BHAI GURDAS INSTITUTE OF ENGG. AND TECH.
SANGRUR
REPORT OF
6-MONTHS INDUSTRIAL TRAINNING
ON
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Submitted By : Submitted To :
Ramandeep Singh Mr. Harsimran Singh
40204020 HOD
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
BGIET
SANGRUR
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Training is an agglomeration of the theoretical and practical and technical concepts, which enhances our skills in the filed of technology. Training plays a strong role in the building up of strong personality. Training at SILICON TECHNICAL INSTITUTE is a learning experience.
I would like to thank SILICON for providing us the opportunity to carry out my industrial training. It is a wonderful experience working with learned people of the institute.
I am extremely thankful to Mr. Sanjay Arora (Head of training department) for allowing us to carry on my training at this prestigious organization. I am extremely indebted to him for allowing us to train myself in various processes carried out in institute and helping me to do my job properly.
I feel duty bound to express my sincere token of gratitude to Mr. Daljit Singh and Mr.Harjeet Singh for their excellent expert guidance, motivation and all the help, which has powered me to here today. They explained the technicalities to me, which will remain of great help to me in times to come.
I express my gratitude to all the employees for their immense support and cooperation.
I am also thankful to those to whom I have forgotten to mention.
Ramandeep Singh
40204020
PREFACE
Training is an agglomeration of the theoretical and practical and technical concepts, which enhances our skills in the field of technology. Training plays a strong role in the building up of strong personality. Training at Silicon technical institute is a learning experience.
The training report has been developed as a part of the industrial training that Punjab technical university (Punjab) requires its students to undergo after the sixth semester of the curriculum the purpose of the industrial training is to familiarize the students of the Bachelor or engineering course with the present working environment in the country.
To provide them to study with the latest trends those have been established and edged a well as the one’s that are being developed in the country. Moreover to make students feel sure that whatever they are learning in this training period would certainly help them for the future courses of action and help them to develop their potential and technical skills.
To allow them to explore various fields and to better equip them as a professional in the time to time.
The training is being carried out at Silicon Technical Institute is an education centre for course of Embedded System situated at Chandigarh, Sector -35C. It’s a perfect institute for the persons want to shape their career.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1) Company Profile ……………………………………………1 - 4
2) Introduction to Electronic Devices ………………………5 - 45
3) Introduction to Logic Gates ……………………………46 - 52
4) Introduction to Embedded Systems ………………….52 – 117
· Micro-controller 8051
· Interfacing of Various Devices
5) Software Description …………………………………..118 - 126
· Introduction to Kiel.
· Commands used.
· Introduction to ISP.
6) Some Basic programs using assembly 127-130
SILICON TECHNICAL INSTITUTE
SILICON is a well established institute in Chandigarh with an experience of fifteen years and has gained recognition as training organization of high repute offering international quality education in the field of Electronics & Communication technology. The centre boasts of a professional faculty which satisfies the needs & expectancy of today's knowledge hungry students.
Our Institute provides training to the engineering students which generally colleges recommend after completion of 4th, 6th & last semester. The training programs are of two months, three months, & six months duration and 100% practical oriented in Electronics, Telecommunication & Computers,
UNIQUE FEATURES
• 100% practical oriented approach.
• Instill creativity in students.
• Latest hardware & software technology.
• High quality education with latest curriculum & strong fundamentals.
• Optimum utilization of hardware/software, manpower and office space, hence maximum turnover. Extensive preparation & innovative techniques.
• Extensive preparation & innovative techniques.
ELECTRONIC DEVICES
An electronic component is any indivisible electronic building block packaged in a discrete form with two or more connecting leads or metallic pads. Components are intended to be connected together, usually by soldering to a printed circuit board, to create an electronic circuit with a particular function (for example an amplifier, radio receiver, or oscillator). Components may be packaged singly (resistor, capacitor, transistor, diode etc.) or in more or less complex groups as integrated circuits (operational amplifier, resistor array, logic gate etc). Active components are sometimes called devices rather than components.
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE:
Electrical resistance is a measure of the degree to which an object opposes the passage of an electric current. The Sl unit of electrical resistance is the ohm,
The quantity of resistance in an electric circuit determines the amount of current flowing in the circuit for any given voltage applied to the circuit.
R=V / I
where
R is the resistance of the object, usually measured in ohms, equivalent to J.s/C2
V is the potential difference across the object, usually measured in volts
/ is the current passing through the object, usually measured in amperes
Resistors are twoterminal devices that restrict, or resist, the flow of current. The larger the resistor, the less current can flow through it for a given voltage (an equation known as Ohm's law, V=113, relates current, resistance, and voltage). Electrical resistance within the resistor body is caused by the collisions of electrons in motion through the resistor. Such collisions cause energy to be dissipated in the form of heat or light (as in a toaster or light bulb). Resistance is measured in Ohms a 1 Ohm resistor is relatively small, and a 100KOhm resistor is relatively large. Resistors find many uses in electronic systems, On the Digilab board, resistors are used to limit the current that flows into an output LED (so they don't burn too bright and destroy themselves) and to limit the current that flows in response to a button or switch input being activated. The Digilab board uses several different resistor values. Of course, the correct resistor must be loaded in the correct place on the PCB.
Resistors come in many shapes and sizes, and depending on their size and construction technology, they can dissipate differing amounts of power (the amount of power dissipated in a resistor can be calculated using the equation P=I 2 R, where I is the current flowing through the resistor and R is the resistance). Typically, resistors used in digital systems encounter relatively low voltages and currents, and therefore, they can be relatively small. The Digilab resistors are rated to dissipate 250mW of power, or 1/4 Watt. Resistors that can dissipate more than 1/4 Watt are physically larger. For example, power resistors that can dissipate several Watts or more can be cigarsized or even larger. For small resistors, resistor values are "encoded" as a series of coloured bands on the resistor body.
To determine the value of a small resistor (i.e., 1/8 Watt or 1/4 Watt), first locate the tolerance band on one end of the resistor it will typically be either gold (59% tolerance) or silver (10% tolerance). The colour band at the other end of the resistor is band1. Use the table below to find the twodigit number associated with the colors of bands 1 and 2. The band nearest the tolerance band is the multiplier (or exponent) band the digits associated with the first two colour bands are multiplied by 10 raised to the power indicated by the colour of the multiplier band. The following table associates band colors to digits and multiplier factors. Simply multiply the twodigit value by the multiplier, and you’ve got the resistor value.
BAND COLOR / 1st and 2nd band digits / Multiplier / Tolerance /Resistor schematic
symbol
Black / 0 / 100 / 1%
Brown / 1 / 101 / 2%
Red / 2 / 102 / 3%
Orange / 3 / 103 / 4%
Yellow / 4 / 104 / N/A
Green / 5 / 105 / N/A
Blue / 6 / 106 / N/A
Violet / 7 / 107 / N/A
Grey / 8 / 108 / N/A
White / 9 / 109 / N/A
Gold / N/A / .1 / 5%
Silver / N/A / .01 / 10%
No color / N/A / N/A / 20%
Resistors are manufactured with many body colors, with tan or light brown being the most typical. The only significant resistor body colors are white and blue; these colors signify a nonflammable or fusible resistor. Such resistors are used in circuits where overheating might pose a safety risk. In circuit schematics and in parts lists, resistor reference designators always begin with an "R". You can see several rectangular white boxes with "R" on the Digilab board silkscreen. The schematic symbol for a resistor is shown above. Resistors are nonpolarised, so they can be placed in a PCB in any orientation.
For a wide variety of materials and conditions, the electrical resistance does not depend on the amount of current flowing or the amount of applied voltage. V can either be measured directly across the object or calculated from a subtraction of voltages relative to a reference point. The former method is simpler for a single object and is likely to be more accurate. There may also be problems with the latter method if the voltage supply is AC and the two measurements from the reference point are not in phase with each other.
RESISTANCE IN SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS
Series circuits
A series circuit is a circuit in which resistors are arranged in a chain, so the current has only one path to take. The current is the same through each resistor. The total resistance of the circuit is found by simply adding up the resistance values of the individual resistors:
equivalent resistance of resistors in series : R = R1 + R2 + R3 + ...
A series circuit is shown in the diagram above.
With a 10 V battery, by V = I R the total current in the circuit is:
I = V / R = 10 / 20 = 0.5 A. The current through each resistor would be 0.5 A.
PARALLEL CIRCUITS
A parallel circuit is a circuit in which the resistors are arranged with their heads connected together, and their tails connected together. The current in a parallel circuit breaks up, with some flowing along each parallel branch and re-combining when the branches meet again. The voltage across each resistor in parallel is the same.
The total resistance of a set of resistors in parallel is found by adding up the reciprocals of the resistance values, and then taking the reciprocal of the total:
Equivalent resistance of resistors in parallel: 1 / R = 1 / R1 + 1 / R2 + 1 / R3 +...
A parallel circuit is shown in the diagram above. In this case the current supplied by the battery splits up, and the amount going through each resistor depends on the resistance. If the values of the three resistors are:
With a 10 V battery, by V = I R the total current in the circuit is: I = V / R = 10 / 2 = 5 A.
The individual currents can also be found using I = V / R. The voltage across each resistor is 10 V, so:
I1 = 10 / 8 = 1.25 A
I2 = 10 / 8 = 1.25 A
I3=10 / 4 = 2.5 A
Note that the currents add together to 5A, the total current.
A parallel resistor short-cut
If the resistors in parallel are identical, it can be very easy to work out the equivalent resistance. In this case the equivalent resistance of N identical resistors is the resistance of one resistor divided by N, the number of resistors. So, two 40-ohm resistors in parallel are equivalent to one 20-ohm resistor; five 50-ohm resistors in parallel are equivalent to one 10-ohm resistor, etc.
When calculating the equivalent resistance of a set of parallel resistors, people often forget to flip the 1/R upside down, putting 1/5 of an ohm instead of 5 ohms, for instance. Here's a way to check your answer. If you have two or more resistors in parallel, look for the one with the smallest resistance. The equivalent resistance will always be between the smallest resistance divided by the number of resistors, and the smallest resistance. Here's an example.
You have three resistors in parallel, with values 6 ohms, 9 ohms, and 18 ohms. The smallest resistance is 6 ohms, so the equivalent resistance must be between 2 ohms and 6 ohms (2 = 6 /3, where 3 is the number of resistors).
Doing the calculation gives 1/6 + 1/12 + 1/18 = 6/18. Flipping this upside down gives 18/6 = 3 ohms, which is certainly between 2 and 6.
CAPACITORS
A capacitor is an electrical device that can store energy in the electric field between a pair of closelyspaced conductors (called 'plates). When voltage is applied to the capacitor, electric charges of equal magnitude, but opposite polarity, build up on each plate.
A capacitor is a twoterminal device that can store electric energy in the form of charged particles. You can think of a capacitor as a reservoir of charge that takes time to fill or empty. The voltage across a capacitor is proportional to the amount of charge it is storing since it is not possible to instantaneously move charge to or from a capacitor, it is not possible to instantaneously change the voltage across a capacitor. It is this property that makes capacitors useful on the Digilab board.
Capacitance is measured in Farads a one Farad capacitor can store one Coloumb of charge at one volt. For engineering on a small scale (i.e., handheld or desktop devices), a one Farad capacitor stores far too much charge to be of general use (it would be like a car having a 1000 gallon gas tank). More useful capacitors are measured in microfarads (uF) or picofarads (pF). The terms "millifarad" and "nanofarad" are rarely used. Large capacitors often have their value printed plainly on them, such as "10 uF (for 10 microfards). Smaller capacitors, appearing as small disks or wafers, often have their values printed on them in an encoded manner (similar to the resistor packs discussed above). For these capacitors, a three digit number indicates the capacitor value in Pico farads. The first two digits provides the "base" number, and the third digit provides an exponent of 10 (so, for example, "104" printed on a capacitor indicates a capacitance value of 10 x 10 4 or 100000 pF). Occasionally, a capacitor will only show a two digit number, in which case that number is simply the capacitor value in pF. (To be complete, if a capacitor shows a three digit number and the third digit is 8 or 9, then the first two digits are multiplied by .01 and .1 respectively). Often, a single letter is appended to the capacitance value this letter indicates the quality of the capacitor.