Illustrated Manuscripts Analysis/Data Collection Worksheet

AP ART HISTORY Mrs. Lawson

Chapter 27 – Realism to Impressionism in Europe & the U.S. 100 Points Total

Directions: Read assigned pages. Collect data on the artworks listed below.

Directions: Read assigned pages. Collect data on the artworks listed below.

Directions: Read assigned pages. Collect data on the artworks listed below.

Realism

Realism

Realism

Realism

Directions: Read assigned pages. Collect data on the artworks listed below.

Directions: Read assigned pages. Collect data on the artworks listed below.

Directions: Read assigned pages. Collect data on the artworks listed below.

Directions: Read assigned pages. Collect data on the artworks listed below.

Olympia

A Bar at the Folies Bergere

Water Lilies

Directions: Read assigned pages. Collect data on the artworks listed below.

NAME: ______

Architecture______

Photography ______

Painting: ______

______

______

CHAPTER 27

REALISM TO IMPRESSIONISM IN EUROPE & THE UNITED STATES

ANALYSIS PACKET

DIRECTIONS: Use attached worksheets to record information from reading homework assignments. On the reading due date, turn in each assigned analysis worksheet to Mrs. Lawson for a Reading-check grade. Add information from class discussion to the returned worksheets. Upon completion of chapter, place analysis packet into the turn-in drawer for a completed-packet grade.

Architecture Photography

Printmaking Painting

Exam Strategy

Because of the artistic changes that occurred during the Realist era (1850s), it will remain a popular topic on the AP Art History exam. Tests typically have two to four questions on artists and events of this era. Test writers have developed slide-based questions about Realist painting juxtaposed with a photograph of a similar theme. A slide-based short essay has asked students to compare and contrast a portrait by Ingres with a photograph by Nadar.

The guidelines for the AP Art History test state that questions related to architecture are worth 25% of the points. Major developments occurred in architecture from the 18th –20th century, and test writers reflect this in their questions. The 2006 exam contained a slide-based short answer question about how Louis Sullivan’s Carson, irie, Scott Building (1899-1904) inspired the modern skyscraper.

CONTEXT

Times were changing for Western civilization during the 19th century. Europe experienced major revolutions in science, industry, technology, and social systems. All these revolutions significantly affected a simultaneous artistic revolution. Realist artists sought to visibly manifest in their works the changes that were occurring in their world. The technological revolution produced another method of visually recording the world other than painting or sketching –photography.

The 19th century built on the spirit of the Enlightenment & the Scientific Revolution. The late 18th century & early 19th century were times in which scientists began to use the scientific method rather than accept explanations for the universe with faith. This Age of Reason inspired industrial & technological revolutions in which science was used to improve the efficiency of everyday tools. The Industrial Revolution began in central England during the late 1700s & primarily affected the textile industry. The 2nd half of the 19th century witnessed another wave of the Industrial Revolution that included technological advances and a rash of new inventions, such as the train and photography. Industrialization caused urbanization. Cities grew as peasants from the countryside moved in search of factory work. Many workers lived in cramped and filthy apartment buildings near the factories and earned low wages for long hours of work.

A revolution occurred among the social classes of Europe, which was written about by Karl Marx in The Communist Manifesto. Industrialization, the growth of capitalism, and urbanization expanded class differences with the creation of a new, urban working class, which Marx called the proletariat. Another element of the social revolution was the expanding class of the newly rich, which Marx referred to as the bourgeoisie. Comprising mostly business and factory owners, the bourgeoisie controlled capital and the government. Tension escalated between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie and eventually erupted into violent revolutions in France in 1830, 1848, & 1870. Several other European countries also experienced revolutions in 1848.

REALISM

Social: The Positivist Age => Positivist = “emphasis on objectivity”

When = 2nd half of 19th century

Where = France, Europe, United States

Who = term used by French philosopher Auguste Comte (1798-1857) / clarified and named the study of sociology --> study of human society

What =

-“An age of faith in the positive consequences of what can be achieved through the close observation of the natural and human realms”

-Comte’s description of the final stage in the development of philosophy

-Idea in which all knowledge would derive from science and scientific methods

Key Concept:

Positivism is reflected in the visual arts by artists’ attempts to represent the everyday

world as objectively as possible.

Artistic Philosophy / Trends / Beliefs:

-The only valid subject for the contemporary artist was the contemporary world / “It is necessary to be of one’s own time”

-Rejection of Romantic subjectivism and imagination in favor of the accurate and objective description of the ordinary, observable world.

Patrons = Bourgeois

-Bankers & business people dominate society and politics after 1830

-These practical leaders of commerce were generally less interested in art that idealized / interested in art that brought the ideal down to earth

What is Realism? => A movement in mid-19th-century art to depict what can actually be seen in the world. Since the Enlightenment, people had begun to embrace the philosophy of empiricism (people should search for knowledge based only on observation & direct experience).

A truthful, objective, impartial representation of the real (actual = naturalism) world based on meticulous observation of contemporary life

•A broadened view of history -includes the activities of ordinary people (not just heroes) => heroization of common the common person and everyday life / interest in the subject matter of peasant & rural images

•No artificial devices or intellectual structures / contemporary human beings stripped of historical & religious references

Naturalism (use this term) = means being true or real to nature in art (Naturalism with a political or social message)

***Key Concept: The artistic movement Realism should not be confused with Naturalism.

(The Realism of Courbet accurately depicts the lives of France's working class but is not photographic in detail.)

Realist artist departed from the subjects of previous styles. The Realism style of art focused on subjects that were grounded in the modern world and part of the artists’ personal experience. Peasants, the working class, the struggles of life, and satires on the bourgeoisie were popular topics among the Realists.

Influences:

Photography, which resulted in accidental views of people & places often with asymmetrical compositions & not central focus / photography now its own accepted art form ==> encouraged the exploration of luminous colors

Experiments in photography go back to the 17th century, when artists used a devise called a camera obscura to focus images in a box so that artists could render accurate copies of the scene before them. Gradually, photosensitive paper was introduced that could replicate the silhouette of an object when exposed to light. These object were call photograms, which yielded a primitive type of photography that captured outlines of objects and little else.

Modern photography was invented in 2 different places at the same time: France & England. The French version, called the daguerreotype after its inventor Louis Daguerre, was a single image that is characterized by a sharp focus and great clarity of detail. Englishman William Talbot invented the calotype, which, though at first inferior in quality to the French version, was less costly to make and had an accompanying negative that could generate an unlimited number of copies from the original. Both men showed their inventions to scientific conventions in January l839.

Photography spread quickly, and technological advances followed almost as fast. Shutter speeds were made faster so the sitters could pose for pictures without blurring, and the cameras themselves became increasingly portable and user-friendly. The advantages to photography were obvious to everyone: It went everywhere a person could go, capturing and illustrating everything from the exotic to the commonplace.

Photography exerted an enormous influence on 19th-century artists. A photo could record an object exactly as it was at a particular moment, including the lighting, proper proportions, and spatial relationships. Some artists reacted against the medium, fearing it would render certain types of art obsolete. Other artists, such as Delacroix, Ingres, Courbet, & Degas, used the new technology to enhance their paintings as well as a means in itself. The Dutch painter, Vermeer was famous for his use of the camera obscura.

The first surviving photograph dates to 1826, when a French chemist named Nicephore Niepce made an image of the courtyard outside his home; he exposed the pewter plate for 8 hours to capture the image. In 1839, Louis Daguerre inadvertently took the first known photograph of a human being, a man having his shoes shined. Soon people began to visit studios to have their image captured in a daguerreotype. The disadvantage of daguerreotypes was that they required a lengthy exposure time & thus demanded extreme patience from the sitters, many of whom used props to hold up their bodies.

Louis Daguerre created the first popular type of photography with his still lifes. He arranged his photos like 17th-century Dutch vanitas paintings. Other photographers took daguerreotypes of events, such as the first operations in which patients were anesthetized with ether.

People wanted their likenesses captured by the accurate medium of Photography, beginning the tradition of portrait photography. Photographers and painters occasionally cooperated to blend the desirable elements of the two mediums. Photography could portray a precise likeness, and painting created a mood & captured the sitter’s personality. Early portrait photographers posed their subjects with special lighting & draped cloth over their bodies to create the mood of painted portraits. Nadar was one of the most famous portrait photographers. Julia Margaret Cameron was another.

War photography became popular as well. Early photographers captured the first was scenes in the Crimean War of the 1850s. However, the medium expanded greatly during the American Civil War. Photographers such as Timothy O’Sullivan & Matthew Brady exposed the grim realities of the Battle of Gettysburg by capturing images of dead bodies strewn across the battlefields. Brady took more than 7,000 photographic negatives of Civil War scenes.

Eadweard Muybridge was a British photographer who immigrated to the United States and took landscape photographs of the American West. Muybridge was eventually hired by the U.S. government to take photographs of survey & military expeditions. Muybridge captured a photographic still that revealed that all 4 horse’s hooves are airborne during a gallop, developing the technique of sequential motion photography. This technique influenced the development of motion pictures.

Japanese Woodblock Prints => influenced the interest in flat color areas, unusual spatial organization, & intimate scenes of daily life / - influenced asymmetrical compositions=> rhythmic, flattened, brightly colored forms

Japan had remained closed to Western trade & influence until the mid-19th century. In the 1850s, the U.S. fleet compelled Japan to open itself to trade with the West. Soon European countries formed trade agreements with Japan also. The “opening of Japan” affected the Western art world dramatically. Japanese culture captivated Europeans, especially the Parisian bourgeoisie. Among various other goods, they imported Japanese tea sets, folding screens, fans, & kimonos. The French even created a word to express the influx of Japanese culture: Japonisme.

Although many Japanese print artists were unknown, their creations were immensely popular with 19-century Europeans. This graphic art form was inexpensive, and several Impressionist & postimpressionist artists collected them. The Japanese aesthetic called Ukiyo-e (or floating world) emphasized fleeting moments, snapshots of Japanese culture. Favorite subjects included theater, dance, and intimate moments of daily life. The world-famous Mount Fuji was another popular subject.

-Japanese Woodblock Prints==>ukiyo-e

-1860

-ukiyo-e prints (floating world) - reference to the red-light district of Japanese cities==> social classes mingled in theaters,

restaurant and brothels

-first imported into France -Impressionists borrowed from the prints’=>imitated the flat, brightly colored, sharply outlined images and expressive, often contrasting, linear patterns