Study/Review Sheet for Chapter 6 Section 1
1. Chromosomes are made up of proteins and ______.
A. DNA C. Ribosomes
B. Nucleus E. Lipids
2. DNA is made up of units called ______.
A. Genetic Tablets C. Nucleotides
B. Identical Partners D. Double Nitrogens
3. Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine are found on ______.
A. The surface of our cells.
B. The nucleus cells in the nervous system
C. The nucleotides that make up our genes.
D. There are not such things as adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.
4. Each nucleotide consists of three different types of material. What are they?
______, ______, and ______.
5. There are four possible bases in a nucleotide, what are the names of each of the bases?
______, ______, ______and ______.
6. The bases found in nucleotides are always paired up. Adenine is always paired with ______in DNA and Cytosine is always paired up with ______.
7. Our textbook gives an artists rendition of the shapes the nucleotides may occur. Draw the examples given from page 128. Do you notice how these could fit together?
8. ______is the lady who used X-rays to create images of DNA molecules.
9. James ______and Francis ______modeled DNA and determined the shape must be a ______.
10. Describe and draw a double helix DNA molecule.
11. Draw the DNA molecule with at least 10 base pairs correctly matched (your drawing on this portion can be as if the DNA molecule appeared exactly like a ladder).
11. Make sure you understand that one side of the DNA molecule is complimentary to the other side regarding the bases that pair up.
12. When a DNA molecule makes a copy of itself it “unzips” resembling a zipper or an upside down Y. When DNA makes a copy of itself we say it ______or has undergone replication.
13. The DNA molecule splits down the middle where the ______meet when it replicates. One side is used as a template or pattern to form a new complimentary side.
14. When DNA replicates itself and no mutations have occurred, the two new DNA molecules are ______to each other.
15. Remember: DNA functions in the same way for all organisms. The same bases are found in all organisms, but it is the ______in which the bases occur that makes all organisms different from each other.
16. Sometimes one allele may not be completely dominant over another allele and the result is that both alleles play a role in the phenotype (recall phenotype: what the organism looks like or the appearance of an organism). When two or more alleles have their own degree of influence, we say the alleles exhibit ______dominance.
17. What are two examples given to demonstrate incomplete dominance in organisms that we read and discussed? Explain this concept in terms of the white tiger and snapdragon flower.
18. We have discussed how alleles/genes can influence your development. Explain how our environment can influence our development.
Chapter 6 Section 2 Review/Study Questions
1. The bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine make up the ______of the code in DNA.
2. Each ______bases code for a specific amino acid.
3. ______are made up of amino acids linked together (we have had this before).
4. The ______of the bases determines the order of the amino acids in a protein.
5. Scientists thought or DNA was found in proteins at one time because proteins are so ______.
6. The first step in making a protein is copying the ______strand that contains the code for the gene (protein) wanting to be made.
7. The “factory” where proteins are assembled is the ______(this is a review from cell organelles).
8. Sometimes there are mistakes that occur during the gene making process. These mistakes are known as ______.
9. The cause for a mutation is a change in the sequence of ______in the DNA.
10. If a base has been mistakenly left out, this type of mutation is known as a ______.
11. If an extra base has been included into the code, this mutation is called a ______mutation.
12. If a base has been replaced by a different base in the code, this type of mutation is known as a ______.
13. There are three possible outcomes to a mutation. One is it has no effect at all on the organism. The second possible outcome could result in a harmful change, and the last possibility is the mutation occurs in the sex cells and is passed from one ______to the next generation.
14. DNA can be damaged by several means. Anything that can damage DNA is known as a ______.
15. High-energy radiation, X-rays, and ultraviolet radiation can all cause ______and are classified as ______.
16. Notes to know: Many chemicals are mutagens and have been placed on lists giving specific warning to avoid direct contact with these chemicals. It is very important to read the manufacturers labels on chemicals because you will find the important directions and warnings located here.
17. A specific example of a substitution mutation is when valine is substituted for glutamic acid. The resulting substitution results in a red blood cell problem called ______cell anemia. Draw what a sickle cell would look like and explain some of the problems associated with sickle cell anemia.
18. A tool used for tracing a trait through generations of a family is called a ______.
19. Most disorders resulting from mutations are recessive, therefore they only show up when both alleles for the trait are ______.
20. The process that scientist use to transfer genes from one organism to another is called ______engineering.
21. When scientists breed (mate) organisms for desirable characteristics or to create a new breed, they often use ______breeding.