Study Guide for Exam 1

Study Guide for Exam 1

Personality and the Scientific Outlook

temperament -

experience -

personality -

psychological “construct” -

empirical evidence -

theory vs. hypothesis -

inductive theorizing -

deductive theorizing -

postulates -

propositions -

hypotheses -

operational definition -

role of replication -

laws -

RESEARCH METHODS

experimental method -

independent variable -

dependent variable -

experimental group -

control group -

cause and effect -

correlational method -

correlation coefficient -

statistical significance -

case study method -

“post hoc explanations” -

“a priori predictions” -

CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING THEORIES

comprehensiveness -

precision and testability -

parsimony -

empirical validity -

heuristic value -

applied value -

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

BIOGRAPHY

Freud’s long term but non-addictive use of cocaine

Freud’s “determinism” - he had a very dim view of human nature

“resistance” - clients will go off topic when important issues are approached in therapy

Seduction (Libido) theory - early on, he thought many children had had early sexual

experiences with parents, later on, he assumed these reports were “fantasized”

neopsychoanalytic perspective - theories of those who followed Freud (e.g., Jung)

Freud’s cigar habit and cancer, Freud’s fainting spells

CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES

three levels of consciousness (aspects of mental life)

conscious -

preconscious -

unconscious -

instincts and four characteristics:

1. source -

2. aim -

3. impetus -

4. object -

life instincts (eros) esp. libido -

death instincts (thanatos) -

three divisions of personality

1. id -

2. ego -

3. superego -

id-superego conflict -

defense mechanisms -

1. repression -

2. sublimation -

3. undoing -

4. compromise formation -

repression is -

PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

five “psychosexual stages” of development: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

Oedipus and Electra complexes -

fixation -

character types - reflect fixation or healthy development:

1. oral receptive -

2. oral aggressive -

3. anal -

4. phallic -

5. genital -

Study by Tribich and Messer (1974), used the “autokinetic effect” in an experiment -

evidence for parenting practices as the source of the character types is WEAK

ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES

free association -

parapraxis -

dream analysis -

manifest content -

latent content -

transference -

1. positive -

2. negative -

3. countertransference -

THEORY’S IMPLICATIONS FOR THEREAPY

neurosis -

psychosis -

psychoanalysis -

the case of the “rat man” -

Jung’s Analytic Psychology

BIOGRAPHY

mother and distrust of women

AH HA!!!! EXPERIENCE

drew upon many disciplines

was “heir apparent” to Freud’s position until their “split”

developed a “religious” attitude towards life

CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES

Jung’s “analytical psychology” -

the “psyche” - life process (psychic) energy - similar to Freud’s libido,

principle of opposites -

principle of entropy -

principle of equivalence -

complex (e.g., the ego) -

changing relationship between the “self” and the “ego” -

personal unconscious -

collective unconscious -

archetypes -

Jung’s opinion on spirituality and religion -

Archetypes:

Persona -

Shadow -

Anima -

Animus -

the Self -

the way of individuation -

mandalas -

THE THEORY OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES (two attitudes and four “functions”)

the two attitudes are introversion and extraversion

“attitude” 1.

four functions in two pairs:

the “rational pair” 1. thinking and 2. feeling

the “irrational pair” 3. sensing and 4. intuiting

dominant (superior) function -

inferior function -

auxiliary (supporting) pair -

Typology (theory of the psychological types) Jung focused on eight

e.g., extraverted-thinking (scientist) or introverted-feeling (suffering artist or poet)

Myers Briggs Type Indicator -

PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

self-realization -

neurosis vs. psychosis -

ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES

neurotics have an absence of archetypal dreams -

method of amplification -

word association test -

painting therapy -

THEORY’S IMPLICATIONS FOR THEREAPY

cause of neurosis in young adults -

cause of neurosis in middle age -

therapy has four phases:

“SYNCHRONICITY” -

Notable Applied Value - in terms of the Myers Briggs Type Indicator

Adler’s Individual Psychology

BIOGRAPHY

sickly as a child and almost died from pneumonia

became an MD and worked with “sideshow” performers which led to his ideas on

“overcompensation”

developed a “humanistic” - “socialist” view of life

“The individual can only be understood within the context of the society”

CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES

Adler’s “individual psychology” -

“teleological position” -

“fictional finalism” and later the “guiding self ideal” -

striving for completion or “superiority”

social interest -

organ inferiority (real or imagined) -

Adler’s “Masculine Protest” -

in the female -

in the male -

style of life -

PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

birth order effects - Richman -

role and fate of the only first, middle, and particularly the last child

1. first child -

2. middle child -

3. last child -

the first child and achievement -

Belmont and Marolla’s data -

Zajonc and Markus’s “Confluence Model” -

Steelman’s 1985 criticism of Zajonc and Markus -

four “lifestyle” types posited by Adler

1. ruling -

2. getting -

3. avoiding -

4. socially useful -

ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES

1. early recollections (first memories)

2. dream analysis

3. birth order analysis

THEORY’S IMPLICATIONS FOR THERAPY

neurotics and psychotics -

the goal of therapy -

Horney’s Social and Cultural Psychoanalysis

BIOGRAPHY

relationship with her father and his attitude

her therapy experiences caused her to question traditional psychoanalysis

she put less emphasis on instincts and more on the “social” basis of pathology

CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES

hypercompetitiveness -

basic anxiety -

neurotic needs (strategies) (10)

normal people -

neurotic people -

neurotic trends (types) (3)

1. compliant -

2. aggressive -

3. detached -

PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

Horney’s view on Freud’s concept of “penis envy” -

Horney’s view on Freud’s concept of “female masochism” -

humanistic view of development -

real self -

neurotics -

Horney calls this need for perfection -

neurotics are filled with self hatred -

externalization -

Seven “auxiliary” defenses used by neurotics

THEORY’S IMPLICATIONS FOR THEREAPY

neurotics must give up -

therapy is -

in terms of HEURISTIC VALUE -

in terms of APPLIED VALUE -

Erikson's Psychoanalytic Ego Psychology

BIOGRAPHY

his family of origin was unusual (probably an illegitimate child)

he had his own “identity crisis” which later played a major role in his theory

never earned a degree, but was accepted into Freud's "circle" and later received

an honorary doctorate from Harvard

he had particular interests in "child" and "cross cultural" psychology

CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES

“ego psychology” -

epigenetic principal -

8 stages of personality development -

positive resolution -

You should know the "crises" for stages 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 (especially 5)

e.g., for stage 6 (young adulthood) the ego crisis is intimacy vs. isolation

the "identity crisis" -

adolescent totalism -

Marcia (1966) posited four identity statuses of adolescence

1. identity diffusion -

2. foreclosure -

3. moratorium -

4. identity achievement -

research suggests a number of positive characteristics for "identity achievers"

Orlofsky (1976) has suggested six “intimacy statuses” in young adulthood

1. intimate individuals -

2. preintimate individuals -

3. stereotyped individuals -

4. pseudointimate individuals -

5. isolated individuals -

6. merger individuals -

There is greater support for Erikson's last four stages than for the first four

Absent from the 8th edition are feminist reactions to Erikson’s ideas on “children’s play -