JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR

Course Structure and Syllabus for M. Pharm- Pharmacognosy

for affiliated Pharmacy Colleges 2009-10

I YEAR I SEMESTER

Subject / Hours/
Week
Modern Pharmaceutical Analytical Techniques / 4
Biostatistics, Intellectual property rights and regulatory affairs / 4
Advanced Pharmacognosy and phytochemistry- I / 4
Industrial Pharmacognosy - I / 4
Modern Pharmaceutical Analysis-Practical / 6
Advanced Pharmacognosy and phytochemistry- I Practical / 6
Mini-project- I / 3

I YEAR II SEMESTER

Subject / Hours/
Week
Advanced Pharmacognosy and photochemistry- II / 4
Industrial Pharmacognosy - II / 4
Medicinal plant biotechnology / 4
Herbal drug development and standardization / 4
Industrial Pharmacognosy- Practical / 6
Medicinal plant biotechnology- Practical / 6
Mini-project- II / 3

II YEAR (III & IV Semesters)

SUBJECTS
Seminar
Project work


JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR

M.Pharm Pharmaceutical Chemistry

I year I semester

MODERN PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS

1. UV-VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY: Brief review of electromagnetic spectrum, UV-Visual range, energy, wavelength and color relationships. Interaction of electromagnetic radiation (UV-visible) with matter and its effects. Chromophores and their interactions with E.M.R. Absorption spectra of organic compounds and complexes illustrating the phenomenon and its utilization in qualitative and quantitative studies of drugs. Shifts and their interpretation (including solvent effects). Empirical correlation of structure with absorption phenomena (Woodward’s rules etc) Quantitative estimations, Modern instrumentation.

2.  a) INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY: Nature of Infra-red radiation. Interaction of I.R
radiation with I.R molecules and effects on bonds. Molecular Infrared Spectra.
Brief outline of classical I.R instrumentation and practical details of obtaining
spectra, including sample preparation for spectroscopy, quantitative interpretation
of I.R spectroscopy including FT-IR, ATR.

b) OPTICAL ROTATORY DISPERSION: Fundamental principles of ORD,
cotton effect curves, their characteristics and interpretation. Octant rule and its
application with examples. Circular dichroism and its relation to ORD.

3.  NMR SPECTROSCOPY: Fundamental principles of NMR (Magnetic properties of nuclei, applied field and precession; absorption and transition; frequency). Chemical shifts concept: Isotopic nuclei, Reference standards: Proton magnetic spectra, their characteristics, presentation terms used in describing spectra and their interpretation (Signal No., Position, Intensity). Brief outline of instrumental arrangements and some practical details. Signal multiplicity phenomenon in high resolution PMR. Spin-spin coupling. Application of Signal split and coupling constant data to interpretation of spectra. De-coupling and shift reagent methods. Brief outline of principles of FT-NMR with reference to 13CNMR. Spin-spin and spin-lattice relaxation phenomenon. Free induction decay (FID) proton noise de-coupling signal, average time domain and frequency domain signals nuclear overhauser enhancement 13CNMR spectra, their presentation; characteristics, interpretation, examples and applications. Brief indication of application of magnetic resonance spectral data of other nuclei by modern NMR instruments. Introduction to 2-D NMR techniques.

4.  MASS SPECTROSCOPY: Basic principles and brief outline of instrumentation. Ion formation and types; molecular ion, Meta stable ions, fragmentation processes. Fragmentation patterns and fragmentation characteristics in relation to parent structure and functional groups. Relative abundances of isotopes and their contribution to characteristic peaks. Mass spectrum, its characteristics, presentation and interpretation. Chemical ionization Mass Spectroscopy. GC-MS, other recent advances in MS. Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. LC-MS, LC MS-MS.

5.  CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES: Classification of chromatographic methods based on mechanism of separation. Column chromatography, column materials, merits and demerits. Paper chromatography; techniques and applications. Thin Layer Chromatography, comparison to paper chromatography and HPLC, adsorbents for TLC. Preparation techniques, mobile phase selection, reversed phase TLC, High performance TLC detection methods, quantitative methods in TLC. Programmed multiple development techniques.

6.  GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY: Instrumentation packed and open tubular column, Column efficiency parameters, the Vandeemeter equation, Resolution, liquid stationary phase, derivatization methods of GC including acylation, perfloro acylation, alkylation and esterification. Detectors: FID, ECD, TCD, NPDA. Critical comparison of sensitivity, selectivity and field of applications of these detectors. Examples of GC applications in pharmaceutical analysis.

7.  LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY: Comparison of GC and HPLC, instrumentation in HPLC, analytical, preparative and microbore columns, normal and reversed phase packing materials, reverse phase HPLC, Column selection, Mobile phase selection, Efficiency parameters, resolution, detectors in HPLC refractive index, photometric and electrochemical. Comparison of sensitivity, selectivity and field of applications of these detectors. HPTLC-instrumentation and applications.

8.  ELECTROPHORESIS: Moving boundary electrophoresis, Zone electrophoresis, Iontophoresis, PAGE, Isotacophoresis and applications in pharmacy.

X-ray Diffraction methods: introduction, generation of X-rays, elementary crystallography, Miller Indices, X-rays diffraction, Bragg’s law, X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray powder diffractometer, obtaining and interpretation of X-ray powder diffraction data. Principle, instrumentation and application of the following: Differential Scanning Colorimetry (DSC), DTA &TGA in analysis of pharmaceuticals.

REFERENCES:

1.  Instrumental methods of chemical analysis by chatwal. K, anand, 5th edition.

2.  Vogel’s text book of quantitative chemical analysis by G.H.Jeffery, J.Bassett, J.Mendhan, R.C.Denny.

3.  Instrumental methods of analysis by Willard, Merit, Dean, Settle.

4.  Organnic spectroscopy by Y.R.Sharma.

5.  Spectrometric identification of organic compounds by silverstein, Webster.

6.  Spectroscopy by B.K.Sharma

7.  Fundamentals of analytical chemistry by Skoog

8.  Instrumental methods of analysis by Skoog.

9.  Text book of pharmaceutical analysis by S.Ravishankar.

10.  Organic spectroscopy by William kemp

11.  Spectroscopic methods in Organic chemistry by Dudley William and Ian Flemming, Tata Mc Graw Hill.

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR

M.Pharm Pharmacognosy

I year I semester

BIO-STATISTICS, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS & REGULATORY AFFAIRS

I. BIO-STATISTICS

  1. An introduction to statistics and biostatistics-collection and organization of data, graphical, pictorial presentation of data, measures of central tendency and dispersion, sampling techniques, sample size, Coefficient of variation, mean error, relative error, precision and accuracy
  1. Tests of significance: Testing hypotheses – Principles and applications of Z, t, F–ratio and chi-square tests in pharmaceutical and medical research. Non-parametric tests: sign test, Wilcoxon signed rank test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, Kruskal Wallis test, run test and median tests.
  1. Design of Experiments: Principles of randomization, replication and local control; CRD, RBD, LSD – their applications and analysis of data; Factorial Experiments – Principles and applications; Probit analysis: Dose – effect relationships, calculation of LD50, ED50.
  1. Statistical quality control : Meaning and uses , Construction of X, R, P, ηp and charts

II. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS & REGULATORY AFFAIRS

1.  Patents and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR): Definition, scope, objectives, sources of patent information, patent processing and application. Patents, Copyrights, Trademarks, Salient features, international and regional agreements.

2.  GATT & WTO: GATT – Historical perspective, objectives, fundamental principles, impact on developing countries. WTO – objectives, scope, functions, structure, status, membership and withdrawal, dispute settlement, impact on globalization, India – task and challenges, trade related aspects (TRIPS).

3.  Regulatory Affairs : Indian context – requirements and guidelines of GMP, understanding of Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 and Rules 1945 with reference to Schedule N ,U & Y.

4.  a).Related Quality Systems: Objectives and guidelines of USFDA, WHO and ICH. Introduction to ISO series.

b).Documentation: Types related to pharmaceutical industry, protocols,
harmonizing formulations, development for global filings, ANDA, NDA, CTD,
dealing with post – approval changes – SUPAC, handling and maintenance
including electronic documentation.

REFERENCES:

1.  KS Negi ‘Biostatistics’ AITB Publishers, Delhi.

2.  Irfan Alikhan ‘Fundamentals of Biostatistics’ Ukaaz Publications

3.  Khan and Khanum ‘Biostatistics for Pharmacy’ Ukaaz Publications

4.  J.E, Demuth ‘Basic statistics and Pharmaceutical applications’ Mercel & Dekker.

5.  Applied statistics by S.C.Gupta & V.K.Kapoor

6.  Funadamentals of mathematical statistics by S.C.Gupta & V.K.Kapoor

7.  Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceuticals, S.H. Wiling, Vol. 78, Marcel Decker.

8.  Protection of Industrial Property rights, P. Das & Gokul Das

9.  Law and Drugs, Law Publications. S.N. Katju

10.  Original Laws Published By Govt. of India

11.  Laws of drugs in India, Hussain

12.  New Drug Approval Process, R.A.Guarino,Vol 100, Marcel Decker, NY

13.  fda.org,wipo.int,patentlawlinks.com, hc-sc.gc.ca,ich.org,cder.org

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR

M.Pharm Pharmacognosy

I year I semester

ADVANCED PHARMOCOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY-I

1.  Plant drug cultivation: General aspects involved in the cultivation of medicinal plants. Conservation of medicinal plants: ex-situ and in-situ cultivation; Biodiversity loss; WTO and TRIPS agreement.

2.  Factors involved in production of crude drug:

i.  Exogenous

ii. Edaphic factors

iii. Mineral supplements

iv.  Nutrients and growth regulators and inhibitors

3.  Pest and weed control: study of pesticides and weedicides with special importance to natural pesticides and weedicides. Disease management of medicinal and aromatic plants.

4.  Detailed Phytochemical study of following classes of phyto constituents including important drugs -I.

  1. Plantlipids
  2. Terpenes and terpenoides
  3. Resins and related compounds
  4. Plant phenols

5.  Detailed Phytochemical study of following classes of phyto constituents including important drugs-II

  1. Alkaloids
  2. Glycosides
  3. Steroids
  4. Flavanoids

6.  Study of information retrieval methods of natural plants and herbal data bases. Screening and review of literature for the following activities:

  1. Hepatoprotectives
  2. Anti-fertility agents
  3. Anti-microbial and anti-viral
  4. Anti-cancer agents
  5. Hypolipidemics

7.  Study of information retrieval methods of natural plants and herbal data bases. Screening and review of literature for the following activities:

  1. Anti-obesity agents
  2. Anti-diabetics
  3. Anti-allergic
  4. Adoptogenics
  5. Immuno-modulators
  6. Cardiovascular agents

8.  Chemotaxonomy:

a.  Definition, significance, types.

b.  Chemotaxonomic significance of flavanoids and alkaloids.

REFERENCES:

1.  An introduction to pharmacognosy and phyto chemistry , Durai Swamy and Dr.K.N.Jayaveera, S.Chand

  1. Cultivation of medicinal and aromatic crops, 1st edition, by AA Farooqui and B.S.Sreeramu. University Press, 2001.
  2. Medicinal Plants of India, 1st edition, by S.N. Yoganarasimhan, Interlilne PublishingPvt. Ltd.. 2000.
  3. Medicinal natural products (a biosynthetic approach), 1st edition, by Paul M. Dewick, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., England, 1998.
  4. Natural Products from Plants, 1st edition, by Peter B. Kaufman, CRC Press, New York, 1998
  5. Glimpses of Indian Ethano Pharmacology by P. Pushpangadam. Ulf Nyman. V.George Tropical Botanic Garden & Research Institute, 1995.
  6. Natural products: A lab guide by Raphael Ikan , 2nd Edition, Academic Press
    1991
  7. Pharmacognosy - G. E. Trease and W.C. Evans. 15th Edition W.B. Saunders

Edinburgh,New York.

  1. Pharmacognosy-Tyler, Brady, Robbers
  2. Modem Methods of Plant Analysis- Peach & M.V. Tracey, Vol. I&II
  3. Phytochemistry -Vol. I to IV. Miller Jan Nostrant Renhold.
  4. Chemistry of Marine Natural Products- Paul J. Schewer 1973.
  5. Marine Natural Products-Vol.I to IV.

14.  Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Government of India.

15.  Herbal Drug Iudustry by RD. Choudhary, 1st edition, Eastern Publisher, New

Delhi, 1996.

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR

M.Pharm Pharmacognosy

I year I semester

INDUSTRIAL PHARMOCOGNOSY-I

1.  General methods of isolation, purification, identification and estimation of phytoconstitutents.

2.  Phytochemical screening of natural compounds

3.  Isolation and characterization of the following phytopharmaceuticals.

a.  Adhatoda vasica-Vasicine

b.  Andrographis paniculata-Andrographolides

c.  Bacopa monnieri-Bacosides

d.  Curcuma longa-Curcumin

e.  Gymnema sylvestre-Gymnemic acid

f.  Phyllanthus amarus-Phyllanthin

g.  Pipernigrum/longum-Peperine

h.  Tinospora cordifolia-Cordifolioside

i.  Tribulus terestris-Total saponins

j.  Withania somnifera-Withanolides

k.  Zingiber officinale-gingerol

l.  Commiphora mukul-guggulosterone

4.  Commerce and Quality control of drugs:

a.  Indian & international trades in medicinal and aromatic plants.

b.  Factors affecting herb quality

5.  Quality control methods for medicinal plant materials:

Development of standardization parameters according to WHO guidelines for assessment of crude drugs:

a.  Evaluation of identity, purity and quality of crude drugs.

b.  Determination of pesticide residue.

c.  Determination of Arsenic and heavy metals.

d.  Determination of microorganisms.

e.  Determination of aflotoxins

6.  Pharmacopoeial studies: Study of Herbal Pharmacopoeia and Compendiae; Indian Pharmacopoeia, Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia, Chinese Pharmacopoeia and USP for herbal monographs.

7.  Fermentation technology: Industrial production of anti-biotics with their preparation methods.

8.  Pilot scale-up techniques: Production of standardized extracts by suitable techniques with special reference to some folklore medicinal plants.

REFERENCES:

1.  Organic Chemistry by I.L. Finar vol.ii

2.  Chemistry of Natural Products by K.W. Bentley

3.  Biosynthesis of Aromatic Compounds by Ulrich Weiss & J. Michael Edwards.

4.  Pharmacognosy by Trease and Evans, ELBS.

5.  Clark’s isolation and Identification of drugs by A.C. Mottal.

6.  Introduction to chromatography theory and practical by Srivastava, K.
Kishore.

7.  Plant Drug Analysis by Wagner.

8.  Practical Evaluation of Phytopharmaceuticals by K.r. Brain, T.D. Turner.

9.  Research guideline for evaluating the safety and efficacy of herbal
medicines WHO publications.

10.  CMPC Guidelines.

11.  Techniques in Organic Chemistry by Weiss Creger.

12.  Wilson and Gisvolds text book of organic Medicinnal and Pharmaceutical
chemistry by Deorge. R.F.

13.  Recent Progress in Medicinal Plants Vol1-22, D.K. Majumdar, J.N. Govil, V.K. Singh, Rajeev. Kr. Sharma, Studium Press, LLC. U.S.A.,

14.  The Chemistry of Natural Products, Edited by R.H. Thomson, Springer
International Edn. 1994.

15.  Natural Products Chemistry Practical Manual by Anees A Siddiqui and Seemi Siddiqui.

16.  Indian Pharmacopoeia, United States Pharmacopoeia,

Journals: a) Phytochemistry, b)Planta medica c) Phytotherapy Research,

d) Fitoterapia

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR

M.Pharm Pharmaceutical Chemistry

I year I semester

MODERN PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS - PRACTICAL

1.  Simultaneous estimation of Paracetamol and Ibuprofen, Rifampicin and INH, Aspirin and Caffeine.

2.  UV-Visible spectrum scanning of certain organic compounds- absorption and co-relation of structures, comparisons. Ex: a. Chloramphenicol

b. Sulphadiazine

c. Analgin

3.  Effect of pH and solvent on UV spectrum of certain drugs.

4.  Two dimensional paper chromatography and TLC.

5.  Gradient elution and other techniques in column chromatography.

6.  Separation by electrophoresis.(PAGE and agarose Gel electrophoresis)

7.  Experiments based on HPLC and GC.

8.  IR, NMR and Mass spectroscopy of compound each.

9.  DSC/XRD curves of a sample and mixture to understand polymorphism.

10.  Determination of insulin / any other hormones by ELISA method.


JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR

M.Pharm Pharmacognosy

I year I semester

ADVANCED PHARMOCOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY - I PRACTICAL

1.  Phytochemical screening of plant extracts and drugs.

2.  Isolation, separation, purification and identification of important phytoconstitutents belonging to different classes:

a.  Starch, Amylose and Amylopectin

b.  Meristicin and Trimeristicin from nut meg.

c.  Eugenol from clove.

d.  Stigmasterol from soyabean.

e.  Lycopean from tomato.

f.  Curcumin from turmeric.

g.  Sennoides from senna.

h.  Glycyrrhizin from Glycyrrhiza.

i.  Strychnine and Brucine or quinine or caffeine or nicotine or piperine or hesperidine.

3.  Anti-microbial screening of plant extracts and drugs.

4.  Screening of drugs for the presence of enteric organisms.

5.  Screening of drugs for microbial count

6.  Isolation, separation, purification of bioactive agents from marine source.

7.  Extractive value determination

8.  Ash value determination

9.  Moisture content determination

10.  Volatile oil content determination