Table 1 Associations between maternal occupational exposures periconceptionally and CHDs in the offspring

Exposure categories / Exposure level / Cases(n/%),n=707 / Controls(n/%), n=593 / Adjusted P value / Adjusted OR(95%CI)
Pesticides / 2 / 29(4.1) / 16(2.7) / 0.940 / 1.0(0.5-1.9)
1 / 0(0.0) / 1(0.2) / 1.000 / _
0 / 678(95.9) / 576(97.1) / 0.997 / 1.0
Polychlorinated compounds / 2 / 5(0.7) / 4(0.7) / 0.405 / 1.8(0.5-6.9)
1 / 15(2.1) / 4(0.7) / 0.132 / 2.4(0.8-7.8)
0 / 687(97.2) / 585(98.7) / 0.228 / 1.0
Phthalates / 2 / 46(6.5) / 10(1.7) / <0.001 / 3.7(1.8-7.7)
1 / 4(0.6) / 2(0.3) / 0.266 / 2.7(0.5-15.3)
0 / 657(92.9) / 581(98.0) / 0.001 / 1.0
Alkylphenolic compounds / 2 / 84(11.9) / 31(5.2) / 0.006 / 1.9(1.2-3.0)
1 / 16(2.3) / 4(0.7) / 0.030 / 3.5(1.1-11.1)
0 / 607(85.9) / 558(94.1) / 0.002
Bisphenol A / 2 / 5(0.7) / 1(0.2) / 0.298 / 3.2(0.4-28.2)
1 / _ / _ / - / -
0 / 702(99.3) / 592(99.8) / 0.298 / 1.0
Heavy metals / 2 / 10(1.4) / 1(0.2) / 0.055 / 7.7(1.0-62.0)
1 / 10(1.4) / 2(0.3) / 0.115 / 3.5(0.7-17.0)
0 / 687(97.2) / 590(99.5) / 0.115 / 1.0

0-‘unlikely’, 1-‘possible’ (1), 2-‘probable’

Table 2 Associations between paternal occupational exposures periconceptionally and CHDs in the offspring

Exposure categories / Exposure level / Cases(n/%),n=707 / Controls(n/%),n=593 / Adjusted P value / Adjusted OR(95%CI)
Pesticides / 2 / 51(7.2) / 32(5.4) / 0.987 / 1.0(0.6-1.7)
1 / 13(1.8) / 6(1.0) / 0.420 / 1.5(0.5-4.2)
0 / 643(90.9) / 555(93.6) / 0.721 / 1.0
Polychlorinated compounds / 2 / 16(2.3) / 14(2.4) / 0.856 / 1.1(0.5-2.3)
1 / 16(2.3) / 6(1.0) / 0.200 / 1.9(0.7-5.0)
0 / 675(95.5) / 573(96.6) / 0.435 / 1.0
Phthalates / 2 / 87(12.3) / 51(8.6) / 0.102 / 1.4(0.9-2.0)
1 / 23(3.3) / 7(1.2) / 0.074 / 2.2(0.9-5.3)
0 / 597(84.4) / 535(90.2) / 0.062 / 1.0
Alkylphenolic compounds / 2 / 152(21.5) / 73(12.3) / 0.009 / 1.6(1.1-2.1)
1 / 18(2.5) / 16(2.7) / 0.815 / 0.9(0.5-1.9)
0 / 537(76.0) / 504(85.0) / 0.029 / 1.0
Bisphenol A / 2 / 6(0.8) / 2(0.3) / 0.244 / 2.7(0.5-15.0)
1 / _ / _ / _ / _
0 / 701(99.2) / 591(99.7) / 0.244 / 1.0
Heavy metals / 2 / 19(2.7) / 12(2.0) / 0.994 / 1.0(0.5-2.1)
1 / 56(7.9) / 31(5.2) / 0.259 / 1.3(0.8-2.1)
0 / 632(89.4) / 550(92.7) / 0.528 / 1.0

0-‘unlikely’, 1-‘possible’ (1), 2-‘probable’

Table 3 Distributions of cases and controls across the 21 cities in Sichuan Province

City / Cases (n/%),n=707 / Controls (n/%) , n=593
Chengdu / 76(10.7) / 65(11.0)
Zigong / 23(3.3) / 21(3.5)
Panzhihua / 28(4.0) / 25(4.2)
Luzhou / 64(9.1) / 51(8.6)
Deyang / 36(5.1) / 28(4.7)
Mianyang / 38(5.4) / 33(5.6)
Guangyuan / 21(3.0) / 17(2.9)
Suining / 28(4.0) / 23(2.9)
Neijiang / 30(4.2) / 26(4.4)
Leshan / 32(4.5) / 27(4.6)
Nanchong / 33(4.7) / 27(4.6)
Meishan / 27(3.8) / 24(4.0)
Yibin / 29(4.1) / 21(3.5)
Guang’an / 32(4.5) / 30(5.1)
Dazhou / 48(6.8) / 41(6.9)
Ya’an / 29(4.1) / 24(4.0)
Bazhong / 30(4.2) / 24(4.0)
Ziyang / 32(4.5) / 28(4.7)
A’ba / 27(3.8) / 21(3.5)
Ganzi / 21(3.0) / 18(3.0)
Liangshan / 23(3.3) / 19(3.2)

Table 4 Parental occupational distributions related to phthalates exposures in our study

Maternal / Paternal
occupations / Cases (%)
N=50 / Controls (%)
N=12 / Cases (%)
N=110 / Controls (%)
N=58
Hairdressers, barbers / 5(10.0) / — / — / 3(5.2)
Beauticians and related occupations / 5(10.0) / 1(8.3) / — / 2(3.4)
Paper, paperboard and leather-board workers / 2(4.0) / — / — / 1(1.7)
Rubber process workers / 2(4.0) / — / 2(1.8) / 1(1.7)
Plastic workers, supervisors / 6(12.0) / 1(8.3) / 6(5.5) / —
Printers / 3(6.0) / — / 6(5.5) / 1(1.7)
Electricians and related occupations / 17(34.0) / 6(50.0) / 27(24.5) / 15(25.9)
Painters and Decorators / 9(18.0) / 2(16.7) / 46(41.8) / 27(46.5)
Laboratory technician / — / 1(8.3) / 1(0.9) / —
Chemical, gas and petroleum process plant operators / — / 1(8.3) / 1(0.9) / 3(5.2)
Sawyers, veneer cutters, woodworking machinists / — / — / 12(10.9) / 3(5.2)
Cable joiners, linesmen / — / — / 4(3.6) / 1(1.7)
Engravers, etchers(printing) / — / — / 3(2.7) / 1(1.7)
Shoe repairers / — / — / 1(0.9) / —
Carpet fitters / — / — / 1(0.9) / —

Table 5 Parental occupational distributions related to alkylphenolic compounds exposures in our study

Maternal / Paternal
occupations / Cases (%)
N=100 / Controls (%)
N=35 / Cases (%)
N=170 / Controls (%)
N=89
Farm workers / 29(29.0) / 16(45.7) / 51(30.0) / 32(36.0)
Hairdressers, barbers / 5(5.0) / — / — / 3(3.4)
Beauticians and related occupations / 5(5.0) / 1(2.9) / — / 2(2.2)
Tannery production workers / 15(15.0) / 7(20.0) / 18(10.6) / 4(4.5)
Textile workers / 16(16.0) / 3(8.6) / 9(5.3) / 3(3.4)
Paper, paperboard and leather-board workers / 2(2.0) / — / — / 1(1.1)
Plastic workers / 6(6.0) / 1(2.9) / 6(3.5) / —
Printers / 3(3.0) / 1(2.9) / 6(3.5) / 1(1.1)
Electroplaters / 3(3.0) / 2(5.7) / 8(4.7) / 4(4.5)
Metal making and treating workers / 5(5.0) / — / 10(5.9) / 3(3.4)
Painters and decorators / 9(9.0) / 2(5.7) / 46(27.1) / 27(30.3)
Face-trained coalmining workers / 1(1.0) / — / 8(4.7) / —
Bleachers, dyers, finishers / 1(1.0) / — / 1(0.6) / 1(1.1)
Laboratory technician / — / 1(2.9) / 1(0.6) / —
Chemical, gas and petroleum process plant operators / — / 1(2.9) / 1(0.6) / 2(2.2)
Cleaners / — / — / 2(1.2) / 1(1.1)
Coke ovens and gas workers / — / — / 3(1.8) / 5(5.6)