Goal 1 - the New Nation (1789-1820)

GOAL 1 - THE NEW NATION (1789-1820)

1.01 - Major domestic issues and conflicts experienced by the nation during the Federalist Period.

• What was the impact of the major domestic issues and conflicts experienced by the nation during the Federalist Era?

• How did the U.S. government emerge out of competing processes of conflict and compromise?

• How did the Federalist Period contribute to the long-standing debate in America about the role of government and the distribution of power?

• How is the U.S. Constitution a document subject to change and interpretation?

Hamilton

Secretary of Treasury under President George Washington
A Federalist who supported a strong national government.
Had a loose interpretation of the constitution, meaning that the federal government should be able to interpret the constitution, which gave the federal government more power.
Made an Economic Plan to make the United States stronger, which included a national bank.
Supported by businesses and the wealthy, primarily in the northeast.
Supported the British.

Jefferson

Secretary of State under President George Washington

A Democratic-Republican who supported strong state governments.

Had a strict interpretation of the constitution, meaning he believed that only what was written in the constitution should be allowed. This limited the power of the federal government and gave the statesmore power.
Argued that Hamilton’s Economic Plan was unconstitutional.
Supported by farmers and the “common man,” primarily in the south.
Election of 1860 - Jefferson and Burr get the same number of votes – Jefferson wins.
Made the Louisiana Purchase, nearly doubling the size of the United States.
Supported the French

Judicial System

Judiciary Act of 1789 - started the Judicial branch of the US government.
Created the Supreme Court
State courts could appeal to federal courts when constitutional issues were involved.
Judiciary Act of 1801
On John Adams’ last day as president, he pushed through the “midnight judges” – last minute appointments to the Supreme Court. Some of the appointments were not delivered and Jefferson (the new president) said they were not valid.
The Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison, led by Chief Justice John Marshallruled that the court could abolish legislative acts by declaring them unconstitutional – this established judicial review.
John Marshall – Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1801-1835) who strengthened the Federal government.

Federal Power v. State Power

Federal Power
Whiskey Rebellion – a tax was put on the manufacturing of whiskey. Farmers refused to pay and the federal government sent in troops to enforce the law
Alien & Sedition Acts – limited the rights of freedom of speech and immigration.
Marbury v. Madison (Chief Justice John Marshall)

States Rights
Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions – a response to the Alien and Sedition Acts which said that states could ignore any act of congress they considered unconstitutional.

1.02 - Political freedoms available to the following groups prior to 1820: women, wage earners, landless farmers, American Indians, African Americans

• How did the distribution of political and economic power reflect the social structure and geographic diversity of the Federalist Era?

• How effective were the political, social, and economic institutions of the emerging republic in creating a democratic foundation for the United States?

• How can individual rights and the government’s view of the “common good” create conflict or stability?

Women

Could not own property or vote and they had very few roles/jobs outside the home.
Formed clubs (reading groups, church organizations, temperance groups, antislavery groups, social welfare.)
Abigail Adams (wife of President John Adams) was a women’s advocate who once wrote her husband asking him to “remember the ladies…”

Slaves

Slavery was a regional institution - There was emancipation in the north, but opportunities were limited for African Americans
The invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney increased the need for slaves in the south.
1808 – Slave trade was outlawed.
Thomas Jefferson believed slavery was a “necessary evil” – he thought it was morally wrong, but economically necessary for the south.

Native Americans

The general policy of the United States was to forcibly remove them from their lands and push them west.
Tecumseh – a Native American who united many tribes in their efforts to stay strong. He sides with Britain in the War of 1812.
Westward expansion hurt the Native Americans.

1.03 - Commercial and diplomatic relationships with Britain, France, and other nations.

• How did the U.S. confront internal and international conflicts during this era?

• How does a nation’s involvement in international conflicts affect its identity?

• Should a nation form trade agreements with nations it disagrees with politically?

George Washington

It was decided unanimously that George Washington would be the first president of the United States.
Proclamation of Neutrality – stay out of European affairs

Washington’s Farewell Address – He warned against forming permanent alliances and political parties.

Foreign Policy

Proclamation of Neutrality (1793) – President Washington stated that the United States would not intervene in the warfare that went on in Europe
Jay’s Treaty (1795) - Chief Justice John Jay negotiated a treaty with Britain having them leave their forts in the Northwest Territory. It also encouraged trade.
Pinckney’s Treaty (1795) – Spain gave up rights to their land east of the Mississippi River (Opens up the river for trade), and set the northern border of Florida. This gave the US the right of deposit in New Orleans – they could use the port of New Orleans.
XYZ Affair(1797) – French officials demanded a $250,000 bribe to speak with French Foreign Minister Talleyrand. This created anti-French feelings in the United States.
Louisiana Purchase (1803) – Jefferson paid $15 million for a huge area of land west of the Mississippi River (despite his strict constructionist beliefs.)
Embargo Act (1807) – Because of the impressment of sailors the US decided to stop trading with Europe. This ended up hurting the American economy and was eventually lifted.
Adams-Onís Treaty (1819) – Spain ceded Florida to the United States.

War of 1812

Causes
Impressment – British and French were taking US sailors and forcing them into foreign military service after taking the boats and cargo.
War Hawks - Democratic-Republicans from the West and the South who pushed for war with Britain.
Native American Relations with the British
Treaty of Ghent (1814) – War ended with an armistice and everything went back to status quo – issues like impressment and shipping rights still remained. While no one “won” the war, it showed that the US had substantial power.
Battle of New Orleans (1815) – Andrew Jackson was made a hero with his victory over the British; however, the battle was unnecessarily fought, as the Treaty of Ghent had already been signed. This led to increased feelings of nationalism.

GOAL 2 - EXPANSION AND REFORM (1801-1850)

2.01 - Effects of territorial expansion and the admission of new states to the Union

• What tactics can citizens use to influence government?

• How can expansion lead to conflict and change?

• What affect did territorial expansion have on the development of the new nation?

Causes of American Expansion in the 1830s and 1840s

Economic Factors – exhaustion of good soil and the Panic of 1837(economy went down) pushed people West.

Manifest destiny – the belief that God’s destiny for the United States was to rule from coast to coast.
49ers – the gold rush in 1849 brought thousands of people searching for fortune
Native American Policy
The Indian Removal Act (1830) – forcible removal of native Americans
Worcester v. Georgia (1832) – John Marshall ruled that the Cherokee nation was not subject to the laws of the state. Jackson refused to enforce the ruling stating that “John Marshall had made his decision, now let him enforce it”
Trail of Tears – Cherokees and other Native American tribes from the southeast were forced to march 1200 miles to Oklahoma territory.

Expansion of United States Territory

Lewis and Clark – sent to explore the Louisiana Territory
Texas Annexation
Texans declared independence from Mexico (1821)
The Alamo (1836) – Texans were greatly defeated by the Mexicans
Texas was admitted to the United States in 1845
Mexican-American War was fought over border disputes between Mexico and the U.S.
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo – California and New Mexico added to the US, Mexican border set at Rio Grande, US pays Mexico $15 million
Wilmot-Proviso – wanted to restrict slavery in the new territories, but southerners felt this was an attack on their lifestyle
Oregon Territory – “54 40 or fight!” – the war cry for those wanting war with England of Oregon’s border. A treaty set the border at the 49th parallel in 1846.
Gadsden Purchase (1853) – US bought New Mexico and Arizona from Mexico for $10 million. With this purchase, the contiguous 48 states were formed.

Slavery & The Effects of Territorial Expansion

Missouri Compromise –Drafted by Henry Clay, this admitted Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state, the rest of the new territory would be split by the 36’ 30 line, north=free, south=slave.
Nationalism – pride in one’s nation – including wanting to make it larger/more expansive
Sectionalism - pride in one’s region – fighting for your lifestyle (south=slavery)
regional differences: slavery/economy/population

2.02 - Describe how the growth of nationalism and sectionalism were reflected in art, literature, and language.

• How did the art, literature, and language of 1801-1850 reflect a collective sense of nationalism and sectionalism?

• How did the U.S. develop and express its unique style through the arts during the early 1800s?

• Are art and literature effective formats for communicating political and social discontent?

Expressions of Nationalism

Painting – Hudson River School artists painted American landscapes.

Authors
Noah Webster – created the 1st American dictionary
James Fennimore Cooper – author of Last of the Mohicans
Nathaniel Hawthorne – author of The Scarlet Letter
Washington Irving – author of Sleepy Hollow, Rip Van Winkle
Edgar Allen Poe – wrote poetry, horror stories, The Raven
Transcendentalism – writers, philosophers, poets, etc. who believed in the expression of personal feelings and individualism
Ralph Waldo Emerson – poet, preacher, essay writer
Henry David Thoreau – wrote Walden about simple life, and Civil Disobedience

2.03 - Economic and social issues that led to sectionalism and nationalism.

• How were nationalism and sectionalism reflected in economic and social issues of the era?

• How do economic and social conditions and issues contribute to the differences in sectionalism and nationalism?

• How do economic and social conditions effect innovation and change?

Industrial Revolution

Reorganizing of society & economy. Machines replace hand tools which decreases the cost for many items. Unskilled laborers replace artisans, and more factories mean more jobs in cities.

Interchangeable Parts – invented by Eli Whitney, this increased the production of goods in factory systems.

Inventions/Inventors

Cotton gin – invented by Eli Whitney increased the need for slaves in the Plantation System.
Sewing Machine – invented by Elias Howe, made production of goods faster and cheaper.
Steel plow – invented by John Deere, increased farm efficiency.
Telegraph – invented by Samuel Morse, improved communications (faster and father)
Steamboat – invented by Robert Fulton, reduced travel time; agriculture and industrial expansion

2.04 - Political events, issues, and personalities that contributed to sectionalism and nationalism.

• In what ways were nationalism and sectionalism reflected in the politics and issues of the time period?

• How was the issue of slavery affected by territorial expansion?

• How did the politics of industrialization lead to conflict and change?

• To what extent were the leadership and personalities of the early 1800s responsible for the changes that occurred?

Era of Good Feelings

Period following the War of 1812 in which people were pleased with the way that the country was developing. There were not many Federalists during this time, all Democratic-Republicans.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) – Showed the power of the federal government, saying that states could not tax the national bank.
Monroe Doctrine (1823) - The US would oppose any nation which tried to intervene in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere.
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) – showed power of the federal government in interstate commerce (steamboats)
Election of 1824 – Jackson received more electoral and popular votes than Adams and Clay, but not a majority. The house chose Adams to be president because of Clay’s support. Adams and Clay agreed on Clay’s American System
American System – Clay’s plan to seal the rift between regions of the United States by making the regions work together and rely less on foreign trade. It included the Tariff of 1816, the 2nd Bank of the United States, and Internal Improvements such as the Erie Canal)
Jackson’s followers accuse Clay and Adams of a “corrupt bargain” when Clay was named Secretary of State under Adams. This split the Democratic-Republicans.

Jacksonian Democracy (1829-1837)

Jackson’s election signaled the rise of the common man – elected by farmers and eastern workers.

Native American Policy included the Indian Removal Act and disagreement over Worcester v. Georgia

South Carolina Nullification Crisis (1832)
South Carolina opposed the Tariff of Abominations. SC threatened to secede from the union.
Jackson was reelected in 1832 and he began a war over the US Bank.
Jackson opposed the US Bank because it was seen as a tool for the rich and oppressed the poor.
Jackson removed government money from the bank and put it in smaller pet banks.
Money circulation increased, inflation rose, states borrowed money for internal improvements
Panic of 1837 resulted when people went to trade in paper money for specie circular – bankers called in loans, gold supplies depleted, banks couldn’t make payments  bank failures were forced.

Whig Party (est. 1834) - a reaction to the authoritarian policies of Andrew Jackson. “King Andrew,” had enraged his political opponents with his actions regarding the Bank of the United States, Native Americans, the Supreme Court and his use of presidential war powers.

2.05- Major reform movements and evaluate their effectiveness.

• What characteristics define a perfect society?

• How is change influenced by the actions of citizens?

• To what extent was the debate over slavery essential to the reform movements?

Abolition – Movement to abolish slavery.

Prison Reform/Rehabilitation

Dorothea Dix investigated and reported treatment of the insane which led to the creation of humane institutions.
Prisons were reformed to help with the rehabilitation of criminals

Education

Horace Mann - an educator who greatly advanced the cause of universal, free public schools. Mann also advocated for other reform movements but his preferred cause was education. His theory was while "other reforms are remedial; education is preventative."

Temperance Movement – fought to make alcohol illegal.

Women’s Rights

Women were considered inferior to men; they were not allowed to vote, obtain higher education, or control their own property. The women’s rights movement sought to change that.
Seneca Falls Convention – 1st major convention addressing women’s rights, in Seneca Falls, NY.
Leaders of the women’s rights movement included: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony

Religious Revival

2nd Great Awakening – a religious revival among Protestants in the 1830s. It had its biggest impact among women. Many people involved in the religious revival were also involved in abolition.

Mormons – were founded by Joseph Smith, who claimed to have translated the book of Mormon sent by the Angel Moroni. They were forced to flee west because of their radical beliefs.
Brigham Young – became the leader of one sect of the Mormon church after the death of Joseph Smith.

Utopian Communities

Brook Farm, New Harmony, Oneida.
Housed many Transcendentalists and others with “enlightened thought” emphasizing individualism and the mysteries of nature.
Tried to form islands of perfection within the US.

2.06 - Role of religion in the debate over slavery and other social movements

• How did both sides of the abolitionist movement use religion to support their viewpoint?

• How did differing religious beliefs contribute to an increase in the sectional divisiveness of the country?

• In what ways did religious influence impact the effectiveness of social movements in the first part of the 19th century?

Slavery’s Economic Base

The cotton gin increased the need for slaves and allowed cotton to become the dominant southern crop.
Both the North and the South profited from the cotton industry
80% of the worlds cotton came from the south

Slavery’s Social Base

A small number of whites owned slaves, but they held most political and social power in the South
The gap between the rich and the poor widened – social pyramid placed the 4 million slaves at the very bottom, beneath all whites.
The legal importation of slaves ended in 1808, but slaves were still bought or sold at auctions.

Abolition – Movement to abolish slavery.

Abolitionists Responses to Slavery

William Lloyd Garrison – a militant who argued that there should be no compromise on the issue of slavery, there should be immediate emancipation (freeing of all slaves). He published the newspaper The Liberator which attacked slavery and the governments handling of it.
Grimké Sisters – southern sisters who toured New England lecturing against slavery.
Frederick Douglass – an escaped slave who became a powerful abolitionist giving influential speeches.
Harriet Tubman – a former slave who helped lead the Underground Railroad, a series of secret passages and safe-houses by which slaves traveled to escape north towards Canada.

Southern Defenses of Slavery