Addendum
Games Management Resource Guide
Addendum
Table of Contents
Competition ...... 2-18
•Formats 2
•Developing the Schedule 11
•Sample Team Competition Form 12
•Divisioning for Team Sports 13
•Divisioning Evaluation Form 18
Awards ...... 19-30
•Rule of Thumb for Ordering Awards 19
•Awards Protocol for Individual Sports 20
•Script for Individual Sports 24
•Protocol for Team Sports 25
•Awards Ceremony Flow Diagrams 27
•Script for Team Sports 29
Team Competition Formats
Bracketing
There are several different kinds of bracket arrangements that may be used in conducting tournament competition. The type of elimination is usually determined by several factors:
· The type of activity.
· The number of entries.
· The amount of playing time.
· Playing space and equipment.
· Age, sex, and ability level of participants.
· Officials available.
With a large number of entries it is sometimes desirable to run a combination tournament. For example: pool play is conducted for first rounds and then a double elimination or single elimination tournament follows. The winners of pool play will then be placed into a single or double elimination tournament depending upon the amount of time available in order to determine the ultimate champion.
Number of Byes
The first step before before making a drawing for the bracket arrangement is to determine the number of entries.
When the number of competitors is 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 or 128, or any higher power of "2," they shall meet in pairs. When the number of competitors is not a power of "2" there shall be byes in the first round. For example: If there are 13 entries, a bracket of 16 with three byes is required. The purpose of having byes is to bring into the second round a number of competitors that is a power of "2." To determine the number of byes subtract the number of byes from the total number of competitors. If the byes are an even number one half of them shall be placed at the top of the draw and one half at the bottom of the draw; if they are unevenly numbered there should be one more bye at the bottom than the top. The byes at the top half shall be the names first draw. The next names drawn shall be placed in the first round. The byes in the bottom half are drawn last.
Seeding the Draw
It is a common practice to seed the teams or individuals, placing them in a bracket so that they will not meet in the early rounds of play. In Special Olympics, seeding is based on pre-classification scores and divisioning rounds of games. In each of the following tournament formats, the teams have been appropriately seeded.
Types of Tournament Play
1. Round Robin Tournament
In this simple but efficient method, each team plays every other team once with the final standing determined on a percentage basis.
The following formula will apply to any number of teams, whether the total is odd or even. With an odd number of teams, there is the same number of rounds; with an even number of teams, there is one less number of games than teams.
For Odd Number of Teams --
Assign to each team a number and then use only the figures in drawing up the schedule. For example, in a league with 7 teams start with 1. Then put down figures in the following order:
7-bye 6-bye 5-bye 4-bye 3-bye 2-bye 1-bye
6-1 5-7 4-6 3-5 2-4 1-3 7-2
5-2 4-1 3-7 2-6 1-5 7-4 6-3
4-3 3-2 2-1 1-7 7-6 6-5 5-4
Note that the figures go down on the right side of the column and up on the left side. Number 7 draws a bye in the first round, and the others play as indicated. With an odd number of teams, all numbers revolve; the last number each time draws a bye.
For Even Number of Teams --
With an even number of teams, the plan is the same except the position of Number 1 remains stationary and the other numbers revolve about it until the original combination is reached. For example, with 8 teams the following occurs:
1-2 1-8 1-7 1-6 1-5 1-4 1-3
8-3 7-2 6-8 5-7 4-6 3-5 2-4
7-4 6-3 5-2 4-8 3-7 2-6 8-5
6-5 5-4 4-3 3-2 2-8 8-7 7-6
Note: With an even number of teams, Number 1 remains stationary and the other teams revolve. With an odd number of teams, all numbers revolve and the last number each time drawing a bye.
2. Double Elimination Tournament
Tournament Bracket Example:
What follows is a Double Elimination Tournament with play-off games to determine places 1 through 8.
3. Consolation Tournament
There are two types in general use. The consolation type tournament is generally used only when the number of entries is 8 or 16. In both tournament formats, every team plays at least two games before being eliminated.
In the Type I bracket arrangement, only the losers in the first round of play compete for the consolation title.
In the Type II bracket arrangement, the losers in all the rounds (except the final of the upper bracket) compete for 3rd and 4th place.
Winners’ Bracket – 8 entries
Type I: Consolation Bracket Type II: Consolation Bracket
4. Single Elimination Tournament
If the contestants are of equal strength or their strength is not known, have a drawing for positions in the bracket. If the strength is known, seed the best teams so they will not meet in the early rounds. It is suggested that the entries are seeded in the following positions below.
All BYES must occur in the first round of play. The total number of games played is always one less than the number of entries. To determine the number of games that the winner would have to play count the powers of two in the number of entries, e.g., with 8 entries the winner plays 3 games.
5. Pool Play
Pool Play tournament format is used in international competition. Its greatest asset is providing a structure whereby the best teams play for medals in the least amount of time. Its greatest limitation is that many venues are needed.
For divisions involving 6-8 teams, the format involves round robin competition within two pools to determine placement into medal competition. Within this round robin play, teams will get 2 points for a win, 1 point for a loss, and no points for a forfeit. (If there is a tie for position, the *International Scoring System is employed to determine order of finish.)
For divisions involving 4 or 5 teams, the format involves round robin competition within one pool to determine placement into medal competition. Again, within this round robin play, teams will get 2 points for a win, 1 point for a loss, and no points for a forfeit. (If there is a tie for position, the *International Scoring System is employed to determine order of finish.)
For divisions involving 3 teams, the format involves double round robin competition within one pool to determine placement into medal competition. Again, within this double round robin play, teams will get two points for a win, 1 point for a loss, and no points for a forfeit. (If there is a tie for position, the *International Scoring System will be employed to determine order of finish.)
A combination of Pool Play and Single Elimination Play is recommended. Pool Play determines contenders for medals. Single Elimination Play determines place and finish. For divisions of 6-8 teams and at the completion of round robin play, the top two teams from Pool A play the top two teams from Pool B in a single elimination tournament format for medals and order of finish. The bottom two teams from Pool A play the bottom two teams from Pool B for fifth through eighth places.
For Divisions of 4-5 teams and at the completion of round robin play, all teams are seeded in preparation for a single elimination tournament format for medals and ribbons representative of the order of their finish.
For divisions of 3 teams and at the completion of double round robin play, all teams are seeded in preparation for a single elimination tournament format for medals and ribbons representative of the order of their finish.
* International Scoring System is figured in the following way. Those teams tied will be compared in the following order until the tie is broken:
1) head-to-head competition.
2) total points scored minus total points given up.
1) total points scored.
Pool Play Format – Schedule and Brackets
Round Robin Play within Each Pool Playoffs for Placement
Pool Play Format continued:
Round Robin Play within Each Pool Playoffs for Placement
Pool Play Format continued:
Round Robin Play within Each Pool Playoffs for Placement
Team Competition Schedule
for the Sport of ______
Day/Time / Field/Court1 / Field/Court
2 / Field/Court
3 / Field/Court
4 / Field/Court
5 / Field/Court
6
Friday,
3:00 pm
3:45 pm
4:30 pm
5:15 pm
Saturday,
9:00 am
9:45 am
10:30 am
11:15 am
12:00 pm
12:45 pm
1:30 pm
2:15 pm
3:00 pm
3:45 pm
4:30 pm
5:15 pm
Identification of Teams
#1 = ______#11 = ______#21 = ______
#2 = ______#12 = ______#22 = ______
#3 = ______#13 = ______#23 = ______
#4 = ______#14 = ______#24 = ______
#5 = ______#15 = ______#25 = ______
#6 = ______#16 = ______#26 = ______
#7 = ______#17 = ______#27 = ______
#8 = ______#18 = ______#28 = ______
#9 = ______#19 = ______#29 = ______
#10 = ______#20 = ______#30 = ______
Special Olympics Team Competition
Entry Form
Sport: Basketball c Floor Hockey c Football c Softball c Team Handball c Volleyball c
Team name ______Uniform color(s) ______
Head Coach ______Phone ______
Address ______
Assistant Coach ______Phone ______
Type of team: Men’s c Women’s c Unified c
Skills Assessment Test Scores (SATs)*
Players’ Names / UniformNumber / Position / 1) / 2) / 3) / 4) / 5) / Total
Place a “C” after the captain(s).
Place a star (*) after your best 5 players (BB, TH) or 6 players (SB, FB, VB).
Place a “P” after the names of the Partners, if a Unified team.
* Note: Basketball and Football have three SATs each. Softball, Team Handball, and Volleyball have four SATs. Floor Hockey has five SATs.
Divisioning in Team Sports
Procedures in the Classification of Games
1. Prior to a team's coming to the competition, it is essential that each team member take part in Skills Assessment Tests. These can be conducted by the coach and an event management crew. These scores will form the basis for a preliminary categorizing/grouping of teams so that a more accurate divisioning can occur on site.
The following information will be requested from each team:
· Players' names.
· Age and sex.
· Height and weight.
· Skills Assessment Tests' scores.
A copy of the Team Competition Entry Form requesting such information follows.
2. The final divisioning will take place on site. The teams with the highest composite scores will play and be evaluated first. They will be evaluated on their Athletic Ability, Sport Specific Fundamental Skills, Dominant Player(s), Defensive Team Play, and Offensive Team Play.
· Athletic Ability refers to natural ability -- running and jumping, especially.
· Skills refer to two factors -- understanding the game of basketball and being able to perform that sport's fundamental skills.
· Dominant Player(s) refers to the impact one or more players have on the team and the outcome of a game. Noting that player's position and size is helpful for placement. (A 6'5" center who is aggressive on both offense and defense may have more impact that a small point guard.)
· Defensive Team Play refers to a team's ability to cover areas and to help each other, defensively. (How well do they adjust and communicate; do they make the same rule infraction most times down the court/field?)
· Offensive Team Play refers to a team's ability to work together and score. (How well do they handle the ball; do they consider more than one option; do they move without the ball?)
Other Pertinent Information
It has been demonstrated that the following occur with Special Olympics:
· Athletic Ability, Fundamental Skills, and having 1 or more Dominant Players point more to success than both Offensive Team Play and Defensive Team Play. Thus, those factors carry more weight. (A team with 1-2 dominant players who have average or below average team members need to play in a division as high as the dominance level of its exceptional player(s).
· A composite team (one that has been selected from players across an area, state, or province for the Games but has not played a season together) may not work very well together during the divisioning games, but will "play their way" to success as the tournament progresses.
· The importance of turning in meaningful statistics and scores and of divisioning are taken very seriously. The goal is to have as equal a competition among teams as possible.
· All players must be present, fully uniformed, and play in the divisioning games. A team's Entry Form includes the roster; numbers will be confirmed at the first coaches’ meeting. These players will be the eligible players for the competition. The starters will be starred, will start each of the divisioning games, and will start at least the first game of the Tournament.
· Teams must begin these trial games with their starters and are required to play all players.
· The team's Entry Form is the official document for the competition. The scorekeeper for each game will check the Form with the scoresheet to make certain that only eligible players are competing. (A packet of Entry Forms are to be provided at each venue.)
· The team competition schedule must allow for these classification games to precede Tournament competition.
· The Divisioning Committee will evaluate the best teams first. The best teams will be based on an assessment of the Team Entry Form, especially noting the Skills' Assessment Tests' scores