AP WORLD HISTORY
Study Guide: Chapter 19 Part 1 – Early Latin America
Spaniards and Portuguese: From Reconquest to Conquest
1. What role did religious conflict play in shaping the Iberian peninsula?
Iberian Society and Tradition
2. How are Iberian social, religious, and economic characteristics similar to European institutions established in the New World?
The Chronology of Conquest
3. What are the three periods of colonization outlined in this section? Briefly summarize each.
The Caribbean Crucible
4. Describe the “encomienda” system established by the Spaniards in the Caribbean What impact does it have on the natives?
5. What are 3 examples of changes that Europeans make to their new-found lands? What are 2 examples of ways that their new lands force them to change?
The Paths of Conquest
6. Other than their outcomes, find 2 similarities between the conquests of the Incas and Aztecs by Spanish conquistadors. (Be sure to read about the remaining conquests by the Spaniards)
The Conquerors
7. What are the 5 advantages held by Europeans over their native victims?
Conquest and Morality
8. Briefly summarize the two sides in the debate on the morality of Spanish conquest, being sure to include their major proponents (who supported them).
Destruction and Transformation of American Indian Societies
9. After reading the section, examine the charts on page 429. What do you think accounts for the odd shape of the first graph? What are your thoughts on the second graph? (try and use more than one or two words).
Exploitation of the Indians
10. How does the relationship between natives and Spaniards in the encomienda system to compare to traditional feudal relationships?
The Silver Heart of Empire
11. Create your own analytical question AND answer.
Haciendas and Villages
12. What is the difference between “encomiendas” and “haciendas”? (HINT: You may need to use the glossary)
Industry and Commerce
13. Describe the process that brings silver to Spain and goods to the colonies. What made it successful? What were some of the dangers?
Ruling an Empire: State and Church
14. Create your own analytical question AND answer on the Treaty of Tordesillas
15. What was the relationship between church and state in the Spanish colonies? What impact did the church have on colonial society?
Brazil: The First Plantation Colony
16. Describe Portugal’s first colonial interactions with Brazil. How does their relationship change over time?
Sugar and Slavery
17. Illustrate the social hierarchy of the average Brazilian plantation
18. What role do the missionary orders play in Brazilian society? (be sure to note their non-religious interests).
19. How did the relationship between Portugal and Brazil differ from that of Spain and Spanish America?
Brazil’s Age of Gold
20. What were the pros of cons of the discovery of gold in the Brazilian interior? Be sure to address pros and cons for both Portuguese and indigenous peoples.
Multiracial Societies
21. create your own question and answer
The Society of Castas
22. Who are the “castas”? What role did they play in colonial society?
23. How does the role of the castas grow as time progresses? What opportunities were available for upward mobility?
24. Who are the “creoles”? What problems do they face that are unique to their class?
18th Century Reforms
25. create your own question and answer
The Shifting Balance of Politics and Trade
26. What are 5 reasons that Spain’s grip on the Western hemisphere begins to slip by the 18th century?
27. What changes were taking place in Spain’s colonies that made them harder for Spain to control?
The Bourbon Reforms
28. What are 4 efforts made by the rulers of Spain to regain Spanish economic, political and military control of their empire? Be descriptive.
Pombal and Brazil
29. What are 2 similarities between Portuguese and Spanish reform efforts in their colonies? What are 2 differences that are unique to Portugal’s reforms?
Reforms, Reactions, and Revolts
30. What were the common complaints of revolutionaries near the end of the 18th century? How did the division of the social classes affect the success of these revolutionary movements?
(see below for Points to Ponder)
Points to Ponder (these are the questions you will turn in) – 4 points each
1. In what sense can it be said that the nature of the Latin American colonies was simply a reflection of Iberian society? Be sure to address at least 3 different characteristics (cultural, political, religious, economic, etc)
2. Compare and contrast the colonies of Spanish America with Portuguese Brazil.
3. Compare Latin American labor systems with either Russian or feudal European practices.
4. Compare the Spanish conquest of the Americas with one of the following…
a. Post-Classical Arab conquest of the Middle East
b. Classical Roman conquest of the Mediterranean world
c. Mongol conquest of the Eastern World
5. How did Latin American demography and environment change from Pre-Columbian times through the era of Spanish/Portuguese colonization?