycle CO2emissions.
High conversion rate with oxidation catalyst.
Problems to parts of fuel injection system, potential risk of reducing the service life of fuel injection equipment.
< volumetric energy. Dilution lube oil → more frequent oil change. / Worse low temperature behaviour.
< oxidation stability.
LCA:
EF for CO2:
0.1 - 0.3.
> costs for fuel.
20% / 30% biodiesel / HD
(Euro 2) / EF: 0.7
Calculated for
Euro3: 0.5 ; Euro4: 0.3 / EF: 0.8
Calculated for
Euro3: 0.5 ; Euro4: 0.3 / EF: 1.0
Calculated for
Euro3: 0.9 ; Euro4: 0.5 / EF: 1.0
Calculated for
Euro3: 0.7 ; Euro4: 0.2 / Lubricity improver.
(Potential risk of reducing the service life of fuel injection equipment).
Considered equivalent to diesel in terms of engine/fuel compatibility → can be used in existing engines without modifications. / LCA:
EF for CO2:
0.7 - 0.8.
= costs for vehicle/engine.
Slight > costs for fuel.
LD (Euro 2) / EF: 0.4
Calculated for
Euro3: 0.4 ; Euro4: 0.3 / EF: 0.5
Calculated for
Euro3: 0.4 ; Euro4: 0.3 / EF: 1.0
Calculated for
Euro3: 1.0 ; Euro4: 0.5
(Engine optimisation required) / EF: 0.8
Calculated for
Euro3: 0.5 ; Euro4: 0.2
Paper / Fuel / HD/LD / cycle / HC / CO / NOx / PM / PAH, ALD…. / N/size dist / Mat compat. / Perform.
Western Transportation Institute / 100% biodiesel / Normal engine wearing, no injectors problems.
Caution with certain types of elastomers; fluorocarbon seals ok.
Is a mild solvent→ remove sediments, deposits→filters plugging.
Biodegradable→ stability additives necessary. / < power; similar fuel consumption.
20% biodiesel / = or less engine wear (lubricity benefits) / = or < power. Similar fuel consumption.
20% SME
(EPA results) / -21.1%
(= also for different biodiesel) / -11% / +2%
(adjusting engine timing & with EGR) / -10.1%
Paper / Fuel / HD/LD / cycle / HC / CO / NOx / PM / PAH, ALD…. / N/size dist / Mat compat. / Perform.
EPA 420-P-02-001 / Biodiesel blend / LD / Between +5% and +50% / Between
-2% and
-14% / Between
-4 % and +5% / Between
-12% and
-18%
mainly HD (1997 or older models).No EGR, NOx adsorbers or PM traps. / < with increasing % of biodiesel.
(Up to -67% with 100% biodiesel). / < with increasing % of biodiesel.
(Up to -48% with 100% biodiesel).
RME slightly better than SME / > with increasing % of biodiesel.
(Up to +10% with 100% biodiesel).
RME slightly better than SME / < with increasing % of biodiesel.
(Up to -47% with 100% biodiesel). / < acetaldehyde & formaldehyde with increasing % biodiesel. / (differences on emissions depending on the type of biodiesel & diesel, not on the engine model) / -8% energy content
(-1.6% with 20% biodiesel).
BSFC: up to 11% reduction in miles/gallon with neat biodiesel.
HD/LD: Heavy Duty / Light Duty
RME: Rapeseed oil Methyl Ester
REE: Rapeseed Ethyl Ester
SME: Soybean Methyl Ester (Methyl Soyate)
SI: Soybean Isopropyl
SuME: Sunflower Methyl Ester
PME: Palm oil Methyl Ester
UVME: Used Vegetable oil Methyl Ester
R oil:Rapeseed oil
FT: Fischer-Tropsch
YGME: Yellow Grease Methyl Ester
WO: Waste vegetable Oil
FVMQ: fluorosilicone elastomers
W: Water
CN: Cetane Number
TBN: Total Basic Number
SOI:Start Of Injection
SOF: Soluble Organic Fraction
EF: Emission Factor (ratio between the exhaust emission in a given engine/vehicle fuelled by biodiesel, to thethe exhaust emission when the engine/vehicle is fuelled by diesel)
LCA: Life Cycle Assessment
EGR: Exhaust Gas Recirculation
BSFC: Brake Specific Fuel Consumption