Chapter 3: States of Matter

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Chapter 3: States of Matter

Kinetic Molecular Model of Matter or ______

- attempts to explain how matter behaves

- 3 assumptions

1) All matter is made of atoms and ______that act

like tiny ______.

2) These tiny particles are always in ______. The

higher the ______of the substance, the faster

the particles move.

3) At the same temperature, more ______(heavier)

particles move ______than less______(lighter)

particles.

- matters behavior has been studied over time

1)Luceippus 490 B.C.

2)Democritus

3)John ______1800’s

4)Robert ______1810’s

- microscope—looked at particles suspended in

water

- proposed—particles were bombarded by

smaller particles called molecules

- - zigzag motion of small

particles suspended in a gas

or liquid

4 states of matter

- states differ based on

1) the distances between atoms and molecules

2) how closely these particles are packed together

1) ______- definite ______

- definite ______

- molecules are very close together

-form several ______-limited motion

- vibrations

- 2 catagories

1) ______

- orderly arrangement of atoms

2) ______

- atoms and molecules are in no

particular order

2) ______- definite ______

- no definite ______

-takes shape of it’s container

-______, can be poured

- particles move faster than those in a solid

- more ______than gas

- distance between ______not as large

as gas

- molecule hit more often-form ______

- molecule are close enough to keep

volume but far enough apart that

they take the shape of their container

- ______

- force acting on liquids that causes it to

form a ______shape

3) ______- no definite ______or ______

- its ______determines volume and shape

- molecules not attached to each other

- molecules are_____ to move about

- molecules move faster than in liquids and

solids

- molecules ______with one another

- large ______between molecules

4) ______- no definite ______or _____

- composed of ______

particles

- most common state of matter in ______

- able to ______electric current

- affected by electric and magnetic fields

- lots of energy

- sun, flame

- ______- the capacity to do ______

- the ability to cause change or move matter

- ______- energy of motion

- energy of all particles according to kinetic

theory

- constant, random motion

- ______energy- total kinetic energy of particles in an

object

- at higher temps., particles move ______

- faster particles have more ______

energy

- more kinetic energy means more

______energy

- also depends on the______of particles

- ______- measure of the average kinetic energy of the

particles in an object

- more kinetic energy; higher temps.

Change of State

- ______of a substance from one form to another

- ______change

- all phase changes are ______properties of a

substance

- ______- always stays the same

- used to ______an

unknown substance

- same substance; only the amount of energy has changed

- Ex.- ice, water, steam

- all H2O in different state

- different amounts of energy

***transfer of heat causes ______change which leads

to change of state***

- add energy (endothermic changes)

- Ex.- melting, evaporation, sublimation

- causes particles to move faster

- break bonds

- ______- temperature at which a solid changes to a

liquid

- ______- change of a substance from liquid to gas

-______- temperature at which a liquid changes to a

gas

- ______- solid changes directly to a ______

- Ex.- dry ice (frozen CO2)

- boils at ______

- when exposed; it changes directly to a

gas

- lose energy (______changes)

- Ex.- condensation, freezing

- ______- gas to liquid

- temperature decreases

- gas molecules ______

- contact with each other lasts longer

- form ______

- becomes a liquid

- ______- temperature at which the gas

becomes a liquid

- ______- liquid to solid

- ______- temperature at which a

liquid changes to a solid

***freezing point/melting point are the same ______***

***boiling point/condensation point are the same _____***

- when a substance loses or gains energy, either the

______changes or the ______changes

- ______does not change during a phase change

Conservation of Mass and Energy

- law of conservation of______- mass cannot be created or

______

- mass of a substance stays the

same before and after a

______change

- law of conservation of ______- energy cannot be created

or destroyed; it just

changes from one ____ to

______

- total amount of energy

before and after a phase

change is the______

Fluids

- _____- nonsolid state in which the atoms or molecules are

free to move past each other

- able to flow

- things float because

1) they are less dense than what surrounds them

2) buoyant force pushes them up

- ______- the upward force exerted on an object

immersed in or floating on a fluid

- result of ______

- ______- amount of ______exerted in a

given area

- increases as you go deeper

- horizontal forces on each side of

an object ______

- because pressure increases as

you go deeper, pressure below

object is ______than above

- if buoyant force up is greater

than objects weight, it ______

- ______principle- states that the ______force on an

object in a fluid is an upward force

_____ to the weight of the ______

of fluid that the object ______

Density

- determines whether something floats or sinks

density = ______/______

d = m/v

- water’s density = 1 g/ cm3

- brick’s density = 1.9 g/cm3…it sinks

- ships float because of shape

- hollow

- mass is ______; volume______

- decreased density

Pressure

pressure = ______/______

- pressure is measured in ______(Pa)

1 Pa = 1 newton exerted over 1 m2

1 Pa = 1 N/m2

- Newtons measure ______

- ______principle- a change in pressure at any point in an

______fluid will be transmitted

______to all parts of the fluid

p1 = p2 or pressure1 = pressue2

- used in hydraulic lifts

- use liquids to transmit ______

- small ______on small ______creates pressure

- Pascals principle states that the ______produced

is transmitted ______

- force is applied to a larger area making a ______

overall force

- fluids flow _____through a small area than a large

area if the ______is the same

- ______- a liquids resistance to flow

- the stronger the ______between particles; the

more ______the liquid is

- Ex.- honey has a higher viscosity than water

- honey flows more slowly

- ______principle- as the speed of a moving fluid

increases, the pressure of the

moving fluid ______

Properties of Gases

1) no definite shape or volume

- expand to ______fill their container

2) move rapidly in all ______

3) are ______

4) in constant______

- collide with one another and with walls of container

5) low ______because particles are far apart

6) are ______

7) spread out easily and mix with one another; mostly

empty space

- gases exert pressure on their containers

- Ex. - balloon

- atoms exert ______on inside walls of balloon

- lots of atoms = lots of pressure

- too many atoms; pops balloon

- gas under pressure will ______if possible

- propane tanks for gas grills are under lots of

______

- must be handled carefully

Gas Laws (3 major)

- describes how a gas is affected by pressure and temp.

1) ______Law

- relationship between ______and ______

- for a fixed amount of __ at a constant temperature, the

volume of a gas ______as its pressure ______

(pressure1)(volume1) = (pressure2)(volume2)

p1v1 = p2v2

2) ______Law

- for a fixed amount of gas at a gas at a constant

______, the volume of the gas increases as its

temperature ______

- Ex.- balloon in freezer

3) ______-______Law

- the pressure of a gas ______as the temperature

increases if the ______of the gas does not change

- higher temperatures, more ______, more contacts

with container, ______in pressure