VALOIDcyclizine lactateProduct Information
Injection 50mg/mL
Product Information
VALOIDTM
Name of the Medicine
VALOID injection contains 50mg cyclizine lactate and has the following structural formula
Molecular formulaC18H22N2
Molecular weight266
CAS no.82-92-8
Description
Cyclizine is a piperazine-derivative antihistamine used as an anti-emetic agent when given as cyclizine lactate solution by intravenous injection. Cyclizine is a water soluble, bitter, white crystalline, solid, with pKa1 = 2.16 and pKa 2 = 8.05. VALOID injection is a clear, colourless solution for injection with a pH of 3.3 to 3.7 which contains cyclizine, lactic acid and water for injection. Each 1 mL ampoule contains 50 mg cyclizine lactate.
Pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics:
In healthy adult volunteers the following data were obtained from 6 subjects given a single bolus intravenous 25mg dose of cyclizine lactate.
Subject / AUC0–∞mcg/L*h / MRT
h / λ2
h-1 / t1/2
h / Vss
L/kg / Vz
L/kg / ClTOT
L/h/kg / Clg / % dose in urine
Mean / 273.53 / 15.46 / 0.0537 / 13.53 / 13.43 / 16.50 / 0.870 / 0.00418 / 0.55
SD / 32.53 / 2.40 / 0.0077 / 2.33 / 2.51 / 3.33 / 0.105 / 0.00244 / 0.25
The N-demethylated derivative, norcyclizine, has been identified as a metabolite of cyclizine.
Norcyclizine has little antihistaminic (H1) activity compared to cyclizine and has a plasma elimination half life of approximately 14hours.
After a single dose of 50mg cyclizine lactate given to a single adult male volunteer, urine collected over the following 24 hours contained less than 1% of the total dose administered.
Pharmacodynamics/Mechanism of action:
ATC Code: R60AE03
Pharmacotherapeutic Group: Piperazine derivatives
Cyclizine is a histamine H1 receptor antagonist of the piperazine class. It possesses anticholinergic and antiemetic properties. The exact mechanism by which cyclizine can prevent or suppress both nausea and vomiting from various causes is unknown.
Clinical Trials
The principal studies were conducted in young female patients only and may include data from older studies that may not align with current anaesthetic regimens and practice.
A Cochrane review of Drugs for Preventing Post-operative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) was conducted. This systematic review included randomised, controlled trials that compared a drug with placebo or another drug prevention of PONV, or compared doses or timing of administration and reported PONV as an outcome. Studies of treatment for established PONV were excluded. Study drug could be given pre-operatively, at induction of anaesthesia, intra-operatively or post-operatively (before nausea and vomiting had occurred). Studies in the review could include participants undergoing general anaesthesia, regional anaesthesia or sedation. Overall the review included 737studies involving 103,237 people. 60 different medications were identified, including cyclizine. A medication was considered effective if it achieved statistically significant benefits when compared to placebo for all four of the following outcomes: nausea, vomiting, nausea or vomiting; and use of rescue anti-emetic.
Efficacy in prevention of PONV was demonstrated for 8 of these 60 drugs, including cyclizine. The review included 10 studies that assessed the efficacy and safety of cyclizine. Compared with placebo, cyclizine had a Relative Riskof 0.65 (95%CI 0.470.90)for nausea, 0.57 (95%CI 0.430.75) for vomiting and 0.68 (95%CI 0.580.80) for nausea or vomiting and 0.27 (95% CI0.140.62) for rescue antiemetic.
Summary Results on the Prevention of drug therapy related nausea and vomiting
A study was carried out to compare the effectiveness of standard single-dose dexamethasone (n=30)and cyclizine(n=30) on PONV in women receiving spinal morphine and fentanyl for caesarean section under general anaesthesia. In relation to nausea severity scales, cyclizine was found to be superior to placebo (n=30) at 3 and 6 hours and superior to dexamethasone. With respect to vomiting episodes, cyclizine was found to be superior at 3 and 6 hours versus placebo and at 3 hours versus dexamethasone.
A study was carried out to examine the anti-emetic effect of cyclizine compared to droperidol when included in a patient-controlled analgesia regime. No statistically significant differences between groups was found, results were closely similar and better than historical controls leading to author conclusion that “... we have shown cyclizine to be as effective as droperidol in the prevention of PONV when included in a PCA infusion of morphine.”
A prospective randomised, double-blind study compared the (antiemetic) effects of cyclizine and perphenazine in reducing the emetic effects of morphine and pethidine. Cyclizine reduced sickness after pethidine pre-operatively p < 0.0001. Cyclizine reduced post-operative vomiting and nausea after morphine 10 mg, p < 0.001 and pethidine 100 mg, p < 0.0001. Cyclizine reduced PONV after morphine 15 mg (p < 0.0005).
Indications
VALOID is indicated for the prevention of nausea and vomiting in the post-operative period
Contraindications
VALOID should not be given to individuals with known hypersensitivity to cyclizine.
VALOID should not be given to patients who have severe heart failure. In such patients, cyclizine may cause a fall in cardiac output associated with increases in heart rate, mean arterial pressure and pulmonary wedge pressure.
Precautions
Anticholinergic effects
Cyclizine has anticholinergic effects and may precipitate pre-existing conditions that are likely to be exacerbated by anticholinergic activity, such as urinary retention or obstruction, angle-closure glaucoma, untreated intraocular hypertension, or uncontrolled primary open-angle glaucoma. It may also exacerbate gastrointestinal obstructive disorders and cause dry mouth and constipation.
It has been suggested that the anticholinergic effect of antihistamines such as cyclizine may reduce the volume and cause thickening of bronchial secretions, resulting in obstruction of respiratory tract. Cyclizine should be administered cautiously in patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Cardiovascular effects
Cyclizine should not be used in patients with severe heart failure. In such patients, cyclizine may cause a fall in cardiac output associated with increases in heart rate, mean arterial pressure and pulmonary wedge pressure.
Use in porphyria
Cyclizine should be avoided in porphyria.
Nervous system
Nervous system side effects of cyclizine have included drowsiness and sedation in many patients. Motor skills may be impaired. Cyclizine may also cause restlessness, excitation, nervousness and insomnia. Extrapyramidal effects may occur and dystonic reactions have been reported after single doses of cyclizine
There have been reports of abuse of cyclizine, either oral or intravenous, for its euphoric or hallucinatory effects. The concomitant misuse of VALOID with large amounts of alcohol is particularly dangerous, since the antiemetic effect of cyclizine may increase the toxicity of alcohol.
There have been isolated case reports of transient paralysis occurring in patients using intravenous cyclizine. Two of the patients mentioned in these reports had an underlying neuromuscular disorder. Thus intravenous cyclizine should be used with caution in all patients in general, and in patients with underlying neuromuscular disorders in particular.
Studies designed to detect drowsiness did not reveal sedation in healthy adults who took a single oral therapeutic dose (50 mg) of cyclizine lactate. Sedation of short duration was reported by subjects receiving intravenous cyclizine. Patients should not drive or operate machinery until they have determined their own response.
Although there are no data available, patients should be cautioned that VALOID may have additive effects with alcohol and other central nervous system depressants, e.g. hypnotics and tranquillisers.
In studies in which atropine has been used as part of the anaesthetic regime, cyclizine has been found to be not effective in treating PONV. This may be due to the central anti-cholinergic activity of atropine affecting the anti-emetic effect of cyclizine.
Effects on fertility
The effects of cyclizine on human fertility are unknown. There are no adequate nonclinical studies of the effects of cyclizine on fertility.
Use in pregnancy (Category B3)
Administration of cyclizine to rat, mice and rabbits during gestation was associated with malformations including cleft palate and various cephalic abnormalities; the no-effect doses determined in rats and rabbits were 50 and 25 mg/kg/day, respectively. There has been no systematic assessment of the safety of cyclizine in pregnancy in humans therefore the use of VALOID in pregnancy is not recommended.
Use in lactation
It is not known whether cyclizine and/or its metabolites are excreted in human milk. The use of VALOID in breastfeeding women is not recommended.
Paediatric Use
The safety and effectiveness of cyclizine in the treatment of post-operative nausea and vomiting has not been assessed. Children may be more sensitive to the anticholinergic side effects of cyclizine. Use is not recommended.
Use in the Elderly
There have been no specific studies of VALOID in the elderly. Experience has indicated that normal adult dosage is appropriate.
Genotoxicity
In bacterial reverse mutation assays, cyclizine per se was negative in all tested strains, while nitrosated cyclizine was positive in some strains. No other genotoxicity studies have been conducted with cyclizine.
Effects on ability to drive and operative machines
Patients given intravenous cyclizine should not drive or operate machinery until they have determined their own response.
Although there are no data available, patients should be cautioned that VALOID may have additive effects with alcohol and other central nervous system depressants, e.g. anaesthetic agents, hypnotics and tranquillizers.
Interaction with other medicines
VALOID may have additive effects with alcohol and other central nervous system depressants e.g. hypnotics, tranquilisers, anaesthetics.
VALOID enhances the soporific effect of pethidine. In nonclinical studies, cyclizine potentiated the antiociceptive effects of pentazocine and morphine in rodents.
Because of its anticholinergic activity, cyclizine may enhance the side-effects of other anticholinergic drugs.
In studies in which atropine has been used part of the anaesthetic regime, cyclizine has been found to be not effective in treating PONV. This may be due to the central anti-cholinergic activity of atropine affecting the anti-emetic effect of cyclizine.
In vitro studies using human liver preparations identified a weak inhibitory effect of cyclizine on CYP2D6 (IC50 109µM) which is unlikely to be clinically relevant, and moderate inhibitory activity on estrone sulfotransferase at a concentration (IC50 0.44µM) close to clinical plasma concentrations, although the clinical significance is not known.
Adverseeffects
The incidence of adverse effects due to cyclizine alone has not been examined in clinical trials and the incidence of adverse events listed in this section has not been accurately determined.
Blood and lymphatic system disorders
Agranulocytosis
Cardiac disorders
Tachycardia
Eye disorders
Blurred vision, oculogyric crisis
Gastrointestinal system disorders
Dryness of the mouth, nose and throat, constipation
General disorders and administration site conditions
Asthenia
Injection site reactions including vein tracking, erythema, pain, thrombophlebitis and blisters. A sensation of heaviness, chills and pruritus have been reported rarely.
Anaphylaxis has been recorded following intravenous administration of cyclizine co-administered with propanidid in the same syringe.
Hepatobiliary disorders
Hepatic dysfunction, hypersensitivity hepatitis, cholestatic jaundice and cholestatic hepatitis have occurred in association with cyclizine.
Immune system disorders
Hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis have occurred.
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
Twitching, muscle spasms
Nervous system disorders
Effects on the central nervous system have been reported with cyclizine. These include somnolence, headache, dystonia, dyskinesia, extrapyramidal motor disturbances, tremor, convulsions, dizziness, decreased consciousness, transient speech disorders, paraesthesia and generalised chorea.
There have been rare case reports of patients experiencing depressed levels of consciousness/loss of consciousness. The use of cyclizine has been associated with cases of transient paralysis following administration of the intravenous formulation of the medicine. The onset of paralysis is usually within minutes of administration, affects the limbs, and fully resolves within hours of discontinuation of the medicine.
Psychiatric disorders
Disorientation, restlessness or agitation, nervousness, insomnia and auditory and visual hallucinations have been reported, particularly when dosage recommendations have been exceeded.
Renal and urinary disorders
Urinary retention
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
Bronchospasm, apnoea
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
Urticaria, pruritus, drug rash, angioedema, allergic skin reactions, fixed drug eruption
Vascular disorders
Hypertension, hypotension
Dosage and administration
Treatment with VALOID should commence within first 24 hours of surgery and should not continue beyond 48 hours.
There are no data on the use of VALOID in the treatment of established post-operative nausea and vomiting.
Route of Administration: intravenous
Adults
50 mg intravenously up to three times daily.
When used intravenously, VALOID should be injected slowly into the bloodstream, with only minimal withdrawal of blood into the syringe.
For the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting, administer the first dose by slow intravenous injection 20 minutes before the anticipated end of surgery.
Overdosage
Symptoms
Symptoms of acute toxicity from cyclizine arise from peripheral anticholinergic effects and effects on the central nervous system.
Peripheral anticholinergic symptoms include, dry mouth, nose and throat, blurred vision, tachycardia and urinary retention. Central nervous system effects include drowsiness, dizziness, incoordination, ataxia, weakness, hyperexcitability, disorientation, impaired judgement, hallucinations, hyperkinesia, extrapyramidal motor disturbances, convulsions, hyperpyrexia and respiratory depression.
Treatment
In the management of acute overdosage with VALOID, supportive measures for respiration and circulation should be performed if necessary. Convulsions should be controlled in the usual way with parenteral anticonvulsant therapy.
In case of overdose, immediately contact the Poisons Information Centre (in Australia, call 13 11 26 for advice).
Presentation and storage conditions
1mL neutral glass ampoules. Five ampoules in a carton.
Each mL contains 50 mg cyclizine lactate
Shelf Life
Four years
Special Precautions for Storage
Store below 25ºC
Protect from light, keep the ampoule in the outer carton.
AUST R 180894
Name and address of sponsor
Link Medical Products Pty Ltd
5 Apollo St.
Warriewood, NSW 2102
Poison schedule of the medicine
Prescription only medicine - S4
Date of first inclusion in the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (the ARTG)
19 June 2012
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