Chapter 1 HW: Native Peoples of America

  1. Why were Native Americans considered a diverse population?
  2. Who was Hiawatha? Why was he depressed? What was he going to do about it?
  3. What was the result of the condolence ritual?
  4. What did almost all Native American tribes have in common?
  5. Where did Native Americans come from?
  6. How do oral traditions explain Native American origins in America?
  7. What common values and practices did early Native Americans share?
  8. Define Archaic peoples.
  9. How did geographical changes allow Archaic peoples to flourish?
  10. Describe the gender roles in Archaic societies.
  11. What kinds of plants were cultivated?
  12. Explain the process by which societies moved away from an Archaic lifestyle to a more advanced one.
  13. What led to prosperity in Mesoamerica?
  14. What was the influence of Teotihuacan on the development of Meso American cultures?
  15. What makes the Aztec world one of the first multi cultural societies?
  16. How did the Aztecs improve agricultural production?
  17. What are chinampas?
  18. Why was the arrival maize so important to the development of the southwest?
  19. Why was farming a rather short-lived endeavor in the Southwest?
  20. What made the village a focus point for the Hohokam culture?
  21. What is the relative location of the Anasazi?
  22. Why were they the most powerful southwest culture?
  23. What was the name of the largest town in the Anasazi world?
  24. What is a kiva?
  25. What led to the fall of the Anasazi?
  26. Which cultures replaced the Anasazi in the southwest?
  27. How did geography affect Native American life in the Eastern Woodlands?
  28. How does Poverty Point demonstrate Olmec influence?
  29. What was unique about the design of Poverty Point?
  30. What was the purpose of mound-building?
  31. Describe the Hopewell burial traditions.
  32. What were the distinct elements of the Mississippian cultures?
  33. What was going on in modern-day St. Louis?
  34. How did surplus agriculture shape Cahokia?
  35. What did the field of archaeology reveal about the social and economic structure of Cahakia?
  36. What enabled the Hopewell culture and religion to spread across North America?
  37. The cultures of Poverty Point, Hopewell, Adena, and Mississippian are all very similar yet difference. Give a significant achievement that distinguishes each culture:

Poverty Point:

Hopewell:

Adena:

Mississippian

  1. What were the long-term results of slash-and-burn farming?
  2. How did most families live on the Northwest Coast?
  3. Why did it take several centuries for farming to become a way of life among Native Americans?
  4. Which Native American society ate the best? Explain.
  5. Did Native Americans have contact with Europeans before Columbus? Explain.
  6. Where was the largest percentage of Native Americans clustered?
  7. What parts of America hosted more sedentary cultures?
  8. Who was the primary male authority in an Iroquois household? Why?
  9. Compare and contrast warfare in Native American societies to traditional Western values of warfare.
  10. Why were women given more power in many Native American societies?
  11. Explain the concepts behind manitou, waken, and orenda.
  12. How did Native Americans gain access to the spiritual world? How did these traditions give them recognition as adults?
  13. Were Native American spiritual values characterized by diversity or homogeneity? Explain.
  14. How did kinship and gender roles shape the American Indian?
  15. What does it mean when the book says that Indian authority comes from obligations rather than authority?
  16. What does the world reciprocity mean?
  17. How were children disiciplined?
  18. What does this reveal?
  19. Describe the core societal values in Native American life.
  20. How did these values provide the basis for leadership and authority structures among tribal communities?
  21. What is the difference between the Indian view of reciprocity and the European view of reciprocity?
  22. Why is reciprocity one of the most difficult concepts to maintain in human societies?
  23. Is the USA a society of reciprocity? Explain your thoughts with carefully composed paragraph.

Chapter 2: Rise of the Atlantic World

  1. What was the name of the island Columbus landed on in 1492?
  2. Besides the crew who else witnessed history in the making?
  3. Why do you think Columbus was sure that he reached the shores of Asia?
  4. In what ways were the people of Europe, Africa, and America intertwined?
  5. Why do you think the conquest of Latin America was very quick and the conquest of North America very slow?
  6. Before the time of Columbus what was the one constant in America, Africa, and Europe?
  7. What kind of changes were occurring in America, Africa, and Europe?
  8. Why was the Mediterranean area an important crossroads?
  9. In what ways were religion and politics connected to trade?
  10. Why were some Muslims and Christians able to get along?
  11. Which Islamic empire waged a war against Christians?
  12. What stimulated the growth of kingdoms and empires in Africa?
  13. Which African city was a beacon of progress?
  14. Why was the African Gold Coast critical to the European economy?
  15. Why did kinship groups bring the societies of Africa together?
  16. What was the West African view of marriage?
  17. What caused high mortality rates in Africa?
  18. What was the main reason why African agriculture was a success?
  19. How did the market economy shape African farmers?
  20. African religions shared something in common with Islam and Christianity. What was it?
  21. What makes African folktales popular even to this day?
  22. How did African societies change Islam?
  23. What was the purpose of the Renaissance?
  24. Which European nation benefited the most from the Renaissance?
  25. What did Shakespeare have to say about power?
  26. What threatened the balance of power in Europe during the Renaissance?
  27. What was more important to Spain in 1492 than Columbus’s discovery?
  28. What factors contributed to the plight of European peasants?
  29. Why was land scarce and agricultural productivity low?
  30. Why were European towns not a nice place to live?
  31. What was the greatest consequence of rapid population growth?
  32. Define European Reciprocity.
  33. What was the Italian economic motto?
  34. Define the nuclear family of Europe.
  35. What made the nuclear family a “little commonwealth”?
  36. What strange commonality did Jews, Christians, and Muslims share?
  37. What sort of non Christian beliefs persisted?
  38. Why is the Catholic priest a powerful figure?
  39. How did indulgences make the Pope a big man?
  40. How did indulgences turn into corruption?
  41. Why did Martin Luther rebel against this practice?
  42. Where did Luther find salvation?
  43. What did John Calvin mean by pre-destination?
  44. Why did the Anabaptists have strong followings with the poor?
  45. What was the common ground shared by all Protestants?
  46. What was the high point of Catholic reform?
  47. What was the most significant change during the Protestant reformation?
  48. Why did Henry VIII create the Church of England?
  49. What made Queen Mary’s rule so bloody?
  50. What was the source of tension between the Church of England and Puritans?
  51. What is the difference between Seperatists and Non Seperatists?
  52. What forced Elizabeth to become anti Catholic?
  53. Why was Portugal a leader in exploration/trade?
  54. What advances in maritime technology made exploration possible?
  55. Who was Prince Henry?
  56. What did Dias and da Gama accomplish?
  57. What were the two forms of slavery in Africa during the 15th century?
  58. How many Africans had been imported as slaves by the 19th century?
  59. Why were slaves needed in the plantation economy?
  60. Define “new slavery”.
  61. What made it one of the worst things to ever happen in human history?
  62. Look at sugar production on p. 36-37. Where did sugar first come from?
  63. How did they extract the sugar from the cane?
  64. Besides use as a sweetner, what other product is derived from sugar and in high demand?
  65. What were the byproducts of sugar production?
  66. How did Spain and Portugal avoid commercial conflict?
  67. Who found his way across Panama?
  68. Who explored for France and has a bridge in NYC named after him?
  69. What are encomiendas?
  70. Who was Cortez?
  71. What happened at Tenochtitlan?
  72. What made the Spanish conquest of Latin America complete?
  73. What is the Columbian Exchange?
  74. Why is this one of the great turning points of human history?
  75. What region did de Vaca explore?
  76. Why did the Spanish have trouble establishing a foothold along the North American Gulf Coast?
  77. What was de Soto looking for?
  78. How did the Pueblo Indians react to the Spanish encomiendas?
  79. The first French settlers failed. Why?
  80. How did French traders achieve success in establishing a colony in modern Canada?
  81. Why were Indian alliances crucial to French colonial success?
  82. Who opposed the French/Huron alliance?
  83. Why did the call Francis Drake a sea dog?
  84. What were the 2 English goals of the 1570s?
  85. What colony to Raleigh found?
  86. Why did it fail?
  87. What word was carved in tree at Roanoke?
  88. Why is the defeat of the Spanish Armada a big break for England in North America?
  89. The Virginia Company of Plymouth failed. Why?
  90. What colony did the Virginia Company of London establish?
  91. How long ago?
  92. What role did John Smith serve at Jamestown?
  93. How did John Rolfe save Jamestown?
  94. How did they attract laborers to Jamestown?
  95. What were the 3 things that caused the Va Company of London to suffer financially?
  96. Why was the death rate so high?
  97. Why did King Jame revoke the Va Company of London’s charter in Jamestown?
  98. What had devastated New England Indians by the 1600s?
  99. Where did the Mayflower land?
  100. What did all males have to sign?
  101. How were the relations between the Indians and settlers in Plymouth simultaneously good and bad?
  102. Why is Plymouth important to the future of the Puritans?
  103. What river became the heartland of New Netherlands?
  104. Why did the fur trade thrive between the Dutch and the Indians?

Enduring Vision Chapter 3 Expansion and Diversity: The Rise of Colonial America Questions

  1. What was Sarah Horbin writing in 1692?
  2. How many like Sarah had migrated in the 17th century?
  3. What had the Johnson’s gained by 1625?
  4. What was the likely reason for the disappearance of the Johnson family from Maryland records?
  5. What was the consequence of European/African migration for American Indians?
  6. What are reasons for England’s dominance in North America; wedging out the Dutch, French, and Spanish?
  7. What was one of the earliest colonial regions to prosper?
  8. What was the essential religious difference between the settlers at Plymouth and the settlers at Massachusetts Bay? (p. 55)
  9. What was John Winthrop’s vision for the Massachusetts Bay Colony?
  10. How did Winthrop plan to deal with class divisions?
  11. What percentage of John Winthrop’s party died during that first year?
  12. Why was there little resistance to English colonization in New England?
  13. What were “praying towns?” Why were Indians moved there?
  14. Why did friction develop with the Pequot Indians?
  15. What was the purpose of Harvard?
  16. What were the benefits and drawbacks of church and state combined together?
  17. What occurred when the English and their Indian allies attacked an Indian fort at Mystic, Connecticut? (p. 57)
  18. Why did ministers in Massachusetts, Connecticut and New Haven define a set of orthodox practices?
  19. What was an important means of establishing orthodoxy? Hint - you had to know how to read the Bible.
  20. Although Puritans agreed on the separation of church and state, why must there be close cooperation between the two?
  21. Which individual was banished for disagreeing with this?
  22. What was the only New England colony to practice religious toleration?
  23. Who was another person to challenge the New England Way and why?
  24. What were the followers of Anne Hutchinson called?
  25. What was the most fundamental threat to Winthrop’s city upon a hill? (p. 58)
  26. What was the term used to refer to those Puritans who had been saved? What must they show before they are considered this?
  27. What did Robert Keayne object too? What was his punishment?
  28. What was required for men to be able to vote?
  29. What was the significance of the town meeting in New England society?
  30. Why were close physical settings of New England towns conducive to traditional reciprocity?
  31. How did the close-knit New England society affect women?
  32. Why was divorce permitted in New England?
  33. Why were few divorces granted?
  34. What kind of legal protections did women enjoy?
  35. Why did families seem to fare better in New England than in England?
  36. What was their life expectancy?
  37. What did colonists rely on instead of cash? (p. 61)
  38. Why did sons delay marriage?
  39. Why did colonists support large families but not become wealthy?
  40. What did Oliver Cromwell’s rise to power in England give Puritans hope?
  41. Who did Oliver Cromwell prove more receptive to?
  42. Why did the refusal of second generation New Englanders to provide a conversion story pose a problem? What did the solution signal? (p. 61)
  43. Why would most second generation Puritans babies remain unbaptized?
  44. What was New England’s Indian population in 1600? In 1675?
  45. How did European expansion into North America change Native American hunting patterns?
  46. What was taken as collateral for Indian debts?
  47. Why were deer and other wildlife no longer attracted to traditional hunting areas?
  48. Why were Indian cornfields destroyed?
  49. What were Miantonomi’s fears? (p. 62)
  50. Why did Anglo-Indian conflict become acute during the 1670s?
  51. Why did the tide turn against Metacom, the Indian sachem?
  52. What was the outcome of King Philip’s War?
  53. How much did King Philip’s War reduce the Indian population and what resistance was removed?
  54. How did the Puritans dealings with the Native Americans’ change after King Philip’s war?
  55. Page 64. How were New England Indian baskets constructed?
  56. Page 65 How had the basket weaving tradition evolved over time?
  57. Page 65 How did the New England Indians assimilate yet resist colonial influence through the basket weaving tradition?
  58. How did the Salem witch trials signal a departure from Winthrop’s vision of a “city upon a hill”?
  59. How were Virginia’s elected assemblies revived?
  60. What was the established church in Virginia? (p. 68)
  61. Who established Maryland?
  62. Why was a Catholic haven needed?
  63. How did religious toleration work out for Maryland following the passage of the Religious Toleration Act? Explain.
  64. What slowed population growth in the Chesapeake?
  65. Why did Chesapeake widows tend to enjoy more property rights than elsewhere?
  66. Why did many indentured servants die before gaining their freedom?
  67. How did Chesapeake communities differ from New England communities?
  68. Why did tobacco prices shape the fortunes of Chesapeake planters?
  69. How did landowners hold on after tobacco prices dropped?
  70. Where were most Chesapeake plantations located?
  71. What was the headright system?
  72. How did indentured servitude work?
  73. What was the motive for Bacon’s Rebellion?
  74. What was the ratio of whites to Indians in Virginia by 1675?
  75. Why did Bacon want to wage war against all Indians?
  76. What happened to Bacon?
  77. What is a BLT?
  78. Why did indentured servitude decline in the late 1600s?
  79. How did the changing composition of white America deepen racism?
  80. Why did blacks seem, at the time, more suited to work the sugar cane and rice plantations?
  81. Who revolutionized sugar production techniques to the benefit of the Carribbean region?
  82. Why did the demand for white labor decline and the demand for slave labor increase in the Carribean?
  83. Who founded Carolina?
  84. What cash crops can be found there?
  85. Why was slave labor a necessary ingredient to Carolina’s success?
  86. What were relations like between colonists and Indians in the Carolina’s?
  87. What was the benefit of good relations between the Dutch and the Iroqoius?
  88. Who was involved in the beaver wars?
  89. What was the social/ethnic makeup of New Netherlands?
  90. Which leader conquered New Netherlands?
  91. How did the patroon system bring the Dutch under firm English control?
  92. What was the Inner Light?
  93. What were some of the Quaker beliefs?
  94. What city did William Penn establish?
  95. How was the government of Pennsylvania structured?
  96. Who demanded the bumper surplus crops of PA?
  97. Why did Quakers in England stand “beyond the fringe of respectability”?
  98. What accounts for Pennsylvania’s beginning success?
  99. What conditions led to the Pueblo Revolt of 1680?
  100. What was the greatest threat to Spanish settlement?

Enduring Vision Chapter 4 The Bonds of Empire