Major Theories of Development
¤ Know all for the Test!!!
v Define morality and describe Kohlberg’s stages of moral development. Focused on moral reasoning –why people think the way they do about right and wrong
Level / Stage / What Determines Right and Wrong1. / Preconventional – great importance to the authority of adults / 1 – action is wrong if its punished / Punishment by adults
2 – action is right if its rewarded / Reward by adults
2. / Conventional – children value rules in which they follow to get approval from others / 3 – want approval of those close to them / Rules set by close people
4 – more concerned with the rules of broader society / Rules set by society
3. / Postconventional – become more flexible and consider what’s personally important to them / 5 – don’t see societies rules as absolute / Rules set by society, judged by what’s personally important
6 – figure out right and wrong based on abstract ethical principles / Rules based on abstract ethical principles
v Outline Piaget’s four main stages of cognitive development, and comment on how a child’s thinking changes during these four stages.
Stage – age range / Description / Developmental HighlightsSensorimoter (birth-2) / Experiencing the world through senses and actions – (looking, touching, mouthing, and grasping) / Object permanence – the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
Symbolic Thought – represent objects in terms of mental symbols
Stranger Anxiety – fear of strangers
Preoperational (2-6 or 7) / Representing things with words and images, use intuitive rather than logical reasoning / Pretend play
Egocentrism – the difficulty taking another’s point of view
Language development
Concrete Operational (7 – 11) / Thinking logically about concrete events, grasping concrete analogies and performing math / Conservation – the principle that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape
Reversibility – the ability to mentally reverse actions 8+4=12 12-4=8
Decentration – the ability to focus on several aspects of a problem
Formal Operational (12 – adulthood) / Abstract reasoning / Abstract logic
Ability for moral reasoning
v Identify Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development and their accompanying issues. Give examples and descriptions.
Stage / Conflict Faced / Typical Age Range / Major Challenge(s)1 / Trust vs. Mistrust – if the caretakers meet babies needs, the baby becomes attached and develops a sense of security, otherwise, they may develop a mistrustful, insecure attitude / First year of life / Having basic needs met, attaching to people
2 / Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt – if effective in learning tasks they may develop autonomy or sense of doubt or shame about themselves / 1 – 3 / Gaining independence – feeding themselves, toilet training, and dressing themselves
3 / Initiative vs. Guilt – may become more self-confident or develop a sense of guilt / 3 – 6 / Acting in a socially responsible way – must learn to control their impulses
4 / Industry vs. Inferiority – may have a sense of competence or a sense of inferiority / 6 – 12 / Competing with peers, preparing for adult roles
5 / Identity vs. Role confusion – develop a sense of identity or are still confused as to who they are and their role / Adolescence / Determining one’s identity and direction in life
6 / Intimacy vs. Isolation / Early Adulthood / Developing intimate relationships or become isolated and lonely
7 / Generativity vs. Self-absorption / Middle Adulthood / Being productive either through parenting or job
8 / Integrity vs. Despair – become content or disappointed about their lives and fearful of the future / Old Age / Evaluating one’s life