EOCT REVIEW
· Proton has a charge of ______and is located in the ______of the atom.
§ Protons are also the elements ______number of the identity of the element, so protons are found by looking at the atomic number
o Neutron has a charge of ______and is located in the ______of the atom.
§ Neutrons are found by subtracting the ______Number from the ______Mass or the BIG #- SMALL #.
o Electron has a charge of ______and is located in the ______of the atom.
§ Electrons are equal to the number of ______in a neutral atom.
o The nucleus is made up of these 2 particles______and ______.
o The electrons are located in this region of the atom, known as the ______.
o The electron cloud is divided in to energy levels or energy shells, the first level will hold ______electrons and the second level will hold ______electrons.
o The valence shell or valence level is the ______energy shell of the atom.
· atomic mass and atomic number.
o Atomic number is equal to the number of ______in the atom and is also the atoms identity—it’s the small number of the periodic table.
o Atomic mass is equal to the average mass of all the isotopes of a particular element—it the big number on the periodic table.
· atoms with different numbers of neutrons (isotopes).
o Define Isotope______.
o Give the isotopic notation for the following:
§ Boron with a mass number of 11
§ Uranium 238
o Ex. Carbon-12 and Carbon-14
§ Carbon 12 has ______P ______N ______E
§ Carbon 14 has ______P ______N ______E
· explain the relationship of the proton number to the element's identity.
o The ______number is equal to the number of ______in the atom which is how the element is identified.
o Ex. Nitrogen has an atom number of ______, which means that is has ______protons.
· Number of Protons = Atomic Number
· Number of Electrons = Number of Protons = Atomic ______
· Number of Neutrons = ______- Atomic Number
Compare and contrast ionic and covalent bonds in terms of electron position.
· Define Ionic bond______.
· How are electrons involved in ionic bonds compared to covalent bonds? ______.
· Define Covalent bond______.
· Ionic bond is between a ______and a ______on the periodic table.
· Covalent bond is between a ______and a ______on the periodic table, they are CO-Workers on the same side.
· Periodic Table General Information: Fill out the following chart’s missing information.
Column Number / Family Name / Valence Electrons / Ions (charges)1 / Alkaline Earth Metals / +1
2 / 2
3 / Transition Metals / Vary
4 / Transition Metals / Vary
5 / Transition Metals / Vary
6 / Transition Metals / Vary
7 / Transition Metals / Vary
8 / Transition Metals / Vary
9 / Transition Metals / Vary
10 / Transition Metals / Vary
11 / Transition Metals / Vary
12 / Transition Metals / Vary
13 / +4
14
15
16 / 6
17 / Halogens
18 / 0
** Don’t forget about the Inner Transiton Metals (Lanthanides and Actinides)
a. Determine the trends of the following:
· Number of valence electrons
o Valence electrons are found by looking at what ______the atom is in on the periodic table. Ex. Group 1 has ______valence electrons, Group 13 has ______valence electrons.
· Types of ions formed by representative elements
Group 1:______Group 14:______Group 17:______
Group 2:______Group 15:______Group 18 ______
Group 13:______Group 16: ______
· Location of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids
o Metals are located to the ______of the stair-step line.
o Nonmetals are located to the ______of the stair-step line.
o Metalloids are located ______the stair-step line.
· Phases at room temperature
o Metals are ______at room temperature with the exception to Mercury and Bromine.
o Nonmetals are ______at room temperature.
o Metalloids are ______at room temperature.
o
b. Use the Periodic Table to predict the above properties for representative elements.
Properties of Metals / Properties of nonmetals / Properties of Metalloids§ Density=Mass/Volume: remember My Dear Valentine.
§ Solve the following:
o A student determines that a piece of an unknown material has a mass of 5.854 g and a volume of 7.57 cm3. What is the density of the material?
o In science lab you are given a rectangular shaped solid made from some synthetic (manmade) substance. Its dimensions are 3.5 cm by 2.4 cm by 14.6 cm. If this substance masses 20 g, what is its density in g/cm3? (DA)
1. Find the charge for each element based on what group it is in. (Group 1= +1 charge)
2. Criss-Cross the charges to make the correct formula. Ca+2 + Cl-1 = CaCl2
· Steps for writing Binary Ionic Compounds:
1. Write the symbol for the ions side by side. Write the ______first.
2. Cross over the charges by using the ______as the subscripts for the other ion.
3. Check the subscripts and divide them by their largest common factor to give the smallest possible whole number-ratio of ions.
· (2 x +3 = +6 and 3 x-2 = -6 which cancel each other out)
· Binary covalent compounds (i.e. carbon dioxide, carbon tetrachloride).
· Naming Covalent Compounds-USES ______!!!
· 1. The less electronegative element is given first. Take the ______of the first element and change it to the correct prefix; do not use the prefix ______
· 2. The second element is named by combining (a) a prefix indicating the number of atoms contributed by the element, (b) the root of the name of the second element, and (c) the ending –ide. With few exceptions, the ending –ide indicates that a compound contains only two elements.
· 3. The “o” or “a” at the end of a prefix is usually dropped when the word following the prefix begins with another vowel. Ex: monoxide or pentoxide
· Ex: P4O10
· Numerical Prefixes
· 1- 4- 7- 10-
· 2- 5- 8-
· 3- 6- 9-
· Fill in the missing information for the following compounds.
· ELEMENTS / TYPE OF COMPOUND / NAME / FORMULAN2F4
Copper (II) & sulfur
PCl3
Sulfur dichloride
Magnesium and oxygen
Barium & fluorine
Demonstrate the Law of Conservation of Matter in a chemical reaction.
State the Law of Conservation of Matter______
______.
§ Steps for balancing an Equations- RAP TABLE!
§ 1. Divide the equation in half. Reactants on the left and Products on the right.
§ 2. Count the number of atoms for EACH element on the Reactants side.
§ 3. Count the number of atoms for EACH element on the Products side.
o Hint: if you write them in the same order on each side it is easier to see what needs to be balanced.
§ IMPORTANT: you can only add/change the coefficient, not the subscript (the little number).
§ 4. Write the newly balanced equations with the Coefficients.
Examples:
Balance the following equations:
____ P4 + ____ O2 à ____ P2O3
____ N2 + ____ H2 à ____ NH3
____ Al + ____ HCl à ____ H2 + ____ AlCl3
Apply the Law of Conservation of Matter by balancing the following types of chemical equations:
· Synthesis ______
o Ex. Element + ElementàCompound or
o A +B= AB
o 2Na + Cl2= 2NaCl
______Na + ______Br2 → ______NaBr
· Decomposition is______
o COMPOUNDà __Element___ + ___Element__ or
o COMPOUND à _Compound_____ + __Compound____
o AB=A + B or 2 H2O= 2H2 + O2
______Al2O3 →______Al + ______O2
· Single Replacement is______
o ELEMENT + COMPOUNDà ELEMENT + COMPOUND
o A+BC = B+AC
o Cu+2AgNO3=2Ag+Cu(NO3)2
o
______Cl2 + ______NaBr → ______NaCl + ______Br2
· Double Replacement is______
o COMPOUND + COMPOUNDà COMPOUND + COMPOUND
o AB+CD=AD+CB
o CaCO3+2HCl=CaCl2+H2CO3
______CuCl2 + ______H2S → ______CuS + ______HCl
IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING EQUATIONS:
1. C4H8 + 6O2 ---> 4CO2 + 4H2O / 2. HCl + NaOH ---> H2O + NaCl3. 2KNO3(s) ---> 2KNO2(s) + O2(g) / 4. AgNO3 + NaCl ---> NaNO3 + AgCl
5. 2Mg + O2 ---> 2MgO / 6. 2Ag + S ---> Ag2S
7. MgCO3(s) ---> MgO(s) + CO2(g) / 8. Cl2 + 2KBr ---> 2KCl + Br2
Different Particles (Radiation)
Define Alpha (α) ______
· Alpha particle consists of a large ______nucleus.
· Alpha particles can be stopped by ______, but is the most damaging when inside the body.
Define Beta (β) ______
· Beta particles consist of small electrons that can be stopped by ______.
Define Gamma (γ) ______
· Gamma can be stopped by ______, is the least damaging because it can pass through the body and not be stopped by skin.
Solve these decay problems:
ALPHA
→ ______+ ______
→ ______+ ______
BETA
→ ______+ ______
→ ______+ ______
GAMMA
How do you know this equation gamma decay?
Differentiate between fission and fusion.
Define Fission______.
Fission occurs where______
Define Fusion______.
Fusion occurs where______
c. Explain the process half-life as related to radioactive decay.
Define half-life______.
Define Radioactive decay______.
Half lives / Time / Amount radioactiveStart with zero here / Add your time / Divide your amount by half
Radioisotopes decay through a process known has a half-life. The half-life of an atom can be calculated.
100.0 g of carbon-14 decays until only 25.0 g of carbon is left after 11 460 y, what is the half-life of carbon-14?
Thallium-208 has a half-life of 3.053 min. How long will it take for 120.0 g to decay to 7.50g?
The half-life of hafnium-156 is 0.025 s. How long will it take a 560 g sample to decay to one-eighth its original mass?
Describe nuclear energy, its practical application as an alternative energy source, and its potential problems.
Benefits/Application / ProblemsCompare and contrast the atomic/molecular motion of solids, liquids, gases and plasmas.
Descriptions / Solid / Liquid / Gas / PlasmaShape
Volume
Examples
Pics
· In the ______phase, atoms or molecules are held in a rigid structure. They are free to vibrate but cannot move around.
· The ______phase is intermediate between solid and gas. Intermolecular forces hold these atoms or molecules loosely together but do not force them into a rigid structure.
· In the ______phase, atoms and molecules experience their greatest freedom. The forces attracting gas molecules are almost nonexistent. As a result, gas molecules are much farther apart and can move freely about.
· Finally, ______are gases that have been so energized that their atoms have been stripped of some or all electrons. Solar flares are great examples of plasmas. Solar flares eject extremely hot hydrogen ions (H+) away from the Sun toward Earth.
Relate temperature, pressure, and volume of gases to the behavior of gases.
______is the force exerted on a surface per unit area.
Collisions between particles of gas and the walls of a container cause the ______in a closed container of gas.
Factors that affect gas pressure
Temperature / Volume / Number of particlesIncreasing temperature of a gas will increase ______, if the volume and number of particles are constant.
Example: / Reducing the volume of a gas will increase ______, if temperature and number of particles are constant.
Example: / Increasing the number of particles will increase ______, if temperature and volume remain constant.
Example:
Remember Cheap Peter Buys Toys @ Great Value (PTV)
______Law states the volume of a definite quantity of dry gas is inversely proportional to the pressure, provided the temperature remains constant.
______Law can be stated as the volume occupied by any sample of gas at a constant pressure is directly proportional to the absolute temperature.
______Law, the volume of gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature and inversely proportional to the pressure.
Solutions
A ______is a special type of mixture. It has a uniform composition throughout and is
made up of two parts—a solute and a solvent.
· Solute-
· Solvent-
o Saturated Solution
o Unsaturated Solution
· Conductivity-
The conductivity gives important clues as to the type of solute dissolved. In aqueous (water based) solutions, dissolved ionic compounds yield solutions with high conductivity. Cations and anions readily carry electrical charges through the solution. Strong acids and bases also have a high conductivity for the same reason. All of these solutions are considered ______electrolytes. Weak acids or bases ionize only partially so they form solutions with low conductivity. These compounds are called ______electrolytes. Solutions made from covalent compounds have zero conductivity since they dissolve as molecules, not ions. They cannot carry electrical charges. These substances are known as______. Some selected compounds and their electrical conductivity are shown in the box to the right.
· Concentration-
b. Observe factors affecting the rate a solute dissolves in a specific solvent.
There are three factors that affect the rate at which a solution dissolves. They are
Agitation / Size of Particles / TemperatureDefine: / Define: / Define:
Affect: / Affect: / Affect:
c. Demonstrate that solubility is related to temperature by constructing a solubility curve.
What is a solubility curve?
What is the solubility of Potassium Chloride (KCl) at 45◦ C?